Safe Criteria

Strategic Management BUSM 3200
These Lecture Slides summarize the key points covered in the respective chapters in your
recommended text; these slides do NOT substitute, at all, the required reading of the assigned
chapter from the text. These slides also may contain additional supplementary material extracted
from other texts and sources outside your text book.
BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-1

The focus of part 3:
strategy in action
Criteria and techniques that can be used to
evaluate possible strategic options.
How strategies develop in organisations; the
processes that may give rise to intended
strategies or to emergent strategies.
The way in which organisational structures and
systems of control are important in organising for
strategic success.
The leadership and management of strategic
change.
Who strategists are and what they do in practice.
Learning outcomes of Chapter 11
Employ three success criteria for evaluating
strategic options:
– Suitability: whether a strategy addresses the key
issues relating to the opportunities and constraints
an organisation faces.
– Acceptability: whether a strategy meets the
expectations of stakeholders.
– Feasibility: whether a strategy could work in
practice.
For each of these use a range of different
techniques for evaluating strategic options, both
financial and non-financial.
The SAFe criteria
Table 11.1 The SAFe criteria and techniques of evaluation

Suitability
Suitability is concerned with assessing which proposed
strategies address the key opportunities & constraints
an organisation faces, through an understanding of the
strategic position of an organisation.
It is concerned with the overall rationale of the strategy:
 Does it exploit the opportunities in the
environment and avoid the threats?
 Does it capitalise on the organisation’s strengths
and strategic capabilities and avoid or remedy the
weaknesses?

Importance of ‘linking back’
The next few pages from 364 – 365 reminds us of
the importance of linking back this chapter’s
concept of suitability to all the important models
and frameworks we have covered in external and
internal analysis as well as the different strategic
options
Pay careful attention and read two tables – 11.1
and 11.2
You will begin to understand that the different
models that we learnt help the planner evaluate
the different strategic options

Suitability of strategic options in
Table 11.2
relation to strategic
Suitability of strategic position
options in relation (1)
to strategic position
It is a important that you REVISIT the above tables to better

understand the value of the different models and frameworks in
helping the manager evaluate the different strategic options

Suitability of strategic options in relation to
strategic position (2)
Table 11.2 Suitability of strategic options in relation to strategic position (Continued)
It is a important that you REVISIT the above tables to better

understand the value of the different models and frameworks in
helping the manager evaluate the different strategic options

Some examples of suitability (1)
Table 11.3 Some examples of suitability

Some examples of suitability (2)
Table 11.3 Some examples of suitability (Continued)

Suitability – screening techniques
There are several useful techniques:

 Ranking.
 Using scenarios.
 Screening for competitive advantage.
 Decision trees.
 Life cycle analysis.

Ranking
Evaluating the options based on

rating and ranking the different
options
Strategic options are evaluated
against specific criteria
Scores and given and the best option
is selected
See Illustration 11.1 on page 366

Ranking the options

Scenarios
The strategy being evaluated can be screened by
considering different possible outcomes in the
future
What if questions
Best or worse case scenarios
Scenarios were discussed in Chapter 2 (external
analysis)
See section 2.22 of that chapter and see
Illustration 2.2
Managers evaluate which options would work
best under different environmental contexts
Screening for bases of competitive advantage
Chapters 3 and 6: the likely bases of competitive

advantage reside in the strategic capabilities of
the company
We screen the strategy in terms of the key
strategic capabilities underpinning a proposed
strategy
Evaluate the capabilities in terms of their ability
to deliver either
 Cost leadership strategy
 Differentiation strategy
See Table 11.4

Table 11.4
VRIN

Decision Trees
Evaluate the outcomes in terms of

 Probabilities
 Expected returns
See illustration 11.2 : strategic

decision tree for a law firm

Illustration 11.2

Life cycle analysis
Different strategies are deemed to be appropriate
at different stages of the industry life cycle
Matrix on table `11.15 has two dimensions
 Industry maturity
 Firm’s competitive position
Purpose of the matrix is to determine the
appropriateness of the strategies in relation to the
two dimensions

The life cycle/portfolio matrix
Table 11.5 The industry life cycle/portfolio matrix Source: Arthur D. Little
Competitive position within an industry
Competitive position within an industry can be:
 A dominant position which is rare in the private sector
unless there is a quasi-monopoly position. In the public
sector there can be a legalised monopoly status.
 A strong position where organisations can follow
strategies of their own choice without too much concern
for competition.
 A favourable position where no single competitor stands
out, but leaders are better placed.
 A tenable position can be maintained by specialisation or
focus.
 A weak position where competitors are too small to
survive independently in the long run.

Acceptability (1)
Acceptability is concerned with

whether the expected performance
outcomes of a proposed strategy
meet the expectations of
stakeholders.

Acceptability (2)
There are three key aspects of

acceptability - the ‘3 R’s’:
 Risk.
 Return.
 Reactions (of stakeholders).

Risk
Risk concerns the extent to which the

outcomes of a strategy can be
predicted.
Risk can be assessed using:
 Sensitivity analysis.
 Financial ratios – e.g. gearing and

liquidity.
 Break-even analysis.

Sensitivity analysis (illustration 11.3)
Illustration 11.3 A

Sensitivity analysis (Continued)
Illustration 11.3 B
BUSM 3200- Strategic 7-26

Sensitivity analysis (Continued)
Illustration 11.3 C
7-27
BUSM 3200- Strategic
Break even analysis
BUSM 3200- Strategic 7-28

Return
Returns are the financial benefits which

stakeholders are expected to receive from a
strategy.
Different approaches to assessing return:
 Financial analysis.
 Shareholder value analysis.
 Cost–benefit analysis.
 Real options.

Financial analysis
Three commonly used bases of financial analysis
are
1. Forecasting the return on capital employed

(ROCE)
2. Estimating the payback period
3. Calculating the DCF
See Figure 11.1

Assessing profitability (1)
Figure 11.1 Assessing profitability

Figure 11.1 Assessing profitability (Continued)

Figure 11.1 Assessing profitability (Continued)

Shareholder value analysis (SVA)
Assess which of the proposed strategies would
increase or decrease shareholder value
Shareholders are interested in the cash
generating ability of the company
 Ability to pay dividends
 Reinvest funds for the future
See Table 11.6
 Total shareholder returns (TSR)
 Economic value added (EVA)

Measures of shareholder value
Table 11.6 Measures of shareholder value

Cost Benefit Analysis
Going beyond just the tangible financial
benefits
Consider intangible benefits
Important in public infrastructure projects
like airport construction ,roads, etc
See illustration 11.5 – sewerage
construction project

Illustration 11.5

Real options
When using methods such as DCF, it is assumed
there is a degree of clarity of outcomes
But in many projects the precise benefits of
outcomes only become obvious as
implementation proceeds
New outcomes may emerge
(recall from lecture 1) : concept of “emergent
strategies”
 New options are opened up after the implementation of a
particular project

Advantages of real options
There are four main benefits:

 Bringing strategic and financial
evaluation closer together.
 Valuing emerging options.
 Coping with uncertainty.
 Offsetting conservatism.
See page 381

Real options evaluation (illustration 11.6)
New options and opportunities emerge after the implementation of the initial
project – investment in a brewery
Illustration 11.6

Reaction of stakeholders
Stakeholder mapping and the power/interest

matrix can be used to:
 understand the political context of strategies.
 understand the political agenda.
 gauge the likely reaction of stakeholders to

specific strategies.
• If key stakeholders find a strategy to be
unacceptable then it is likely to fail

Reaction of stakeholders
Owners have financial expectations
Regulators have decision making authority
Employees and unions may resist
The local community has specific concerns
such as security of jobs and environment
Customers could also object to a strategy

Feasibility
Feasibility is concerned with whether a

strategy could work in practice i.e. whether an
organisation has the capabilities to deliver a
strategy
Two key questions:
 Do the resources and competences
currently exist to implement the strategy
effectively?
 If not, can they be obtained?

Financial feasibility
Need to consider:
 The funding required.
 Cash flow analysis and forecasting.
 Financial strategies needed for
the different ‘phases’ of the life

cycle of a business.

Financial strategy and the business life
cycle
Table 11.7 Financial strategy and the business life cycle

People and skills (1)
Three questions arise:

1. Do people in the organisation
currently have the competences to
deliver a proposed strategy?
2. Are the systems to support those
people fit for the strategy?
3. If not, can the competences be
obtained or developed?
People and skills (2)
Critical issues that need to be considered:

 Work organisation – will this need to change?
 Rewards – are the incentives appropriate?
 Relationships – will people interact differently?
 Training and development – are current

systems appropriate?
 Staffing – are the levels and skills of the staff
appropriate?

Integrating resources
The success of a strategy depends on the
management of many resource areas, for
example:
 people,
 finance,
 physical resources,
 information,
 technology and
 resources provided by suppliers and partners.
It is essential to integrate resources – inside the
organisation and in the wider value network.

Evaluation criteria: Four Qualifications
Read pages 386 and 389 carefully:

 Conflicting conclusions and the need for
management judgement.
 Consistency between the different elements of a
strategy is essential.
 The implementation and development of strategies
might reveal unanticipated problems.

 Strategy development in practice – it isn’t always a
logical or even rational process.

Summary
Proposed strategies may be evaluated using the three
SAFe criteria:
 Suitability is concerned with assessing which
proposed strategies address the key opportunities and
constraints an organisation faces. It is about the
rationale of a strategy.
 The acceptability of a strategy relates to three issues:
the level of risk of a strategy, the expected return
from a strategy and the likely reaction of
stakeholders.
 Feasibility is concerned with whether an organisation
has or can obtain the capabilities to deliver a strategy.

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Strategic Management BUSM 3200

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-1

Table 11.1 The SAFe criteria and techniques of evaluation

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-4

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-5

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-6

It is a important that you REVISIT the above tables to better

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-7

It is a important that you REVISIT the above tables to better

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-8

Table 11.3 Some examples of suitability

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-9

Table 11.3 Some examples of suitability (Continued)

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-10

There are several useful techniques:

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-11

Evaluating the options based on

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-12

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-13

Chapters 3 and 6: the likely bases of competitive

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-15

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-16

Evaluate the outcomes in terms of

See illustration 11.2 : strategic

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-17

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-18

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-19

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-21

Acceptability is concerned with

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-22

There are three key aspects of

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-23

Risk concerns the extent to which the

 Financial ratios – e.g. gearing and

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-24

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-25

BUSM 3200- Strategic 7-26

BUSM 3200- Strategic 7-28

Returns are the financial benefits which

 Shareholder value analysis.

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-29

1. Forecasting the return on capital employed

See Figure 11.1

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-30

Figure 11.1 Assessing profitability

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-31

Figure 11.1 Assessing profitability (Continued)

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-32

Figure 11.1 Assessing profitability (Continued)

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-33

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-34

Table 11.6 Measures of shareholder value

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BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-36

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-37

BUSM 3200- Strategic Management (Jan 2013) GDS 7-38

There are four main benefits:

 Coping with uncertainty.