Chapter 8

Thermochemistry
Concept Map
This illustration shows the relationship among concept of Thermochemistry
for better understanding of the chapter. It emphasizes key concepts and identifies
supporting information.
 Learning Competencies

This chapter aims the following:

 To explain the energy changes during chemical reactions
 To distinguish between exothermic and endothermic processes
 To explain the first law of thermodynamics
 To explain the enthalpy of a reaction
 To write the thermochemical equation for a chemical reaction
 To calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction using Hess Law

Body/Content
This section provides the reader with some thermochemistry notes. The intention
is to provide a simple, easy to understand text which serves as a complimentary material
to more complex books. It also provide students and those beginning in the field with
several application examples used in different areas of thermochemistry.

 Energy is the ability to do work or transfer heat.

 Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations.
 Thermochemistry is the study of chemical reactions and the
energy changes that involve heat.

Work Energy used to

Heat Energy used to cause an object that has mass to
cause the temperature of an move. w = F * d
object to increase.
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it is neither created nor
destroyed.
 Energy can be transferred between the system and surroundings.
 Chemical energy is converted to heat in grills.
 Sunlight is converted to chemical energy in green plants.
 There are many examples of conversion of energy from one form to another

Exothermic and Endothermic Process

An exothermic reaction occurs when the temperature of a system increases due

to the evolution of heat. This heat is released into the surroundings, resulting in an overall
negative quantity for the heat of reaction (qrxn<0qrxn<0). An endothermic reaction
occurs when the temperature of an isolated system decreases while the surroundings of
a non-isolated system gains heat. Endothermic reactions result in an overall positive heat
of reaction (qrxn>0qrxn>0).

Exothermic and endothermic reactions cause energy level differences and

therefore differences in enthalpy (ΔHΔH), the sum of all potential and kinetic energies. ΔH
is determined by the system, not the surrounding environment in a reaction. A system
that releases heat to the surroundings, an exothermic reaction, has a negative ΔH by
convention, because the enthalpy of the products is lower than the enthalpy of the
reactants of the system.

C(s)+O2(g)→CO2(g)(ΔH = –393.5 kJ)(ΔH = –393.5 kJ)C(s)+O2(g)→CO2(g)

H2(g)+1/2O2(g)→H2O(l)(ΔH = –285.8 kJ)(ΔH = –285.8 kJ)H2(g)+1/2O2(g)→H2O(l)

The enthalpies of these reactions are less than zero, and are therefore exothermic
reactions. A system of reactants that absorbs heat from the surroundings in an
endothermic reaction has a positive ΔHΔH, because the enthalpy of the products is
higher than the enthalpy of the reactants of the system.

N2(g)+O2(g)→2NO(g)(ΔH = +180.5 kJ > 0)(ΔH = +180.5 kJ > 0)N2(g)+O2(g)→2NO(g)

C(s)+2S(s)→CS2(l)(ΔH = +92.0 kJ > 0)(ΔH = +92.0 kJ > 0)C(s)+2S(s)→CS2(l)
 Because the enthalpies of these reactions are greater than zero, they
are endothermic reactions.

Enthalpy
 Enthalpy is a thermodynamic function equal to the internal energy plus
pressurevolume:
H = E + PV
When the system changes at constant pressure, the change in enthalpy,
H, is H = (E + PV)
This can be written
H = E + PV
Since E = q + w and w = −PV, we can substitute these into the enthalpy expression:
H = E + PV
H = (q+w) − w
H = q
The enthalpy change, H, is defined as the heat gained or lost by the system under
constant pressure. H = qp

Properties of Enthalpy

1. Enthalpy is a state function.

2. Enthalpy is an extensive property.
3. Enthalpy is reversible. The enthalpy change for a reaction is equal in magnitude, but
opposite in sign, to H for the reverse reaction.
4. H for a reaction depends on the state of the products and the state of the reactants.

Calorimetry
 Calorimetry, the measurement of heat released or absorbed by a chemical
reaction.
 A calorimeter is the device used to measure heat
 The quantity of heat transferred by the reaction causes a change in temperature
of the solution.

Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

 The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 K
(1C) is its heat capacity (C in units of J/K).
 Cs = s = q/ m  T
 We define specific heat capacity (or simply specific heat; Cs or s in units of J/gK)
as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance
by 1 K.
 If the amount is one mole, it is the molar heat capacity.
C = q /T

Hess’s Law
 ΔH is known for many reactions, but it is inconvenient to measure ΔH for every
reaction in which we are interested.
 However, we can calculate ΔH using published ΔH values and the properties of
enthalpy.
 Hess’s law states that “If a reaction is carried out in a series of steps, H for the
overall reaction will be equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for the
individual steps.” H is a state function.
Example:
The standard heat of combustion of benzene is -3271 kJ/mol, for CO2 it is -394 kJ/mol,
and for H2O, it is -286 kJ/mol. Calculate the standard heat of formation of benzene.

Solution:

1) Write the equation for the combustion of benzene:

C6H6 + 15⁄2O2 ---> 6CO2 + 3H2OΔH = -3271 kJ

2) The enthalpy of formation of beneze can be calculated thusly:

ΔH°rxn = Σ ΔH°f, products minus Σ ΔH°f, reactants

3) Inserting values and solving, we have:

-3271 = [(6) (-394) + (3) (-286)] - [(1) (x) + (15/2) (0)]

x = 49 kJ/mol
 Enthalpies of Formation
 An enthalpy of formation, Hf, is defined as the enthalpy change for the reaction
in which a compound is made from its constituent elements in their elemental
forms. Standard Enthalpy of Formation
 Only one enthalpy value is needed for each substance, called the standard
enthalpy of formation.
 The standard enthalpy of formation is the enthalpy change when one mole of a
substance in its standard state is formed from the most stable form of the elements
in their standard states.
Standard State
 Enthalpy changes depend on the temperature and pressure at which they are
measured – When applying Hess’s law, all values must refer to the same
conditions of pressure and temperature
 The standard state of a substance at a specified temperature is the pure form at
1 atm pressure – Tabulated values for enthalpy refer to the standard state, usually
at a temperature of 25oC
Summary

 Thermochemistry is the study of chemical reactions and the energy changes that involve
heat.
 Calorimetry, the measurement of heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction.
 An exothermic reaction occurs when the temperature of a system increases due to the
evolution of heat.
 An endothermic reaction occurs when the temperature of an isolated system decreases
while the surroundings of a non-isolated system gains heat.
 Hess’s law states that “If a reaction is carried out in a series of steps, H for the overall
reaction will be equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps.” H is a
state function
 First Law of Thermodynamics stated that energy can be converted from one form to
another, but it is neither created nor destroyed.

Chapter Assessment

I. Multiple choice.

1. What is the process of moving of heat energy from surroundings into the
system?
a. Thermodynamics
b. Thermokinetics
c. Endothermic
d. Exothermic

2. What is the process of moving of heat energy from the system into the
surroundings?
a. Thermodynamics
b. Thermokinetics
c. Endothermic
d. Exothermic

3. What is the study of chemical reaction and the energy changes that
involve heat?
a. Thermodynamics
b. Thermokinetics
c. Thermochemistry
d. Chemistry

4. What is the study of energy and its transformations?

a. Thermodynamics
 b. Thermokinetics
c. Thermochemistry
d. Chemistry

5. It states that the energy can be transfer / transformed from one another,
but can be neither created nor destroy.
a. First Law of Thermodynamics
b. Second Law of Thermodynamics
c. Third Law of Thermodynamics
d. Law of Conservation

6. It is the sum of the internal energy of a body or system and

the product of its volume multiplied by the pressure.
a. Entropy
b. Enthalpy
c. Work
d. Heat

7. It is the enthalpy of a chemical reaction that occurs at a constant

pressure.
a. Enthalpy of a reaction
b. Entropy of reaction
c. Enthalpy of formation
d. Entropy of formation

8. It is the enthalpy change associated with forming 1 mole of a compound

from its constituent elements.
a. Enthalpy of a reaction
b. Entropy of reaction
c. Enthalpy of formation
d. Entropy of formation

9. It is the enthalpy measured when everything is in its standard state.

a. Enthalpy
b. Entropy
c. Standard enthalpy
d. Standard entropy

10. It is use to calculate enthalpies of a reaction from enthalpies of formation.

a. Hess’s Law
b. First Law of thermodynamics
c. Second Law of thermodynamics
d. Law of Conservation
 References

Article title: standard state - Google Search

Website title: Google.com
URL:
https://www.google.com/search?q=standard+state&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH729PH729&sou
rce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3waartPjgAhUL9bwKHfMyBQEQ_AUIDigB&
biw=1920&bih=979#imgrc=uVmsM-Z9lEZmUM
Website title: Unf.edu
URL:
https://www.unf.edu/~michael.lufaso/chem2045/Chapter5.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1w8x3fGOVC
RRskTlcarBBaQsblILlwo-IJdbRGZ0MbQQpgzuPMSnR1Mi4
Article title: hess's law formula - Google Search
Website title: Google.com
URL:
https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH729PH729&ei=5XCFXNm5Caiym
AW8wp7QAQ&q=hess%27s+law+formula&oq=hess+law+for&gs_l=psy-
ab.1.4.0l4j0i22i30l6.931.4875..6700...0.0..0.85.269.4......0....1..gws-
wiz.......0i67.TZPDF9hy38
I. Key to Correction:

1. C 6. B
2. D 7. A
3. C 8. C
4. A 9. C
5. A 10. A