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    Integration of Sec X and Sec X

    Uploaded by

    Akagra Verma
    The document discusses two methods for integrating sec x and sec3 x. For sec x, the standard trick is to multiply by 1 in the form of sec x + tan x and substitute u = sec x + tan x. For sec3 x, integration by parts is used with u = sec x and dv = sec2 x dx. As an alternative, both integrals can be converted to integrals of rational functions using trigonometric substitutions and then evaluated using partial fractions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Integration of Sec X and Sec X

    Uploaded by

    Akagra Verma
    15 views2 pages
    The document discusses two methods for integrating sec x and sec3 x. For sec x, the standard trick is to multiply by 1 in the form of sec x + tan x and substitute u = sec x + tan x. For sec3 x, integration by parts is used with u = sec x and dv = sec2 x dx. As an alternative, both integrals can be converted to integrals of rational functions using trigonometric substitutions and then evaluated using partial fractions.

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    Integration of secx

    Original Title

    Integration

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    The document discusses two methods for integrating sec x and sec3 x. For sec x, the standard trick is to multiply by 1 in the form of sec x + tan x and substitute u = sec x + tan x. For sec3 x, integration by parts is used with u = sec x and dv = sec2 x dx. As an alternative, both integrals can be converted to integrals of rational functions using trigonometric substitutions and then evaluated using partial fractions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views2 pages

    Integration of Sec X and Sec X

    Uploaded by

    Akagra Verma
    The document discusses two methods for integrating sec x and sec3 x. For sec x, the standard trick is to multiply by 1 in the form of sec x + tan x and substitute u = sec x + tan x. For sec3 x, integration by parts is used with u = sec x and dv = sec2 x dx. As an alternative, both integrals can be converted to integrals of rational functions using trigonometric substitutions and then evaluated using partial fractions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Integration of sec x and sec3 x

    R
    sec x dx – by trickery
    sec x+tan x
    The standard trick used to integrate sec x is to multiply the integrand by 1 = sec x+tan x
    and then
    2
    substitute y = sec x + tan x, dy = (sec x tan x + sec x) dx.
    Z Z Z Z
    sec x+tan x sec2 x+sec x tan x dy
    sec x dx = sec x sec x+tan x dx = sec x+tan x
    dx = y
    = ln |y| + C

    = ln | sec x + tan x| + C

    R
    sec x dx – by partial fractions
    R
    Another method for integrating sec x dx, that is more tedious, but less dependent on a memorized
    R
    trick, is to convert sec x dx into the integral of a rational function using the substitution y = sin x,
    dy = cos x dx and then use partial fractions.
    Z Z Z Z Z
    1 cos x cos x 1
    sec x dx = cos x
    dx = cos2 x
    dx = 1−sin2 x
    dx = 1−y 2
    dy
    Z h i Z h i h i
    1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    = 2 1+y + 1−y dy = 2 y+1 − y−1 dy = 2 ln |y + 1| − ln |y − 1| +C
    y+1
    = 12 ln y−1 + C = 12 ln sin
    sin x+1

    x−1 + C

    To see that this answer is really the same as the one above, note that
    (sin x+1)2 2
    sin x+1
    sin x−1 = = (sin
    sin2 x−1
    x+1)
    − cos2 x
    sin x+1 1 (sin x+1)2 x+1)2
    ⇒ 21 ln sin 1
    ln (sin
    sin x+1
    x−1 = 2 ln − cos2 x
    = 2 = ln = ln | tan x + sec x|
    2 cos x cos x

    sec3 x dx – by trickery
    R

    The standard trick used to evaluate sec3 x dx is integration by parts with u = sec x, dv =
    R

    sec2 x dx, du = sec x tan x dx, v = tan x.


    Z Z Z
    3 2
    sec x dx = sec x sec x dx = sec x tan x − tan x sec x tan x dx

    Since tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x, we have tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 and


    Z Z Z
    sec x dx = sec x tan x − [sec x − sec x] dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C − sec3 x dx
    3 3

    where we used sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C. Now moving the sec3 x dx from the right hand
    R R

    side to the left hand side


    Z
    2 sec3 x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
    Z
    ⇒ sec3 x dx = 12 sec x tan x + 12 ln | sec x + tan x| + C

    for a new arbitrary constant C.

    June 19, 2019 Integration of sec x and sec3 x Joel Feldman 1


    sec3 x dx – by partial fractions
    R

    Another method for integrating sec3 x dx, that is more tedious, but less dependent on trickery,
    R

    is to convert sec3 x dx into the integral of a rational function using the substitution y = sin x,
    R

    dy = cos x dx and then use partial fractions.


    Z Z Z Z Z Z
    sec3 x dx = 1
    cos3 x dx = cos x
    cos4 x dx = cos x
    [1−sin2 x]2
    dx = 1
    [1−y 2 ]2 dy = 1
    [y 2 −1]2 dy

    i2
    Z h Z h i
    1 1 1 1 1 2 1
    = 2 y−1
    − y+1
    dy = 4 (y−1) 2 − (y−1)(y+1)
    + (y+1) 2 dy
    Z h i
    = 14 1
    (y−1) 2 − 1
    y−1 + 1
    y+1 + 1
    (y+1) 2 dy
    h i
    + C = − 41 y22y−1 + 14 ln y−1
    y+1
    = 14 − y−1 1
    − ln |y − 1| + ln |y + 1| − y+1 1 +C
    y y+1
    = 21 1−y 1 1 sin x 1 sin x+1

    2 + 4 ln y−1 + C = 2 cos2 x + 4 ln sin x−1 + C

    June 19, 2019 Integration of sec x and sec3 x Joel Feldman 2

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