9811192450, 9811818190, 8586849309 Data Representation
Data representation refers those methods which are used internally to represent information stored in a computer. Computers store lots of different types of information as numbers, text, graphics, sounds, etc.
Number System It defines a set of values that is used to represent quantity. Digital computers internally use the binary number system to represent data and perform arithmetic calculations.
Types of Number System
The number systems generally used by a computer are as follows
1. Binary Number System
This system is very efficient for computers, but not for humans. It contains only two unique digits 0's and 1's. It is also known as Base 2 system. The binary numbers 0 and 1 are called a bit. The computer always calculates input in binary form. e.g. (10101 ) 2 Here, 2 represents base of binary number.
It consists of 10 digits from 0 to 9. These digits can be used to represent any numeric value. It is also g known as Base 10 system or positional number system, e.g. (1275)10, (10406)10 3. Octal Number System It consists of 8 digits from 0 to 7. It is also known as Base 8 system. Each position of the octal number represents a successive power of eight.
A list of the first several powers of 8 s
8∘=1,81=8,82=64,83=512,84=4096,85=32768
Class notes by Ashish Sharma - 9811192450 Page 1
Data Representation
Representation of Octal Numbers in Binary
Octal Binary Digits
0 000 1 001 2 010 3 011 4 100 5 101 6 110 7 111
4. Hexadecimal Number System
It provides us with a shorthand method of working with binary numbers. There are 16 unique digits available in this system. These are 0 to 9 and A to F, where A denotes 10, B denotes 11....... F denotes 15. It is also known as Base 16 system or simply Hex. So, each position of the hexadecimal number represents a successive power of 16.
A list of the first several powers of 16 is
16∘=1,161=16,162=256, 163=4096,164=65536
Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Equivalents
Different types of conversion between the number systems are discussed below 1. Decimal to Binary To convert decimal to binary following steps are involved Step 1 Divide the given number by 2. Step 2 Note the quotient and remainder. Remainder should be 0 or 1. Step 3 If quotient ≠ 0, then again divide the quotient by 2 and back to step 2. If quotient = 0, then stop the process. Step 4 First remainder is called as Least Significant Bit (LSB) and last remainder is called as Most Significant Bit (MSB). Step 5 Arrange all remainders from MSB to LSB. Example (43)10→(?)2
2. Binary to Decimal To convert binary to decimal following steps are involved Step 1 Multiply the all binary digits by powers of 2. Step 2 The power for integral part will be positive and for fractional part will be negative. Step 3 Add the all multiplying digits. Example (1101.10)2→(?)10 (1101.10)2= 1×23+ 1×22+ 0×21 +1×20+1×2−1+0×2−2 =8+4+0+1 +0. 5+0=13.5 Then, (1101.10)2→(13.5)10
3. Binary to Octal To convert binary to octal following steps are involved Step 1 Make the group of 3 bits from right to left. If the left most group has less than 3 bits, put in the necessary number of leading zeroes on the left. Step 2 Now, convert each group to decimal number.
Class notes by Ashish Sharma - 9811192450 Page 3
Data Representation
Example (110110100)2→(?)8 110--6 110--6 100--4 Then, (110110100)2→(664) 8
4. Octal to Binary Convert every digit of the number from octal to binary in the group of 3 bits. Example (1034.5)8→(?)2 1—001 0—000 3—011 4—100 5—101 Then, (1034.5)8→(00100001110.101)2
5. Binary to Hexadecimal To convert a binary number to its hexadecimal equivalent follow these steps Step 1 Start making the group of 4 bits each from right to left from the given binary number. If the left most group has less than 4 bits, put in the necessary number of leading 0's on the left. Step 2 Now, each group will be converted to decimal number. Example (11110101111011)2→(?)16 0011—3 1101—13(D) 0111—7 1011—11(B) Then, (11110101111011)2→(3D7B)16
6. Hexadecimal to Binary For this type of conversion, convert each hexadecimal digit to 4 bits binary equivalent. Example (BA81)16→(?)2
B=11—1011 A=10—1010 8—1000 1—0001
Then, (BA81)16→(1011101010000001)2
7. Decimal to Octal To convert decimal to octal following steps are involved Step 1 Divide the given number by 8. Step 2 Note the quotient and remainder. Digits of remainder will be from 0 to 7. Step 3 If quotient ≠0, then again divide the quotient by 8 and go back to step 2. Step 4 If quotient = 0, then stop the process. Step 5 Write each remainder from left to right starting from MSD to LSD. Example (97647)10→(?)8
8. Octal to Decimal To convert octal to decimal following steps are involved Step 1 Multiply each digit of octal number with powers of 8. Step 2 These powers should be positive for integral part and negative for fractional part. Step 3 Add the all multiplying digits. Example (327.4)8→(?)10 (327.4)8 =3×82+2×81 +7×80+4×8−1 =3×64+2×8+7×1+4/8 =192+16+7+0.5=215.5
Then, (327.4)8→(215.5)10
9. Decimal to Hexadecimal To convert decimal to hexadecimal, following steps are involves Step 1 Divide the given number by 16. Step 2 Note the quotient and remainder. Digits of remainder will be 0 to 9 or A to F. Step 3 If quotient ≠0, then again divide the quotient by 16 and go back to step 2. Step 4 If quotient = 0 or less than 16, then stop the process. Step 5 Write each remainder from left to right starting from MSD to LSD. Example (929987)10→(?)16
To convert hexadecimal to decimal following steps are involved Step 1 Multiply each digit of hexadecimal number with powers of 16.
Class notes by Ashish Sharma - 9811192450 Page 5
Data Representation
Step 2 These powers should be positive for integral part and negative for fractional part. Step 3 Add the all multiplying digits. Example (BC9.8)16→(?)10 (BC9.8)16 =B×162+C×161+9×160+8×16−1 = 11×256+12×16+9×1+8/16 =2816+192+9+0.5=3017.5 Then, (BC9.8)16→(3017.5)10
11. Octal to Hexadecimal
To convert octal to hexadecimal, following steps are involved Step 1 Convert the each digit of octal number to binary number Step 2 Again convert, each binary digit to hexadecimal number Example (7632)8→(?)16 7—111 6—110 3—011 2—010 (7632)8→(111110011010)2 1111—15(F) 1001—9 1010—10(A) Then, (7632)8→(F9A)16
12. Octal to Hexadecimal
To convert hexadecimal to octal, following steps are involved Step 1 Convert the each digit of hexadecimal number to binary number Step 2 Again convert, each binary digit to octal number Example (AC2D)16→(?)8 A—1010 C—1100 2—0010 D—1101 (AC2D)16→(1010110000101101)2 001—1, 010—2, 110—6, 000—0, 101—5, 101—5 Then, (AC2D)16→(126055)8
Computer Codes In computer, any characters like alphabet, digit or any special character is represented by collection of 1's and 0's in a unique coded pattern. In computers, the code is made up of fixed size groups of binary positions. The binary coding schemes that are most commonly used are as follows Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) It is a number system where four bits are used to represent each decimal digits. BCD is a method of using binary digits to represent the decimal digits (0-9). In BCD system, there is no limit on size of a number.
Class notes by Ashish Sharma - 9811192450 Page 6
Data Representation
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
These are standard character codes used to store data so that it may be used by other software programs. Basically, ASCII codes are of two types which as follows ASCII-7 It is a 7-bit standard ASCII code. It allows 27=128 (from 0 to 127) unique symbols. ASCII-8 It is a extended version of ASCII-7. It is an 8-bit code, allows 28=256 (0 to 255) unique symbols or characters. Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) In EBCDIC, characters are represented by eight bits. These codes store information which is readable by other computers. It allows 28=256 combinations of bits.
Types of Logic Gate:
There are three basic gates in any digital system. They are AND, OR and NOT gate. Gate is an electronic circuit in which we can get Output by one or more but input.
1. AND gate: This gate us also represented by (.) like (A.B). In AND gate, it return True only if both the conditions or inputs are True otherwise it return False.
Switch A Switch B Switch C
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
Means, C=A.B
2. OR gate: This is represented by (+) like (A+B). It return True if any one of the conditions or inputs is True and if both conditions are False then it returns False. This is circuit of OR gate.
Switch A Switch B Switch C
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Means, C=A+B
Class notes by Ashish Sharma - 9811192450 Page 7
Data Representation
3. Inverter NOT gate: This Gate is also represented by (‘) like A’. In NOT gate, it returns True if input is false and vice versa. This is circuit of NOT gate.
Switch A Switch B 0 1 1 0
Means, B=A’ 4. NAND Gate :- it is basically the inverse of the AND gate. This gate is designed by combining the AND and NOT gates. It returns False only if the both conditions or inputs are True otherwise it returns True.
5. NOR Gate :- It is an inverse of an OR gate. This Gate is designed by combining the OR and NOT gates. It returns True only if both the conditions or inputs are False otherwise it return False.
6. Exclusive-OR or XOR Gate :- It performs based on the operation of OR Gate. It returns True only if one conditions is true from both the conditions otherwise it returns False.
The Circuits are as follows :-
NAND gate and NOR gate are called Universal gates because by using these gates any digital circuit can be constructed.
Important Facts :-
• BCD system was developed by IBM corporation.
• UNICODE uses 16-bits to represent a symbol in the data. It represents any non-English character, scientific symbol in any language like Chinese, Japanese. • Sign bit is the most significant bit, i.e. used to represent the sign of a number that could be either +ve or -ve.
