B Chap02 023-041.

qxd 14/2/05 1:04 pm Page 23

CHAPTER 2

C3:Transformations of
graphs and the modulus function
2

Learning objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
■ transform simple graphs to produce other graphs
■ understand the effect of composite transformations on equations of curves and describe them
geometrically
■ understand what is meant by a modulus function
■ sketch graphs of functions involving modulus functions
■ solve equations and inequalities involving modulus functions.

2.1 Review of simple transformations Although you may use a graphics

calculator to draw graphs, it is
of graphs important to see how the graph
Some simple transformations of graphs were introduced in of one curve can be obtained
chapter 5 of C2. The basic results are reviewed below. For from the graph of a simpler
instance, the graph of y
x2 can be transformed into the graph curve using a sequence of
transformations.


3
of y
(x  3)2  4 by a translation of .
4

y


a
In general, a translation of transforms the graph of
b
y
f(x) into the graph of y
f(x  a)  b. y
2  x3
2
You learnt how to find the equations of new curves after a
reflection in one of the coordinate axes.
For example, the graph of y
2  x3 is sketched opposite. O x
After reflection in the x-axis, the new curve will have equation
y
2  x3. The general result is given below.

The graph of y
f(x) is transformed into the graph of

y
f(x) by a reflection in the line y
0 (the x-axis).

When the curve y
2  x3 is reflected in the y-axis, the new

curve has equation y
2  x3.

The graph of y
f(x) is transformed into the graph of

y
f(x) by a reflection in the line x
0 (the y-axis).
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24 C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function

The graph of y
sin x is transformed into the graph of y
3 sin x

by a stretch of scale factor 3 in the y-direction.

y y
3

x x
1

3

The general result is:

The graph of y
f(x) is transformed into the graph of

y
d f(x) by a stretch of scale factor d in the y-direction.

A stretch of scale factor 2 in the x-direction transforms the

x
graph of y
sin x into the graph with equation y
sin  .
2 
y y

1 1

x x
1 1

The graph of y
f(x) is transformed into the graph of

x

y
f  by a stretch of scale factor c in the x-direction.
c

Worked example 2.1

Find the equation of the resulting curve when the curve You are transforming the original
y
2  tan x is transformed by: curve in each case. Successive
transformations will be discussed
(a) a reflection in the y-axis, in the next section.




(b) a translation of 3 ,
5
(c) a stretch of scale factor 0.5 in the x-direction.
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C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function 25

Solution
(a) The graph of y
f(x) is transformed into the graph of
y
f(x) by a reflection in the y-axis.
Hence the new curve has equation y
2  tan (x).
However, since tan(x)
tan x, the equation of the new
curve can be written as y
2  tan x.
2


a
(b) Recall that a translation of transforms the graph of
b
y
f(x) into the graph of y
f(x  a)  b.




After translation through the vector 3 , the curve
5


y
2  tan x has equation y
2  tan x    5
3 

or

y
7  tan x   .
3 
(c) The graph of y
f(x) is transformed into the graph of
x

y
f  by a stretch of scale factor c in the x-direction.
c x
Hence y
2  tan x is transformed into y
2  tan   
0.5
or y
2  tan 2x.

Worked example 2.2

Describe geometrically how the first curve is transformed into
the second curve in each of the following cases:
(a) y
x2, y
(x  3)2  2
(b) y
cos x, y
cos 3x
(c) y
2x, y
2x

Solution
3
(a) The first curve has been translated through the vector
to give the second curve.

2
(b) A one-way stretch in the x-direction has taken place. The Notice that x has been divided by
1
scale factor is 13.  to give 3x.
3

(c) The curve has been reflected in the y-axis (or x
0).

EXERCISE 2A
1 Find the equation of the resulting curve after each of the


2
following has been translated through .
1
(a) y
x3 (b) y
x2  4x  5
(c) y
tan x (d) y
3x
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26 C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function

2 Find the equation of the resulting curve after each of the

following has been stretched in the x-direction by scale factor 12.
(a) y
x3 (b) y
x2  4x  5
(c) y
tan x (d) y
3x

3 Describe geometrically how the curve y
1  sin x is

transformed into the following curves:
(a) y
sin x (b) y
1  sin x
(c) y
5  sin (x  2) (d) y
4  4 sin x
(e) y
1  sin x (f) y
1  sin 5x

4 Describe geometrically how the curve y
2x is transformed

into the following curves:
x
(a) y
25x (b) y
2x  3 (c) y
23
(d) y
2x  7 (e) y
2x

5 Describe a geometrical transformation which maps the graph

of y
3x onto:
5x
(a) y
3x (b) y
3x  4 (c) y
3 2
(d) y
2  3x (e) y
4  3x (f) y
9x

2.2 Composite transformations

You can perform each of the transformations described above in
sequence so as to produce a composite transformation.

Worked example 2.3

Find the equation of the resulting curve when the following
transformations are performed in sequence on the curve with
equation y
x3:
(a) a stretch by a factor 2 in the y-direction,
1
(b) a translation through
3
,

(c) a reflection in the x-axis.

Solution
(a) After a stretch by a factor 2 in the y-direction, the curve
y
x3 becomes the curve y
2x3.
1
(b) Applying a translation of
3 to the curve y
2x
3
gives

the new curve y
2(x  1)3  3.

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C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function 27

(c) Finally the effect of a reflection in the x-axis is to transform

y
f(x) into the curve y
f(x).
The curve y
2(x  1)3  3 therefore becomes the curve
with equation y
3  2(x  1)3.
It is important to perform the transformations in the given
order or you will not obtain the correct final equation.
2

Worked example 2.4

Describe geometrically a sequence of transformations that
transforms y
sin x into y
2  5 sin 3x.

Solution
The curve y
sin x is stretched by scale factor 13 in the x-direction The two stretches could have
to give the curve y
sin 3x. been done in any order to map
y
sin x onto y
5 sin 3x.
Next the curve y
sin 3x is stretched by scale factor 5 in the
y-direction to give y
5 sin 3x.
Finally y
5 sin 3x is translated through
0
2

to give the final
curve with equation y
2  5 sin 3x.

EXERCISE 2B
1 Describe a sequence of transformations that would map the
graph of y
x3 onto the graph of y
3(x  5)3.

2 Find the resulting curve when the following transformations

are applied in sequence to the curve y
cos x.
(a) a reflection in the x-axis,
(b) a translation through
0
2
,
(c) a stretch by a scale factor 3 in the x-direction.

3 Find the equation of the resulting graph when the graph of

1
y
3x is translated through

5
then reflected in the y-axis.

4 Find the equation of the new curve when the y
sin x is

transformed by the following sequence of transformations:
(a) a translation through

0
,
(b) a reflection in the x-axis,
(c) a stretch by a scale factor 4 in the y-direction.

5 Express 2x2  12x  19 in the form 2(x  a)2  b. Hence

decribe geometrically how the graph of y
x2 can be
transformed into the graph of y
2x2  12x  19.
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28 C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function

6 Describe geometrically how the first curve can be

transformed into the second curve by a sequence of
transformations:
(a) y
x2, y
4(x  2)2 (b) y
x2, y
4  3(x  1)2
(c) y
x3, y
(2x  1)3 (d) y
x3, y
(x  3)3
x
 
5
(e) y
x4, y
(3x  5)4 (f) y
x5, y
4   2
3
7 Describe geometrically how the curve y
3x2  5 can be
transformed into the curve y
x2 by a sequence of
transformations.

8 Describe geometrically how the curve y
5 sin(x  3) can be

transformed into the curve y
sin(x  1) by a sequence of
transformations.

9 Describe geometrically how the curve y
3  cos 2x can be

transformed into the curve y
5 cos x by a sequence of
transformations.

10 Describe geometrically how the curve y
4x  3 can be

2x
transformed into the curve y
 by a sequence of
5
stretches.

11 (a) Describe the geometrical transformation that

transforms the graph of y
3x into the graph of 3y
x.
(b) Find the equations of the new graphs after each of the
folowing has been reflected in the line y
x:
(i) y
3x  2, (ii) y
x2, (iii) (x  1)2  y2
4.

12 The graph of y
f(x) is reflected in the x-axis and then the

y-axis to produce the graph with equation y
g(x).
(a) Find g(x) in terms of f and x.
(b) Describe geometrically the single transformation that
maps the graph of y
f(x) onto the graph of y
g(x).

13 (a) Find the new equation resulting from reflecting the

curve y
x2 in the line y
1.
(b) Describe a sequence of simple geometrical transformations
that will map y
x2 onto your answer to (a).

14 (a) Find the new equation resulting from reflecting the

curve y
2x in the line x
5.
(b) Describe a sequence of simple geometrical transformations
that will map y
2x onto your answer to (a).
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C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function 29

15 (a) Describe a sequence of geometrical transformations

that will transform the graph of y
f(x) into the graph
of y
6  f(x).
(b) Describe a single geometrical transformation that will
transform the graph of y
f(x) into the graph of
y
6  f(x).
2
(c) Describe a single geometrical transformation that will
transform the graph of y
f(x) into the graph of
y
2p  f(x).

16 (a) Describe a sequence of geometrical transformations

that will transform the graph of y
f(x) into the graph
of y
f(4  x).
(b) Describe a single geometrical transformation that will
transform the graph of y
f(x) into the graph of
y
f(4  x).
(c) Describe a single geometrical transformation that will
transform the graph of y
f(x) into the graph of
y
f(2q  x).

2.3 Modulus function

The modulus function finds the absolute value of a number. Any Often the key on a calculator
negative sign in front of a number is disregarded and a positive which finds the modulus is
answer is returned. Consider the function box below. denoted by ABS since it finds the
absolute value of a number.
input
Take the modulus
output
y
When the value 3 is input then the output is 3, whereas when 7
is input the output is 7. An input of zero gives an output of zero.
The modulus of x is written as |x| and is usually read as ‘mod x’.
By taking a set of values of x it is easy to see that the graph of O x
y
|x| would have the appearance of the V shape below.

y
3

3 2 1 O 1 2 3 x
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30 C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function

The modulus function is actually defined as follows:

 x when x  0
|x|

x when x  0

Worked example 2.5

Sketch the graph of y
|x  3|.

Solution
Method 1
When x  3, |x  3|
x  3 since x  3  0.

O 3 x
graph of
y
x3
3

So the graph for x  3 is the same as the graph of y
x  3.

However when x  3, x  3 is negative and so |x  3|
(x  3).

3 graph of
y
3x

O 3 x

This means that when x  3, the graph of y
|x  3| is the same

as the graph of y
(x  3)
3  x.
The graph of y
|x  3| is therefore as drawn below.
y
4
3
2
1

3 2 1 O 1 2 3 4 5 x
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C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function 31

Method 2
An alternative approach is to draw the graph of y
x  3 and
then to reflect the section of the graph that lies below the x-axis
in the x-axis.
y
2
4
3
2
1

3 2 1 O 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
2
3
4

Worked example 2.6

Sketch the graphs of y
(a) y
|x  4| for 3 x 3,
2
8

(b) y
|sin x| for 0 x 2.

4

Solution
(a) Draw the graph of y
x2  4. 2 O 2 x

Now reflect in the x-axis all the parts of the graph which lie 4
below the x-axis.
The resulting graph is that of y
|x2  4|.
y

There are now some ‘sharp’

corners on the graph called
4
cusps. Do not be tempted to
smooth these out.
2 O 2 x

(b) Draw the graph of y
sin x for 0 x 2. y

Reflect in the x-axis the portion of the graph 1
where y is negative so as to produce the
graph of y
|sin x|. O π 2π x
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32 C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function

Worked example 2.7

Sketch the graphs of:
(a) y
3  |x|, (b) y
|x  1|  |x  2|.

Solution
(a) For x
0 , the graph is identical to that of y
3  x. Alternatively, the graph of
y
3  | x | can be obtained from
When x
0, y
3. the graph of y
| x | by a
For x  0 , the graph is identical to that of y
3  (x)
3  x. reflection in the x-axis followed

Hence we can sketch the graph of y
3  |x|. by a translation of
 0

3
.
y

3 O 3 x

(b) It is necessary to consider three separate intervals in order

to sketch y
|x  1|  |x  2|.
Firstly, when x  1, |x  1|
(x  1)
x  1 and also
|x  2|
(x  2)
x  2.
Therefore y
|x  1|  |x  2|
x  1  (x  2)
3  2x.
The graph is identical to y
3  2x for x  1.
Next, when 1  x  2, |x  1|
x  1.
But |x  2|
(x  2)
x  2.
Therefore y
|x  1|  |x  2|
x  1  (x  2)
1.
The graph is identical to y
1 for 1  x  2.
Finally, when x
2 |x  1|
x  1 and also
|x  2|
x  2.
Therefore y
|x  1|  |x  2|
x  1  x  2
2x  3.
The graph is identical to y
2x  3 for x
2.
The graph of y
|x  1|  |x  2| can now be sketched.
y The end points of these intervals
were not included but serve as
3 useful check points.
When x
1, y
0  1
1.
2 When x
2, y
1  0
1.

1 O 1 2 3 x
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C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function 33

EXERCISE 2C
Sketch the graph of each of the following, showing the values of
any intercepts on the axes.
1 y
|3x| 2 y
|x  4| 3 y
|3x  5|
4 y
|5  2x| 5 y
|x|  5 6 y
4  |x| 2
7 y
|x  1|
2
8 y
|(x  5)(x  2)|
9 y
|x|  |x  3| 10 y
|x|  |x  3|
11 y
|(x  1)(x  2)(x  3)| 12 y
|x2  5|  4
13 y
|x|  |x  1|  |x  2| 14 y
sin|x|, 2 x 2
15 y
|cos x|, 2 x 2 16 y
|tan x|, 0  x  
17 y
|cos 3x|,  x  18 y
1  |sin 2x|,  x 

2.4 Equations involving modulus

functions
Often the graphical approach is best since you can see the
approximate solutions and how many solutions to expect.

Worked example 2.8

Solve the equation |3  2x|
x  1.

Solution y
Method 1 5
Firstly, sketch the graph of y
|3  2x|. This is the
V-shaped graph. The sections have gradients 2. 4

Now add the straight line y
x  1, which has 3

gradient 1. Hence there are two points of intersection.
2
This means the equation |3  2x|
x  1 will have
two solutions, and from the graph one of these is less 1
than 1.5 and the other is greater than 1.5.
1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
3
When x  , |3  2x|
3  2x. 1
2
One solution is given by 3  2x
x  1
3
4 This solution is valid since x  .
⇒ 3  1
2x  x ⇒ x
. 2
3
3
Similarly, when x
, |3  2x|
(3  2x).
2
The second solution is given by (3  2x)
x  1
3
⇒ 3  2x
x  1 ⇒ 2x  x
3  1 ⇒ x
2. This solution is valid since x
.
2
4
The two solutions are x
2, .
3
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34 C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function

Method 2 It is always a little dangerous

Square both sides of the equation |3  2x|
x  1. when you square both sides of
(|3  2x|)2
(x  1)2 ⇒ 9  12x  4x2
x2  2x  1. an equation, since you may
⇒ 3x2  10x  8
0 ⇒ (3x  4)(x  2)
0. produce spurious answers. You
4 should therefore check that
The two solutions are x
2, . these solutions satisfy the
3
original equation. In this case the
solutions are valid.

Worked example 2.9

Solve the equation |x  2|
3.

Solution
An approach involving squaring both sides yields
(|x  2|)2
(3)2 ⇒ x2  4x  4
9 ⇒ x2  4x  5
0.
⇒ (x  5)(x  1)
0 ⇒ x
5, x
1.
Checking each of these values in the original equation shows
that neither of the answers are correct solutions.
When x
5, |x  2|
|5  2|
3.
When x
1, |x  2|
|(1)2|
|3|
3.

y
4

2
A sketch can easily reveal when
1 no solutions actually exist since
the graphs of y
| x  2| and
2 1 O 1 2 3 4 5 x y
3 do not intersect.
1

2

3

The graph of y
|x  2| is never negative and so the equation

|x  2|
3 has no solutions.

Can you spot the flaw in the following argument?

For solutions to |x  2|
3, solve x  2
3 ⇒ x
2  3
1.

Also solve (x  2)
3 ⇒ x  2
3 ⇒ x
5.
Hence the solutions are x
1 and x
5.
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C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function 35

Worked example 2.10 y

Solve the equation |x  1|
6x.
2

Solution 2
A sketch showing the graphs of y
|x2  1| and y
6x enables 1
you to see that there are two solutions, one in the interval
0  x  1 and the other satisfying x
1. 1 O 1 2 x

For 0  x  1, you can write |x2  1|
(x2  1)
x2  1

Hence, solving
6   36 4
x2  1
6x ⇒ 0
x2  6x  1 ⇒ x
 Using the quadratic equation
2
40
 b  ac
b2  4 
⇒ x
3  
3  10 . formula x
.
2 2a
But the only valid solution in the interval 0  x  1 is
x
3  10
  0.162… . You must reject the solution that is
negative.
For x
1, you can write |x2  1|
x2  1
6  36
 4
Hence, solving x2 1
6x ⇒ 0
x2  6x  1 ⇒ x

2
40

⇒ x
3  
3  10 . Once again, rejecting the negative
2
solution gives the solution x
3  10
  6.162… .
The two solutions are x
3  10
  0.162…
x
3  10
  6.162… .

EXERCISE 2D
Solve the following equations. In some cases there are no solutions.
1 |x  3|
2 2 |4  x|
5 3 |x  2|
7
4 |x  1|
x 5 |2  x|
x  1 6 |2x  3|
x  1
7 |2x  3|
2 8 |4  3x|
x 9 |x2  2|
3x
10 |2x2  3x|
1 11 |4  3x2|
x
12 |x2  2x|
3x  2 13 |x2  x|  2
0
14 |4x2  x|
3 15 |4x2  3|
x

2.5 Inequalities involving modulus

functions
It is advisable to draw a sketch and then to find the critical points
when trying to solve inequalities involving modulus functions.
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36 C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function

Worked example 2.11

Solve the inequality |x  2|  2x  3.

y
Solution
The graphs y
|x  2| and y
2x  3 are drawn opposite and 3
there is a single point of intersection when x is negative.
2
Since x  2 for this point of intersection, you can write 1
|x  2|
(x  2)
2  x.
2 1 O 1 2 x
Solving 2  x
2x  3 gives 1
3x. Hence x
13.
This is the critical point and by looking at the graph, the y-value You can check this solution
for the graph of y
|x  2| is less than the y-value on the graph by taking a test value. For
of y
2x  3 whenever you are to the right-hand side of this example when x
0, | x  2 |
2
critical point. and 2x  3
3. Since 2  3, it
gives a check on the solution.
The solution is therefore x
13.

Worked example 2.12

Solve the inequality |x2  3x|
2.

Solution
The graph of y
x2  3x
x(x  3) is a parabola cutting y
the x-axis at (0, 0) and (3, 0). The graph of y
|x2  3x| is 4
sketched opposite together with the straight line y
2.
3
There are four points of intersection and hence four 2
critical points.
Two of these are given by solving 1
x2  3x
2 ⇒ x2  3x  2
0.
This equation must be solved using the formula 1 O 1 2 3 4 5 x

b  ac
b 2  4 3  98
x
. Hence x
.
2a 2
The approximate values of x are 3.56 … and 0.56… . The four critical points in
ascending order are
The other two critical points are given by solving
(x2  3x)
2 ⇒ x2  3x  2
0 ⇒ (x  1)(x  2)
0. 3  17
 3  17

, 1, 2, .
Therefore x
1, x
2. 2 2

By considering the graph, the intervals satisfying |x2  3x|

2 are
3  17
 3  17

x  , 1  x  2, x
.
2 2
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C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function 37

EXERCISE 2E
Solve the following inequalities:
1 |x  5|
2 2 |4  x| 1 3 |x  3|  7
4 |x  2| x 5 |3  x|
x  4 6 |2x  3| x  2
2
7 |2x  5|  2  x 8 |2  5x|  x 9 |x2  4|  5x
10 |2x2  x|
1 11 |7  3x2| 2x  1
12 |x2  2x|  7x  6

Worked examination question

The function f is defined for all real values of x by
f(x)
|x|  |x  3|.
(a) For values of x such that x  0 , show that f(x)
3  2x.
(b) Write down expressions for f(x) in a form not involving
modulus signs for each of the intervals:
(i) x
3; (ii) 0 x 3.
(c) Sketch the graph of f and write down the equation of its
line of symmetry.
(d) State the range of f.
(e) Solve the equation f(x)
4.
(f) Explain whether it is possible to find an inverse of the
function f. [A]

Solution
(a) When x  0 , |x|
x and |x  3|
(x  3)
3  x.
Hence f(x)
 x  3  x
3  2x.
(b) (i) When x
3, |x|
x and |x  3|
x  3.
Hence f(x)
x  x  3
2x  3.
(ii) When 0 x 3, |x|
x and |x  3|
(x  3)
3  x.
Hence f(x)
x  3  x
3.
(c) The graph consists of the three sections defined above y
and is sketched opposite.
5
3
The line of symmetry has equation x
.
2 4
(d) Since the function has least value equal to 3, the range
3
is given by f(x)  3.
2
(e) From the graph, the equation f(x)
4 has two solutions.
One of these is when x  0 ⇒ 3  2x
4 ⇒ x
12. 1
The other is when x
3 ⇒ 2x  3
4 ⇒ x
312.
(f) Since the graph of f is many-one, it does NOT have an 1 O 1 2 3 4 5 x
inverse.
B Chap02 023-041.qxd 14/2/05 1:04 pm Page 38

38 C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function

MIXED EXERCISE
1 The function f is defined for all real values of x by
f(x)
|2x  3|  1.
(a) Sketch the graph of y
f(x). Indicate the coordinates of
the points where the graph crosses the coordinate axes.
(b) State the range of y
f(x).
(c) Find the values of x for which f(x)
x. [A]

2 Sketch the graphs of y
|2x  3|and y
|2x  5| on the

same axes. Hence solve the inequality |2x  3|  |2x  5|.

3 The function f is defined by f(x)
|x  3|, x

.

(a) Sketch the graph of y
f(x).
(b) Solve the inequality |x  3|  12x. [A]

4 The functions f and g are defined for all real values of x by

f(x)
x2  10 and g(x)
|x  2|:
(a) Show that ff(x)
x4  20x2  90.
Find all the values of x for which ff(x)
26.
(b) Show that gf(x)
|x2  12|. Sketch the graph of
y
gf(x). Hence or otherwise, solve the equation
gf(x)
x. [A]

5 (a) Determine the two values of x for which y

|2x  3|
|5  x|.
(b) The function f is defined for all real values of x. The graph
of y
|f(x)| is sketched opposite. Sketch two possible
graphs of y
f(x) on separate axes. [A] O x

6 (a) Sketch the graphs of

(i)i y
x2  6x  5;
(ii) y
|x2  6x  5|.
(b) Calculate the four roots of the equation |x2  6x  5|
3,
expressing the irrational solutions in surd form.
(c) Using this result and the sketch to (a) (ii), or otherwise,
solve the inequality
|x2  6x  5| 3. [A]
B Chap02 023-041.qxd 14/2/05 1:04 pm Page 39

C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function 39

7 The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with equation

 
y
sin 2x for  x .
2 2
y
1 2

 π2 O π
2 x

1

(a) Draw on the same diagram sketches of the graphs with

 
equations y
|x| and y
|sin 2x| for  x .
2 2
(b) Hence state the number of times the graph of the curve
with equation y
|sin 2x|  |x| intersects the x-axis in
 
the interval  x . [A]
2 2

8 (a) Sketch the graph of y
|2x  4|. Indicate the

coordinates of the points where the graph meets the
coordinate axes.
(b) (i) The line y
x intersects the graph of y
|2x  4| at
two points P and Q. Find the x-coordinates of the
points P and Q.
(ii) Hence solve the inequality |2x  4|
x.
(c) The graph of y
|2x  4|  k touches the line y
x at
only one point. Find the value of the constant k. [A]

9 A function f is defined for all real values of x by

f(x)
3  |2x  1|.
(a) (i) Sketch the graph of y
f(x). Indicate the
coordinates of the points where the graph crosses
the coordinate axes.
(ii) Hence show that the equation f(x)
4 has no real
roots.
(b) State the range of f.
(c) By finding the values of x for which f(x)
x, solve the
inequality f(x)  x. [A]
B Chap02 023-041.qxd 14/2/05 1:04 pm Page 40

40 C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function

Key point summary

b transforms the graph of y
f(x)

a
1 A translation of p23
into the graph of y
f(x  a)  b.
2 The graph of y
f(x) is transformed into the graph of p23
y
f(x) by a reflection in the line y
0 (the x-axis).
3 The graph of y
f(x) is transformed into the graph of p23
y
f(x) by a reflection in the line x
0 (the y-axis).
4 The graph of y
f(x) is transformed into the graph of p24
y
d f(x) by a stretch of scale factor d in the y-direction.
5 The graph of y
f(x) is transformed into the graph of p24
x

y
f  by a stretch of scale factor c in the x-direction.
c
6 The modulus function |x| is defined by

|x| 
x when x  0.
x when x 0. p30

Test yourself What to review

1 Describe geometrically how the curve: Section 2.1
(a) y
x5 is transformed into y
(x  1)5  3,
(b) y
tan x is transformed into y
tan 4x.
2 Describe geometrically a sequence of transformations that Section 2.2
transforms y
x2 into y
3(x  1)2  4.
3 Describe geometrically a sequence of transformations that Section 2.2
transforms y
sin x into y
3  2 sin 4x.
4 The function f is defined for all values of x by Section 2.3
f(x)
|x  5|.
(a) Express f(x) in a form not involving modulus signs
when x  5.
(b) Sketch the graph of y
f(x), indicating any values where
the graph meets the axes.
5 (a) Sketch the graph of y
4  x2. Section 2.3
(b) Hence sketch the graph of y
|4  x2|.
(c) State the number of roots of the equation |4  x2|
1.
6 Solve the equation |3x  5|
2  x. Section 2.4
7 Solve the inequality|2x  7|  3  x. Section 2.5
 1 (a) Translation through
13;
(b) Stretch in x-direction with scale factor 41.
2 Translation of
01, followed by stretch in y-direction with scale factor 3,
followed by translation of
40.
3 Stretch in x-direction with scale factor 41 and stretch in y-direction with
scale factor 2, followed by translation of
30.
4 (a) f(x)
5  x, when x  5;
(b) y
5
O 5 x
5 (a) y (b) y
4 4
2 O 2 x 2 O 2 x
2 (c) 4 roots.
6 x
121, 143.
7 131  x  10.
ANSWERS Test yourself
41 C3: Transformations of graphs and the modulus function
Page 41 1:04 pm 14/2/05 B Chap02 023-041.qxd