Descriptive English Guide 2018 PDF
Descriptive English Guide 2018 PDF
Descriptive English Guide 2018 PDF
4. MAKE MAPS
Once you have are sure about the strategy, wait for a minute and create maps. For example, if you are writing for Causes
and Solutions of Global Warming divide it into sections as follow
Introduction→ What is global warming? → Different Causes→ Cause 1→Cause 2→Cause 3 .....→Solutions →Solution
1→Solution2→Solution3 etc.→ Conclusion
Using this map you can decide the flow of your essay, you can modify the arrangement of paragraphs and thus the essay
will be fluent and impressive.
Main Cause: Burning of fossil fuels, emission of CO2, CO2 is produced by vehicles, deforestation, burning of coals etc.
now you should arrange them logically and when you write solutions, the arrangement should be according to the
causes.
8. REVISE
After completing your essay, revise and re-read to rectify grammatical errors, spelling errors, and punctuation marks.
Some students don't revise their write-ups and thus they end up doing very silly mistakes. So always revise.
9. MUST DO
i. Always check your statements
ii. Must follow a logical arrangement of paragraphs
iii. Use good vocabulary but never try to use extra-advance vocabulary that confuses the examiner.
iv. Crosscheck the spelling and conjunctions like if-then, to-too etc.
v. Use adverbs and adjective carefully, their incorrect placement will lead to deduction of marks
10. NEVER DO
i. Never use abbreviations like don't, didn't, haven't etc.
ii. Never place paragraphs randomly
iii. Never write incorrect facts and statements
iv. Never write irrelevant statements
v. Never exceed the word limit.
PRÉCIS WRITING
Writing a précis means making an intelligent summary of a long passage. To write a précis one should have a clear
understanding of the passage: only then well one be able to include all the essential points and tips and tricks of essay
examples in the précis.
• A précis should be in the language of the précis-writer. The original passage is not to be reduced in length by just
removing unimportant or unnecessary sentences and by reproducing the rest as the precis. It should be a brief gist or
summary of the passage expressed in the writer’s own words.
• A précis should be full i.e. it should contain all the essential thoughts, ideas or fact in the original passage. It should not
contain repetitions or observations that are not relevant to the main theme of the original.
• A précis is always written in Reported Speech. The passage given may be a speech made by a person in Direct Speech,
but the précis is to be in Reported Speech and in the Third Person and in the Past tense.
READING
Read the passage carefully
If one reading is not enough to give you a general idea of its meaning, then read it a second time. As you read,
find out the subject or the theme of the passage and what is said about the subject.
It will be a good thing if you find out the lead or the topic sentence. The lead sentence will help you to see the
subject clearly. It will also help you to think of a title for the precis example.
Further reading may be necessary at this stage to make sure that the details of the passage are also understood.
Read the passage more slowly this time, even sentence by sentence, and make sure that everything in the
passage is understood. If this is not done, it is likely that you will miss something important, especially if it is
expressed by a short phrase or a single word.
Now comes the process of selection. The writer of the precis writing passages has to decide what facts or ideas
in the passage are essential and what are of secondary or no importance. Taking the main ideas of the passages
as your point of reference, it should not be too difficult to write out the important points in the original in a
corner of your writing work sheet.
WRITING
You should first prepare a draft of the precis, keeping in mind, the need to reduce he original to one-third its
length. The main thoughts expressed in the passage, the ideas it contains, the opinions presented and the
conclusion arrived at should figure in the rough draft. Unimportant things like the names of people and places
and dates should not figure in it.
It may so happen that your first draft is too long or that it sounds rather jerky. Shorten it if necessary and write
out a careful second draft during college preparation. Sometimes you may need to work out three or even four
drafts, but with reasonable care and concentration, you should normally succeed in producing a good precis
writing by the second draft.
Remember that a precis or essay is a connected whole and that it should read smoothly and continuously, Get
more advice and tips for more study tips for online education sites.
REVISION
When you have made your second (or final) draft, carefully revise it before writing out the fair copy. Look for many
mistakes or slips in grammar or spelling and correct them. Don’t forge to give your precis a title for precis writing
examples.
DO'S IN A PRÉCIS
Start your précis by highlighting the main idea of the passage and you should create contextual environment
where you can place the necessary points. Once the main idea is established in the précis, you can present the
methods, points, by the author of the passage.
Compress and clarify a lengthy passage, article, or book, while retaining important concepts, key words, and
important data.
Remove what is superfluous and retain the core essence of the work.
Always remember that mentions about history/writing about history should be advisably done in the past tense.
State the purpose of the research or piece of writing (why was it important to conduct this research or write on
this
topic?)
DON'TS IN A PRÉCIS
Do not express your own opinion, wish, remark or criticism.
Do not insert any question in your précis. Its significance, if essential, may be expressed by a statement.
Do not use abbreviations or contractions.
Do not be jerky. This suggests that most probably, you have not understood the sense of the passage properly.
REPORT WRITING
WHAT IS REPORT WRITING?
Report Writing is a well-organized writing process that needs enough skill, research, and details. This report writing
process is usually time-consuming and often requires a detailed research for which the report writer may have to visit
places, meet people and find a solid conclusion at the end of the day to write a good report. Use of report writing is to
explain a matter or issue and inform higher authorities to help them take a right decision or action in regards to the
matter or issue. There is a little room for creativity in the report writing structure as the main focus is to enlighten the
readers about a matter or issue and make the whole thing self-explanatory for easy understanding. Report Writing is the
primary tool of media personnel through which they pass on specific information about an incident or topic. Apart from
the media usage, report writing is required in various sectors like corporate, government, politics etc. To offer a better
understanding, learning about the essence of this form of writing – ‘The Report’ is very important.
WHAT IS A REPORT?
A report is a methodical, well planned document which outlines and evaluates a subject or problem, and which may
include:
• Conclusions
• References
REPORT-WRITING
Reports must always be:
• Correct
• Crisp
• Clear
• Well-Structured
COVER – The cover of a report is something that drives a reader’s attention first. The report’s cover leaves a huge
impression on the reader’s mind and he/she can get an idea regarding the report’s topic or quality through the cover
design. There is a saying – ‘’don’t judge a book by its cover’’ but it is also true – what seems well, sells well and hence
the report writer must take care of the cover of the report with has a major role to depict the report brief.
TITLE OF THE REPORT – This component includes the report’s title and the name of the writer. Apart from these
things, the title can also have a date and the name of the organization for which the report has been prepared. The
cover also has these things but putting them in details in the title section is mandatory.
TABLE OF CONTENTS – This section includes headings and subheadings of the primary text written. This is a very
important portion of report writing. It helps your readers to reach desired sections in your report in a hassle-free
manner.
SUMMARY – Here you basically provide the synopsis of the whole report’s primary text and you can also call it an
informative summary.
INTRODUCTION – This is the most important section of the main text. The main text always includes three components
– introduction, discussion, and conclusion. Here, you introduce the main text of your report in the most intriguing a
detailed manner so that all types of readers can get your point without much effort.
DISCUSSION – In the discussion section, a report writer discusses the main story of the report. According to your reader’s
convenience, you decide the order of the report’s results. You can also do a result to theory comparison here along with
the analysis, evaluation and interpretation of the data included. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION – You can present the
summary of the discussion section here. Here, you mention your findings and recommend the elements to your readers
as per your overall evaluation.
READABILITY
The readability part is definitely a crucial aspect as it becomes a must to make the report enjoyable and accessible to
read. A great navigation is the best way to make the reader take a uniformed path through the information flow.
Adding proper formatting (h1, h2, h3…), graphics/visuals, break up of long text into shorter for better read and giving
the text in report writing structure with bullet points for better understanding.
EDIT
The initial draft of report writing is never perfect (at least 90% of times). This calls for edition and revision of the content.
Best practice can be keeping aside the report document for few days and then once more start working over it again or
ask a fellow member to review or proofread it for you.
Also while you edit or get it edited, make sure you keep writing samples handy. These samples can act as a guideline.
Government has diversified its scope of employment generation programs to reach each and every section of the
population. During budget speech finance minister Arun Jaitley’s proposals include enhancing infra spending, creating
rural markets, giving tax sops to small industries, a special package for textiles and a reduction in statutory employees’
provident fund contributions by new female employees. Government has launched an online portal for job seeker
“National career service” which will help job seekers connect to job provider. Under Ayushman Bharat programme it will
not only address health care but will also generate jobs. During Budget Finance minister has also lowered the corporate
tax which will result in increase profit of companies and hence will demand more man power in corporate world.
Government also plans to lend 3 lakh crore under MUDRA Yojana to small entrepreneurs which may become job
creators. Government is also trying to increase women work force in formal sector by providing incentives through
Employees Provident Fund of 12% of the wages. Government is also trying to provide maximum livelihood opportunities
to rural area by spending Rs14.34 lakh crore to create employment of 321 crore person days. And to add cherry to the
icing government after successfully achieving it target in Textile sector and MSME last year now have allotted Rs7,148
crore and Rs3,794 crore to respective sectors.
Introduction of GST has already resulted in improvement of India’s ranking in ease of doing business, due to which
business stabilising and operation would become easier for entrepreneurs. Luckily odds are in favour of India as
manufacture sector revived, service sector has also retained it high growth rate of 8+% and our exports are expected to
grow at 15%. Thus we can conclude that these policies will help India to create more Jobs.
Dual monitoring by state and centre has been made possible in application and processing of tax collection throughout
the country with central GST(CGST) and state GST(SGST). The technology-driven sound tax policies as made way for
strong governance. The inter-state and intra-state movement of goods and services are tracked and the illegal tax
collection on their movements has been controlled.
Seamless flow of input tax credit means at the time of paying tax on output, can reduce the tax already paid on inputs,
has come into play efficiently. This has paved a new way of reducing the dual charges that were illegally taken earlier.
PAN-based GSTN (GST network) gives complete information about tax collection at each and every point of service. The
online network with information on registration and transaction of goods and amount paid on them has left no option of
illegal money resource in the form of black money.
GST acts like a surgical strike on tax evaders makes traders more responsible for their business processes and secured
the nation from its attack. The anti-profiteering measures have helped to curb corruption and prevented the process of
illegal pocket filling.
PRÉCIS WRITING SAMPLES
PASSAGE 1
It is physically impossible for a well-educated, intellectual, or brave man to make money the chief object of his thoughts
just as it is for him to make his dinner the principal object of them. All healthy people like their dinners, but their dinner
is not the main object of their lives. So all healthy minded people like making money ought to like it and enjoy the
sensation of winning it; it is something better than money. A good soldier, for instance, mainly wishes to do his fighting
well. He is glad of his pay— very properly so and justly grumbles when you keep him ten years without it—till, his main
mission of life is to win battles, not to be paid for winning them. So of clergymen. The clergyman's object is essentially
baptize and preach not to be paid for preaching. So of doctors. They like fees no doubt—ought to like them; yet if they
are brave and well- educated the entire object to their lives is not fees. They on the whole, de ire to cure the sick; and if
they are good doctors and the choice were fairly to them, would rather cure their patient and lose their fear than kill
him and get it. And so with all other brave and rightly trained men: their work is first, their fee second—very important
always; but still second.
SOLUTION
Money-making is a common attraction in life. But it cannot be the principal aim of well educated, cultured and brave man. A brave
soldier prizes honour and victory more than his pay. A good clergyman is more interested in the moral welfare of his people than his
returns. A doctor (good) values the care of his patient far more than his fees. Thus with all the well-educated, intellectual persons,
their work is first, money next.
PASSAGE 2
Home is the young, who known "nothing of the world and who would be forlorn and sad, if thrown upon it. It is providential, shelter
of the weak and inexperienced, who have to learn as yet to cope with the temptations which lies outside of it. It is the place of
training of those who are not only ignorant, but have no yet learnt how to learn, and who have to be taught by careful individual
trail, how to set about profiting by the lessons of teacher. And it is the school of elementary studies—not of advances, for such
studies alone can make master minds. Moreover, it is the shrine of our best affections, the bosom of our fondest recollections, at
spell upon our after life, a stay for world weary mind and soul; wherever we are, till the end comes. Such are attributes or offices of
home, and like to these, in one or other sense or measure, are the attributes and offices of a college in a university.
SOLUTION
Home shelters the young who are weak and unexperienced and unable to face the temptations in life. It is a centre of their
elementary education and a nursery of sweet affections and pleasant memories. Its magic lasts for ever. A weary mind turns to it for
rest. Such is the function of a home and in some measure of the university.
On 20 august, I would like to report the frequent power interruptions in our locality, Chennai these days. I am
disappointed because of the unsatisfactory service of the electricity board to control the power cut problem
and their service was completely pathetic because no one seems to bother about the problem and many the
municipal corporation thinks of it as a minor issue. Yet, this cannot be tolerated.
For the problem to be solved, I would like you to provide uninterrupted power supply regarding considering
the condition in our locality. We are trying this as a last resort because no one did concern in the corporation
regarding the complaint.
Enclosed is a copy/are copies of the photographs taken and some files given by the corporation.
I look forward to hearing from you and to a resolution of this problem. Please contact me at the above address
or by phone [give numbers].
2. WRITE A LETTER TO REGIONAL TRANSPORT OFFICER TO INTRODUCE A NEW BUS SERVICE TO YOUR LOCALITY
CONSIDERING THE INCREASED POPULATION AND TIME DELAY THESE DAYS
Your address
Other contact details you may wish to give, phone, e-mail etc
Date.
Kumar,
Regional Transport Officer or (Customer Services Manager), if you don't have a contact
name)
RTO office
Chennai -91.
Reg: To introduce a new bus service in our locality.
Dear Kumar,
From recent incidents, I would like to report the shortage of bus service in our locality these days.I am
disappointed because of the unsatisfactory service of the Regional Transport Office to control the quality and
quantity of buses and their service was completely pathetic because no one seems to bother about the
problem and many the RTO thinks of it as a minor issue. Yet, this cannot be tolerated.
For the problem to be solved, I would like you to provide increased number of buses in the route considering
the population outburst in our locality. We are trying this as a last resort because no one did concern in the
corporation regarding the complaint.
Enclosed is a copy/are copies of the photographs taken and some files given by the corporation.
I look forward to hearing from you and to a resolution of this problem. Please contact me at the above address
or by phone [give numbers].
Yours sincerely
[Sign]
[Your Name]
Enclosures: [state documents you have enclosed, if any]
Cc: [The Name of person or agency you want to send a copy of this letter to]
3. WRITE A LETTER TO THE AUTHORITY IN MUNICIPAL CORPORATION TO PICK UP WASTE AND GARBAGE
DUMPED IN YOUR LOCALITY:
Your address
other contact details you may wish to give, phone, e-mail etc
Date.
Kumar,
Manager or (Customer Services Manager), if you don't have a contact name)
Municipal corporation
Chennai -91.
Reg: To introduce a new bus service in our locality.
Dear Kumar,
This spring I requested a yard waste recycling can, which I promptly paid for upon delivery. It was under the
impression that the waste would be picked up each Monday and taken to the city recycling site, but I observed
that my yard waste is being dumped into the regular household garbage truck and hauled to the landfill. I
object to this breach of trust. Please see that the yard waste is indeed recycled, or refund my money.
Enclosed is a copy/are copies of the photographs taken and some files given by the corporation.
I look forward to hearing from you and to a resolution of this problem. Please contact me at the above address
or by phone [give numbers].
Yours sincerely
[Sign]
[Your Name]
Enclosures: [state documents you have enclosed, if any]
Cc: [The Name of person or agency you want to send a copy of this letter to]
4. WRITE A LETTER TO THE CONCERNED AUTHORITY TO SET UP NEW TRAFFIC SIGNALS IN THE TWO
INTERSECTIONS IN THE LIGHT OF INCREASED ACCIDENTS IN THOSE TWO INTERSECTIONS .
Your address
other contact details you may wish to give, phone, e-mail etc Date.
Kumar,
Regional Transport Officer or (Customer Services Manager), if you don't have a contact name)
RTO office
Chennai -91.
Dear Kumar,
From recent incidents, I would like to report the increased number of accidents due to the non-availability of
traffic signals in our locality. I am disappointed with the fact that the city council cannot see the need for a
light at the intersection of First and Second street in our locality. Because of all the growth in the last year,
the traffic at that intersection has increased multifold. Drivers are becoming more and more frustrated
waiting for an opening in traffic to make a turn. It is just a matter of time before someone dies trying. Please
have a traffic light installed at that intersection before it is too late. You will be the most appreciated council
member in our locality, if you do. Thank you.
Enclosed is a copy/are copies of the photographs taken and some files given by the corporation.
I look forward to hearing from you and to a resolution of this problem. Please contact me at the above
address or by phone [give numbers].
Yours sincerely
[Sign]
[Your Name]
Enclosures: [state documents you have enclosed, if any]
Cc: [The Name of person or agency you want to send a copy of this letter to]
5. WRITE A LETTER TO THE CONCERNED AUTHORITY REGARDING STRICT ENFORCEMENT OF ANIMAL LAWS.
Your address
other contact details you may wish to give, phone, e-mail etc Date.
Kumar,
Director or(Customer Services Manager), if you don't have a contact name)
Animal rights office
Chennai -91.
I look forward to hearing from you and to a resolution of this problem. Please contact me at the above address
or by phone [give numbers].
Yours sincerely
[Sign]
[Your Name]
Enclosures: [state documents you have enclosed, if any]
Cc: [The Name of person or agency you want to send a copy of this letter to]