A MINOR PROJECT REPORT

On

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM USING AD8232 ECG

MODULE AND ARDUINO
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

Shanid Prasad (RA1711005010298)

Om Prakash (RA1711005010250)

Under the guidance of

Dr. R. Sridhar
(Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603 203
Kancheepuram Dist.

OCTOBER 2019
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this minor project report titled “ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

USING AD8232 ECG MODULE AND ARDUINO” is the bonafide work of

SHANID PRASAD (RA1711050010298), OM PRAKASH (RA171100510250)

who carried out the minor project work under my supervision. Certified further, that

to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other

project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred

on an earlier occasion of this or any other candidate.

Signature of the Co-ordinator Signature of the HOD

Dr. R. Sridhar Dr. K. VIJAYAKUMAR, M.E., Ph. D.
Associate Professor Professor and Head
Department of EEE Department of EEE
SRM IST SRM IST

Internal Examiner 1 Internal Examiner 2

Date:
 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to extend our gratitude to the many people who helped to bring
this project to fruition. First, we would like to thank the management for the academic
and technical support. We are also thankful to director (E&T), Dr. C.
Muthamizhchelvan for the academic and technical support.

We take this opportunity to acknowledge our beloved Head of the department,

Dr. K. Vijayakumar for being a constant source of inspiration and encouragement.

We would like to thank Coordinator Dr. R. Sridhar for his support and
valuable inputs throughout our project. We are deeply grateful for their help, valuable
guidance and support. Their in-depth knowledge and vast experience proved to be the
guiding light throughout the course of our project. We also offer our thanks to our
project coordinators.

Finally, we express our very profound gratitude to our parents for providing us
with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout the process of
researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been
possible without them.

(SHANID PRASAD)

(OM PRAKASH)
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ABSTRACT

This project is an Electrocardiogram which is used to monitor the electrical

activity caused by the heart muscles and thereby understand the condition of the heart.
The project uses simple components to produces the ECG signal from the heart and if
wanted the ECG signal can be processed as well.

The project uses Sparksfun’s AD8232 ECG module to process the heart
signal. As the electrical signal coming from heart are merely some microvolts it is
important to have a device which doesn’t cause any error as the margin of calculation
is very small. AD8232 has the required instrumentation amplifier, electrical filters and
other required components all placed in the chip itself. The input is taken from
electrodes which are stuck at correct position.

The output received is an analog signal which can be read using and display
device which in our case is the system itself. Also there are two extra digital signal
which tell the direction or polarity of the voltage received for correct ECG shape. The
signal is received using an Arduino Uno board and is send to the system via Serial
port data transfer between Arduino and computer.

The project presents with a clear ECG signal which can be processed further to
produce other trivial data about the heart such as BPM (beats per minute), QRS
complex shape and its interval. The output is obtained either by the computer or by an
LCD display attached to show the BPM and condition of the heart based on the
output.

Thus the project can be used to determine any abnormality is heart condition
before any fatal condition.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT ⅳ
LIST OF FIGURES ⅵ
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. GENERAL 1
1.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
2
2 WORKING OF HEART
3
2.1. INTRODUCTION
3
2.2. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
4
2.2.1. Potential Generation In Heart
2.3. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
5
2.3.1. Clinical Significance of ECG

3 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AN ECG MACHINE

6
3.1. INTRODUCTION
6
3.2 COMPONENTS OF A SIMPLE ECG MACHINE
6
4 AD8232 ECG MODULE
8
4.1. SPECIFICATIONS
8
4.2. CIRCUIT CONNECTION
9
4.3. CODING
4.4 GETTING THE OUTPUT 10
IDENTIFICATION OF VARIOUS PARTS OF ECG 15
5 5.1. ECG INTERPRETATION 16
5.2. SOME POSSIBLE DIAGNOSIS FROM ECG 16
SUMMARY 17
6 CONCLUSION 18
7 REFERENCES 19
8 20
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1 Schematic Diagram of a Heart 3

2 Simple ECG Circuit 7

3 Circuit Connections 9

4 ECG OUTPUT 15

5 Beat Per Minute Calculated 15

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Understanding various phenomenon which occur in the human body is very
important to study about its working. In earlier days the ideas about the working of
the body was less and some things were not explainable during that time. Over the
past various new inventions and theories have come to our knowledge which has
increased our understanding of the working of the body. The heart being one of the
most important organ of the body as its continuous working is the reason for every
living being to be alive in the world. The hearts function is to transport various
nutrients and oxygen throughout our body. It continuously pumps blood in the body
which is gives energy and nutrients to the body to work.

Heart being this important for the survival of the body, any malfunction of
problem will cause the whole body to collapse. The heart being a muscle and
protected by the rib cage it is very hard to study and understand its working just by
some parameters like blood pressure, heart beat etc. These parameters can give a
rough idea about hearts current state but they can’t be used to determine the heart
condition surely.

For the purpose we used the electrical conduction system of the heart to
determine about how it’s currently functioning and if there is any abnormality. The
electrical conduction system is told properly further, so by recording the electrical
activity of the heart we can determine its condition. We have machines in the hospitals
which gives the ECG (Electrocardiogram) of the heart. Using the ECG we can
understand about the heart in a detailed way.

In this project we have attempted to make a similar machine using

simple electronics components which shows the ECG of the heart. The result of the
project can give an approximate value of the actual ECG and using the ECG out we
can know how the condition of the heart is, and also calculate other parameters like
heartbeat rate, rhythm of heart etc.
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1.2. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The Main Objective of the project is to provide us with ECG of the heart
using basic electronics components. The project is based on the actual working ECG
machine which are used in actual hospital. The output of the device can be taken on
either a computer or an LCD display to show the result. The ideal output will be a
noiseless and proper ECG of the heart along with correct BPM (beats per minute) on
the LCD display and some other information.

The project can be used in medical usage to diagnose whether a heart is

working properly by comparing the ECG with actual examples. Also the objective of
the project is to give an accurate value without any noise or other error because the
potential created by the heart being very small it is very important to keep the errors
as minimum as it can be to get a realistic and use worthy output.
 3

CHAPTER 2
WORKING OF HEART
2.1 INTRODUCTION

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood continuously throughout the
body. It is comprised of four chambers — the right and left atrium and the right and
left ventricle.

The chambers of the heart work together by alternately contracting and relaxing to
pump blood throughout the heart. To accomplish this, the heart uses an electrical
system to trigger a heartbeat. Essentially, the electrical system is the power source that
makes all the heart's functions possible.

Blood vessels lead in and out of the chambers, which receive and distribute blood
throughout the body. The four chambers are connected by four valves — the tricuspid,
pulmonic, mitral and aortic valves. These valves work like one-way doors, allowing
blood to flow in only one direction.

The heart pumps blood with a rhythm determined by a group of pacemaking cells in
the sinoatrial node. These generate a current that causes contraction of the heart,
traveling through the atrioventricular node and along the conduction system of the
heart. The heart receives blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation, which
enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes to the
right ventricle. From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation, through
the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood
then returns to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out
through the aorta to the systemic circulation−where the oxygen is used
and metabolized to carbon dioxide. The heart beats at a resting rate close to 72 beats
per minute. Exercise temporarily increases the rate, but lowers resting heart rate in the
long term, and is good for heart health.

FIG 1 Schematic Diagram of a Heart

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2.2 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION SYSTEM

The electrical conduction system of the heart transmits signals generated

usually by the sinoatrial node (These cells have the ability to spontaneously produce
an electrical impulse) to cause contraction of the heart muscle. The pacemaking signal
generated in the sinoatrial node travels through the right atrium to the atrioventricular
node, along the Bundle of His(a collection of heart muscle cells specialized
for electrical conduction) and through bundle branches to cause contraction of the
heart muscle. This signal stimulates contraction first of the right and left atrium, and
then the right and left ventricles. This process allows blood to be pumped throughout
the body.

The conduction system consists of specialised heart muscle cells, and is situated
within the myocardium. There is a skeleton of fibrous tissue that surrounds the
conduction system which can be seen on an ECG. Dysfunction of the conduction
system can cause irregular, fast, or slow heart rhythms

The sinoatrial node is found in the upper part of the right atrium near to the junction
with the superior vena cava. The electrical signal generated by the sinoatrial node
travels through the right atrium in a radial way that is not completely understood. It
travels to the left atrium via Bachmann's bundle (Bachmann's bundle is, during
normal sinus rhythm, the preferential path for electrical activation of the left atrium.),
such that the muscles of the left and right atria contract together. The signal then
travels to the atrioventricular node. This is found at the bottom of the right atrium in
the atrioventricular septum—the boundary between the right atrium and the left
ventricle. The septum is part of the cardiac skeleton, tissue within the heart that the
electrical signal cannot pass through, which forces the signal to pass through the
atrioventricular node only. The signal then travels along the bundle of His to left and
right bundle branches through to the ventricles of the heart. In the ventricles the signal
is carried by specialized tissue called the Purkinje fibers which then transmit the
electric charge to the heart muscle.

2.2.1 POTENTIAL GENERATION IN HEART

Cardiac muscle has some similarities to neurons and skeletal muscle, as well
as important unique properties. Like a neuron, a given myocardial cell has a
negative membrane potential when at rest. Stimulation above a threshold value
induces the opening of voltage-gated ion channels and a flood of cations into the cell.
The positively charged ions entering the cell cause the depolarization characteristic of
an action potential. Like skeletal muscle, depolarization causes the opening
of voltage-gated calcium channels and release of Ca2+ from the t-tubules. This influx
of calcium causes calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum,
and free Ca2+ causes muscle contraction. After a delay, potassium channels reopen,
and the resulting flow of K+ out of the cell causes repolarization to the resting state
 5

2.3 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY

Electrocardiography is the process of forming an Electrocardiogram (ECG)

which is a voltage vs time graph where the voltage is taken from the electrical activity
from heart using electrodes placed on the skin and suitable machines. The electrodes
detect the small electrical changes that are a consequence of cardiac muscle
depolarization followed by repolarization during each cardiac cycle which is a
heartbeat. By observing the changes in ECG patterns we can identify the type of
cardiac abnormality. Various abnormalities includes disturbance in cardiac rhythm,
inadequate flow of blood in the artery, and imbalance in the electrolyte content.

In a conventional 12-lead ECG, ten electrodes are placed on the patient's limbs and on
the surface of the chest. The overall magnitude of the heart's electrical potential is
then measured from twelve different angles ("leads") and is recorded over a period of
time (usually ten seconds). In this way, the overall magnitude and direction of the
heart's electrical depolarization is captured at each moment throughout the cardiac
cycle. By studying overall change we can understand about the current state of heart.

There are three main components to an ECG: the P wave, which represents the
depolarization of the atria; the QRS complex, which represents the depolarization of
the ventricles; and the T wave, which represents the repolarization of the ventricles.

2.3.1 CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ECG

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the primary tool in the diagnosis of any heart
related problems. By comparing the ECG result with previous done ECG we can
provide information about any cardiac abnormalities. Usually symptoms like chest
pain, high blood pressure and problems in breathing are signs of heart related
problems and having and ECG can clear any doubts about the problem. Some heart
related problems does not give very clear signs and symptoms. As sometimes a minor
chest pain which can be interpreted as normal indigestion, and it can be an early sign
of heart attack. To correctly interpret the heart related problem ECG plays the most
important role in heart related medical procedures.
 6

CHAPTER 3
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AN ECG MACHINE

3.1 INRODUCTION

An ECG machine records the electrical activity generated by heart muscle

depolarisation, which propagate in pulsating electrical waves towards the skin.
Although the signal is very weak and small it can picked up reliably by electrodes
placed on the skin in microvolts. But just picking up signal is not enough as there are
many disturbances in the signal. Even moving a little causes disturbances and the
required result is the QRS complex.

To get the required QRS complex we need to use various electrical circuits to amplify
the signal, to clear the disturbances and to finally get the ECG signal. In a simple
ECG machine electrodes are important as without good conducting electrode we
cannot get an accurate ECG. Instrumentation amplifiers are used to amplify the signal.
Since the signal is very small it is very essential to amplify the signal to a suitable
level so it can be identified and worked with.

The signal after amplification need to be passed through various filters so that we get
the required QRS complex. There is also need of rectification of the signal as we need
only the upper half so rectifier is required. By putting together all this individual
circuits and processing the raw signal coming from heart we can get an ECG signal. If
the signal is needed to be further processed we can also add an analog to digital
convertor which feeds the computer with the data. In this way we can obtain the ECG
from raw electrical signal produced by heart.

3.2 COMPONENTS OF A SIMPLE ECG MACHINE

These are the individual components of a simple ECG and their respective
works.

Instrumentation Amplifier: An ECG is a very weak signal with a range of 1 mV in

amplitude with a frequency range of 0.05-120 Hz. As the signal amplitude is very
small, to process the signal it must be amplified with a high gain of about 1000. The
typical characteristics for the Op Amp used for the Instrumentation amplifier should
be of high input impedance, low output impedance and high CMRR. The signals
coming from the electrodes are thus given to the instrumentation amplifier to be
amplified.
 7

Pre-Processing: The amplified ECG signal is passed through a filter to remove the
noise or unwanted signal. Pre-processing of ECG signal helps to remove
contaminants. ECG contaminants can be

 Power line interference

 Electrode pop or contact noise
 Patient-electrode motion artifacts
 Baseline wandering

The power interference is narrow –band noise centered at 50Hz with a bandwidth of
less than 1 Hz. We can use a notch filter to remove it. However these signals are odd
multiple and can be filtered using a low pass filter. Motion artifacts are in the range of
less than 1 Hz so high pass filter can be used to remove motion artifacts.

Analog to Digital Converter: The signal after following processing can be directly
shown using an oscilloscope or by adding an ADC to the circuit we can send it a
computer for further calculations.

Various other circuits can be added to a simple ECG circuit to make it more efficient
like adding a peak detector circuit to detect the peak of an ECG. This can be used to
calculate beats per minute. Also multiple amplifiers can be placed to make the signal
better and easy to work with.

The end result is the ECG which can be taken as output in many ways as a visual
output. The graph can then be studied properly to understand the heart condition.

FIG 2 Simple ECG circuit

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CHAPTER 4
AD8232 ECG MODULE

4.1 SPECIFICATIONS

As seen in the previous chapter the circuit of an ECG can be quite complex and
also adding several circuits can take a lot of space as making each individual circuit is
tough. So for this project we are using the AD8232 ECG module. The AD8232 is an
integrated signal conditioning block for ECG and other bio potential measurement
applications. It extract, amplify, and filter small bio potential signals in the presence
of noisy conditions, such as those created by motion or remote electrode placement.

The module contains all the required circuits build in a small chip which also has
input and output ports. The chip is programmable as in this project we are using it
with an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The output obtained is finally given to the
computer where we can see the ECG graph using serial plotter in the Arduino IDE.
The board also has an LED which blinks according to the ECG signal.   The AD8232
breaks out nine pins from the IC which are SDN, LO+, LO-, OUTPUT, 3.3V, GND
which are the output side pins and  RA (Right Arm), LA (Left Arm), and RL (Right
Leg) for input. It already has a jack port soldered on it so we can use the electrodes by
directly connecting the electrode jack.

Its specifications are as follows:

 Operating supply current 170µA

 Operating supply voltage 2 to 3.6 V
 CMRR 80 dB
 Operating temperature is -40℃ to 85℃
 145 mW/channel power
 Voltage noise = 0.74 nV/√Hz
 Current noise = 2.5pA/√Hz
 9

4.2 CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS

The circuit involves the use of 5 pins of the AD8232 board connected to the Arduino
board.

As per the diagram

1. GND and 3.3V of the module is connected to the GND and 3.3V of Arduino
2. Output pin is connected to any analog input pin on Arduino here we use A0
3. L0- and L0+ are connected to any digital pins of Arduino here we use 11 and
10

FIG 3 CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS

 10

4.3 CODING

The given code is for getting the ECG

void setup() {

// initialize the serial communication:

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(10, INPUT); // Setup for leads off detection LO +

pinMode(11, INPUT); // Setup for leads off detection LO -

void loop() {

if((digitalRead(10) == 1)||(digitalRead(11) == 1)){

Serial.println ('!');

else{

// send the value of analog input 0:

Serial.println(analogRead(A0));

//Wait for a bit to keep serial data from saturating

delay(1);

}
 11

Code for calculating beats per minute

int amount = 1000;

unsigned int a_read = 0;

float sum = 0.0;

float average = 0.0;

int i = 0;

long lastDebounceTime = 0;

long debounceDelay = 400;

long counter = 0;

boolean no_pulse_latch = 1;

boolean acq_pulse_latch = 0;

boolean beat_pulse_latch = 0;

boolean beat_latch = 0;

//Variables used

unsigned long oldtime = 0;

unsigned long newtime = 0;

int beat_time = 0;

float BPM = 0.0;

int num1_old = 10;

int num2_old = 10;

int num3_old = 10;

int num1_new = 0;

int num2_new = 0;

int num3_new = 0;
 12

int send1 = 10;

int send2 = 10;

int send3 = 10;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(10, INPUT); // Setup for leads off detection LO +

pinMode(11, INPUT); // Setup for leads off detection LO -

attachInterrupt(0, right_Hand_Detect, FALLING);

i = 0;

void loop() {

if (digitalRead(10) == 0 && digitalRead(11) == 0 && (millis() - lastDebounceTime)

> debounceDelay && no_pulse_latch == 1){ // detected

Serial.print("detecting beat...");

Serial.println(millis());

no_pulse_latch = 0;

acq_pulse_latch = 1;

beat_pulse_latch = 0;

beat_latch = 0;

lastDebounceTime = millis();

detachInterrupt(0);

else if (acq_pulse_latch == 1 && digitalRead(10) == 0 && digitalRead(11) == 0){

sum = 0.0;

for (i=0; i <= amount; i++){

sum = sum + analogRead(A0);

delay(1);
 13

average = sum/amount;

Serial.print("Average value = ");

Serial.println(average);

while(analogRead(A0) <= average + 20){

delay(1);}

beat_time = newtime - oldtime;

beat_latch = 1;

Serial.println("First Beat");

no_pulse_latch = 0;

acq_pulse_latch = 0;

beat_pulse_latch = 1;

debounceDelay = 400;

else if (beat_pulse_latch == 1 && digitalRead(10) == 0 && digitalRead(11) == 0){

int difference = 0;

difference = a_read - average;

Serial.print(average);

Serial.print(" a_read: ");

Serial.print(a_read);

Serial.print(" difference: ");

Serial.println(difference);

delay(100);*/

if (beat_latch == 0 && a_read >= (average+25) && (millis() - lastDebounceTime)

> debounceDelay){

newtime = millis();

beat_time = newtime - oldtime;

 14

beat_latch = 1;

lastDebounceTime = millis();

oldtime = newtime;

BPM = 60 / (((float) beat_time) / 1000);

Serial.print("BPM: ");

Serial.println(BPM);

else if (beat_latch == 1 && a_read < average-20){

beat_latch = 0;

}}

else if (((digitalRead(10) == 1)||(digitalRead(11) == 1)) && (millis() -

lastDebounceTime) > debounceDelay && (acq_pulse_latch == 1 || beat_pulse_latch
== 1)){ // leads Removed

Serial.print("Hands off device...");

Serial.println(millis());

no_pulse_latch = 1;

acq_pulse_latch = 0;

beat_pulse_latch = 0;

average = 0.0;

debounceDelay = 400;

attachInterrupt(0, right_Hand_Detect, FALLING);

a_read = analogRead(A0);

delay(1);

void right_Hand_Detect(){

if(digitalRead(11) == 0 && no_pulse_latch == 1){

lastDebounceTime = millis();
 15

}}

4.3 GETTING THE OUTPUT

The result obtained from by uploading the above given code is the ECG signal.

Given below is an example of what a correct ECG will look and the beats per minute
calculated

FIG 4 ECG OUTPUT

FIG 5 BEATS PER MINUTE CALCULATED

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CHAPTER 5
IDENTIFICATION OF VARIOUS PARTS OF ECG

5.1 ECG INTERPRETATION

Interpretation of the ECG is fundamentally about understanding the electrical

conduction system of the heart. Normal conduction starts and propagates in a
predictable pattern, and deviation from this pattern can be a normal variation or
be pathological. An ECG does not equate with mechanical pumping activity of the
heart, for example, pulseless electrical activity produces an ECG that should pump
blood but no pulses are felt (and constitutes a medical emergency and CPR should be
performed). Ventricular fibrillation produces an ECG but is too dysfunctional to
produce a life-sustaining cardiac output. Certain rhythms are known to have good
cardiac output and some are known to have bad cardiac output. Ultimately,
an echocardiogram or other anatomical imaging modality is useful in assessing the
mechanical function of the heart.

Interpretation of the ECG is ultimately that of pattern recognition. In order to

understand the patterns found, it is helpful to understand the theory of what ECGs
represent. The theory is rooted in electromagnetics and boils down to the four
following points:

 depolarization of the heart toward the positive electrode produces a positive

deflection

 depolarization of the heart away from the positive electrode produces a

negative deflection

 repolarization of the heart toward the positive electrode produces a negative

deflection

 repolarization of the heart away from the positive electrode produces a

positive deflection

Thus, the overall direction of depolarization and repolarization produces a vector that
produces positive or negative deflection on the ECG depending on which lead it
points to.
 17

Normal rhythm produces four entities – a P wave, a QRS complex, a T wave, and a U
wave – that each have a fairly unique pattern.

 The P wave represents atrial depolarization.

 The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization.

 The T wave represents ventricular repolarization.

 The U wave represents papillary muscle repolarization.

5.2 SOME POSSIBLE DIAGNOSIS FROM ECG

The following are some cardiac abnormalities

1. Rhythm disturbances or arrhythmias:

Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter without rapid ventricular response

Torsades de pointes (polymorphic ventricular tachycardia)

Junctional ectopic tachycardia

2. Heart block and conduction problems:

Aberration

Sinoatrial block: first, second, and third-degree

3. AV node:

First-degree AV block

Second-degree AV block (Mobitz [Wenckebach] I and II)

Third-degree AV block or complete AV block

4. Right bundle

Incomplete right bundle branch block

Complete right bundle branch block (RBBB)

5. Left bundle

Complete left bundle branch block (LBBB)

Incomplete left bundle branch block

 18

CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
In this project we have made an ECG machine using an AD8232 ECG module and
Arduino Uno. The AD8232 is a low power low noise ECG module and can used with
any microcontroller. It consists of all the circuits and parts an ECG machine has in the
small chip. The input for the project is taken from electrodes placed at specific
positions on the chest. These sense the electrical activity of the heart. The signal these
electrodes pickup are then conveyed to the AD8232 module.

After receiving the signal the module does the amplification and all the pre-processing
required for the ECG signal to get rid of all the noises and problems which we have
seen in the previous chapters.

The resultant signal is then given to Arduino Uno MCU. The Arduino board is
programmed to then collect the data and transfer it to the computer via serial
communication. The final signal is seen using Serial Plotter which then gives a
voltage vs time continuous graph which is the required ECG.

Also in other code the Arduino is able to sense the signal and due some calculations
with it and then produce the beats per minute from the given ECG signal.
 19

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

The project is an attempt to create near accurate ECG machine. The

project uses simple and small tools to create near accurate ECG signal.
Some precautions to be taken are:

 To place the electrodes properly

 To stay still so we can get rid of motion artifacts

The project can be used to provide heart related diagnosis in places where
it is hard to take the whole ECG machine as the whole project fits inside a
small box. Also using different software like Processing etc. The graphs
can be studied more correctly and processed nicely. The project is also
cost efficient as it took less than Rs. 1000 to create the project and the
result can also be taken directly in oscilloscope using a soundcard or by
using a computer as we have done.

Overall it is a low price, low power, space efficient and accurate ECG
system which can be used where its requirement lies.
 20

CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
Wikipedia contributors. "Heart." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The
Free Encyclopedia, 21 Oct. 2019. Web. 21 Oct. 2019.

"Electrical conduction system of the heart." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 Sep. 2019. Web. 21 Oct. 2019.

Dr Dallas Price. “How to read an Electrocardiogram (ECG)”. South Sudan Medical

Journal, 2010

Bryn Farnsworth,” What Is ECG and How Does It Work? ”. IMOTIONS, 15 Jan 2019

“Six Abnormal ECGs — Not All Are Cases of the Heart.” Medscape, 21 Oct 2019

Wikipedia contributors. "Electrocardiography." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 Sep. 2019. Web. 21 Oct. 2019.

“AD8232 Heart Rate Monitor” Sparksfun, 6 Jun 2014