CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEWS
3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1
“SHEET METAL BENDING MACHINE”
Aniruddha Kulkarni, Mangesh Pawar, Pravin Yadav, Amit Patil and Sohan Jagtap are invented it
and worked on the paper deals with manufacturing or bending of sheet metal by using power
operated sheet bending machine. Especially discussion made the productivity analysis of
manually or power operated sheet bending machine. Considering manual operation is replaced
by power operated devices .It also gives information about limitation of manually operated sheet
bending machine and power operated sheet bending machine.

They concluded that as compare to the manually operated sheet bending machine the power
operated sheet bending machine is better. The productivity of power operated sheet bending
machine is higher. The part of machine is able to handle the heavy load on machine. The time
required to complete bending operation is less and the requirement of extra worker’s reduced.
Power operated sheet bending is less time consuming process with high productivity.

3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2

“Research and exploration of sheet material bending machine”
Qiulei Du and Lin Jin are invented it and worked on Based on survey of existing bending
machine and mechanism of sheet material bending processing, the paper researches design
mechanism and principle of sheet material bending machine, mainly including design of overall
structure, rear stopper and transmission part, and then carries out calculation and check of
bending machine mechanical structure, including workbench intensity and connecting bolt
check.

They concluded that the paper has carried on the detailed calculation and checking aiming at
main components of bending machine. Through complicated, accurate calculation can bring
great convenience to choosing components precisely so as to guarantee the machine running in
good condition, avoid wear and tear caused by some certain problems, and thus increase
machine’s service life. Calculation and check aim at workbench, wallboard and connecting bolts.
Bending machine in the design is of convenient mould replacement, accurate positioning rear
stopper and easy adjusting front carrier. Users only need moulds in different shapes to bend them
into required shapes. Further it adopts advanced and reliable electro-hydraulic synchronization
technology, which is able to guarantee high synchronization accuracy even under the action of
partial residual. It is ideal for sheet metal forming, can be widely used in aircraft, automobile,
shipbuilding, electrical appliances, machinery and light industry, and the production efficiency is
quite high.
3.3 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
“Fabrication of U-Type, V-Type, L-Type Angle Bending Machine”
Hemnath D., Asthalin A., Faizal Ahamed N., Karthikeyan R., Disho John M. and P.Ravishankar
are invented it and worked on bending of U shaped metal rod is carried with the help of
pneumatic cylinder arrangement. This method is very useful in industries to convert the
lengthiest metal rod to the u shaped type. Here the main aim of the our project is reduce the man
power, applying constant force at all time, automating the process and also increase the rate of
production.The project is designed by following equipment compressor, control unit, Solenoid
valve, Pneumatic Cylinder and Mechanical model.

They concluded that we make this project entirely different from other projects. Since concepts
involved in our project is entirely different that a single unit is used to various purposes which is
not developed by any of other team members. By doing this project we gained the knowledge of
working of pneumatic system and how automation can be effectively done with the help of
pneumatic system.

3.4 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

“REVIEW ON PAPER PLATE MAKING MACHINES”
Mr. Chetan P. Sable, Prof. P. D. Kamble and Mr. Dhiraj D. Dube are invented it and worked on
A paper plate is a plate made out of paper and often lined with plastic to prevent liquid from
leaking out or soaking through the paper. The base paper for paper plates is called Kraft. This
Kraft is coated with the thin layer of silver film. This paper is then pass through successive
stages of rolling, and then gets wounded on a roller. Then it is cut for required dimensions (here
14x28 in). After then this paper of required dimensions is pass to the press machine for giving
required shape of plate. The operations from taking out the roller of coated paper, cutting it for
required dimensions and then transferring it to the press machine are carried out manually; our
aim is to automate this operation. This project work deals with automating the above mentioned
operation of the manually operated paper plate making machine available at “S.M.
manufacturing and trading” company at Bhandara(M.S).

They concluded that Paper plates can be manufactured at high rate with the available machines.
Manufacturing normally requires hydraulic press machines to operate at a very high speed. But
the problem is that they are used for making one or two plates simultaneously, which shows a
less production rate. Therefore there may be the chances of increase in production rate by
simultaneously punching the number of sheets in a single pass.
3.5 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
“DESIGN OF A DUAL OPERATING MODE SHEET FOLDING
MACHINE”
Gwangwava N, Mugwagwa L and Ngoma S are invented it and worked on A sheet folding
machine that can be operated through hydraulics by two hydraulic cylinders or manually (with
the cylinders disengaged) was designed. The design need emanated from the strained national
electrical grid system that has recently seen industrialists and households in Zimbabwe
experiencing major power cuts. The machine enables manufacturers to schedule heavier jobs
during periods when power supply is up and lighter jobs during power cut periods hence run
their workshops throughout the daily production shifts. The two hydraulic cylinders can be
disengaged from the machine’s folding beam so that manual operation can be done through a
manual clamping lever system. The folding force at full capacity is 294.6 KN (29.46 Ton), total
bending length of 1.8 m and working height of 1 m. The folding force decreases significantly in
manual operating mode to 500 N, considering that on average an operate can manually exert that
force. A student version of Simulation X 3.5 was used to simulate the hydraulic operation of the
machine.

They concluded that The article has demonstrated an engineering procedure for design and
validation by means of simulation, of a dual operating mode sheet metal folding machine. A non-
commercial hydraulic simulation package (Simulation X 3.5) was used for simulation of the
hydraulic system for the machine. A constant operating pressure of 150 bars will be maintained
during machine operation whilst the folding bar shows a rapid acceleration, within a fraction of a
second, towards the specimen sheet metal before it reaches a steady approach during the actual
bending operation. This action prevents whipping of the specimen sheet metal and also gives
good quality bending of sheet metal parts. A full scale version of the sheet metal folding machine
can be manufactured to benefit the small and medium enterprises since the machine can be
scheduled to operate manually and through hydraulic actuation.

3.6 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

“Review on Design and Analysis of Portable Rolling and Bending Machine”
Pooja K. Borkar, Prof. Pankaj and H. Meshram are invented it and worked on the difference in
roll pressure distribution was assumed linear. Using this model rolling parameters such rolling
force, torque and the developed curvature were easily calculated. Bending moment can be
applied in suitable direction. In addition, employing a bending moment at entry of the roll gap in
a symmetrical rolling process causes pressure difference on the rolls and warping at the outlet, as
happens in an asymmetrical rolling process. In Portable bending machine is device which gives
the less efforts of man and gives the required work properly of the construction and other metal
fabricated areas. The base of this machine is mounted on the large C-clamp; This C-clamp is
attaches to workbench surfaces up to 2" thick; a rubber base pad protects the mounting surface.
The orientation of the jaws is adjusted by a single clamping bar mechanism to provide quick
repositioning of the work. Instrument makers will find many uses for this versatile vice. This
machine work smoothly and gives proper dimension of the required jobs. A beam deforms and
stresses develop inside it when a transverse load is applied on it. In the quasi static case, the
amount of bending deflection and the stresses that develop are assumed not to change over time.
Its one end having metal bending device & another end having Bench vice which is rotating
about its Axis and hold work piece at any angle? The base plate is rotating of an angle 360 about
its central Axis. This machine is used for heavy duty metals which are used in construction areas
and multiple operations are performing on it. It is light in weight and portable attach to any work
table in Industries, Workshop and Construction areas.

They concluded that we are going to Reduce time and cost associated with engineering analysis
through a high performance intuitive graphical interface for multi body dynamic modeling and
post processing. Enable easy implementation of high quality graphics for pre and post processing
of multi body dynamic models through automated translation from many CAD formats .Provide
automatic result visvulation upon solvent completion tightly coupled pre and post processing.

3.7 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

“Design and Fabrication of a Special Purpose Hydraulic Press Performing
Punching Operation”
Shivasheesh Kaushik is invented it and worked on Hydraulics has proven to be the most efficient
and economical system adaptable to aviation. First used by the ancient Greeks as a means of
elevating the stages of their amphitheaters, the principles of hydraulics were explained
scientifically by the seventeenth century scholars Pascal and Boyle. The laws discovered by
these two men regarding the effects of pressure and temperature on fluids and gases in confined
areas form the basis of the principle of mechanical advantage; in other words, the "why and how"
of hydraulics. The word "hydraulic" is derived from two Greek words: "hydro" meaning liquid or
water and "aulos" meaning pipe or tubing. "Hydraulic," therefore, is an adjective implying that
the word it modifies is in some major way concerned with liquids. Examples can be found in the
everyday usage of "hydraulic" in connection with familiar items such as automobile jacks and
brakes. As a further example, the phrase "hydraulic freight elevator" refers to an elevator
ascending and descending on a column of liquid instead of using cables and a drum. On the other
hand, the word "hydraulics" is the generic name of a subject. According to the dictionary
"hydraulics" is defined as a branch of science that deals with practical applications (such as the
transmission of energy or the effects of flow) of a liquid in motion.

He concluded that the hydraulic punching and bending machine is successfully enrolled and is
calculated properly. In this we have introduce a special purpose hydraulic model of Punching
and Bending machine and we have showed theoretically how the hydraulic model of special
purpose punching machine economically and exactly works. First of all we have done a survey
of literature review of the machine, and market survey for the working and constructional
detailed. Then we have calculated the formulas for the design of the different parts of hydraulic
cylinder so that we can calculate the capacity of the hydraulic punching and bending machine
and finally fabricate the machine to perform the operation on the aluminium sheet to produce the
final product. This machine use for multipurpose punching at a single time of stoke of
ram/plunger. We have seen how the Hydraulic systems allow users to accurately wield large
amounts of power with little input force. And with the combination die two operation are
performed simultaneously. So we can say that the hydraulic system of special purpose punching
and bending machine is quite economical as compare to the other alternative.

3.8 LITERATURE REVIEW 8

“DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF DIE AND PUNCH FOR SHEET METAL
ON ROUND BENDING”
TEH SOON CHIANG is invented it and worked on The deflection between FEA simulation and
experiment test results still exist which affects the quality and accuracy of the results. Addressing
it has become more challenging due to more stringent demands on simulation processes. It is
becoming necessary to very rapidly identify sources of unnatural deflection for diagnostic and
intervention purposes. The problem include the less efficient design for die and punch, limited
die and punch for complex shape, and the unknown displacement control for round shape
bending process of sheet metal. For methodology, a v-shape bend experiment and a v-shape bend
simulation is done to show result. Comparison between the results of experiment and simulation
to measure Algor's analysis accuracy which is applied to simulate round shape bend of sheet
metal. Characteristics of sheet metal such as springback are observed during the simulation
analysis. in addition, several designs are proposed for round shape bend and to determine which
design is best for bending 62.5 mm radius sheet metal. A data sheet containing the displacement
control of the press brake machine is developed from the simulation. The framework used to
develop the data sheet is general enough for further investigation by either evaluating other
designs of its components or by extending its application to other problems.

He concluded that When performing finite element analysis (FEA), a virtual model of a
realworld situation is set up to see how a product will react in its environment. The environment
is defined through a combination of loads and constraints and the decisions or assumptions that
about those loads and constraints are very important to the overall accuracy of the simulation.
The complicating factors related to defining loads and constraints such as difficult placing of
loads and constraints particularly for situation involving motion, impact, time-dependent changes
or multi physics phenomena. Historically, engineering experience and judgment was relied upon
to determine loads and constraints 'and 'how to best apply them. However, even experienced
engineers can have difficulty determining accurate values for these critical inputs. Artificial
loads and constraints complicate results revaluation by introducing "hot spots" in the model. For
example, if the user constrains a point, the nearby results will be artificially spiked.

3.9 LITERATURE REVIEW 9

“Design, Analysis and Manufacturing of Hydro-pneumatic Press Machine”
Gaurav Pradip Sonawane, Gaurav Shashikant Udgirkar, Shailesh Vijay Shirsath and Manish
Sudhir Deshpande are invented it and worked on A Hydro-pneumatic press is a press machine
utilizing both air and oil in its operation and gives higher outlet hydraulic pressure with lower
inlet pneumatic pressure. In this project the press is design and manufacture for pressing sleeve
bearing into the circular casting part. Casting part is thick cylinder and sleeve bearing is kind of
cylindrical bearing. Two actuators are used in the press one is for vertical pressing and other is
for horizontal pressing. This paper includes the concept development, design, analysis and
manufacturing of press machine. Various parts of the press are modelled by using Pro-E
modelling software. Structural analysis has been applied on the parts of press machine by using
analyzing software ANSYS.

They concluded that The press was developed after studying the pneumatic system, hydraulic
system and hydro – pneumatic system, were it was found that hydro – pneumatic system is more
effective the pneumatic and cost efficient than hydraulic system. The system has shown
noticeable improvements in various sectors like operation time and cost of operation. It is
observed that operation time is reduced from 3 hours to 30 min per assembly and cost of
operation is reduced approximately by 90 %. The further advantages of the system has covered
the safety of operator and made operation more convenient (reducing fatigue), improved
dimensional and positional accuracy of assembly.