Design and Development of Dual-Band Multi-Stage RF Energy Harvesting Circuit For Low Power Applications
Design and Development of Dual-Band Multi-Stage RF Energy Harvesting Circuit For Low Power Applications
Design and Development of Dual-Band Multi-Stage RF Energy Harvesting Circuit For Low Power Applications
S11 [dB]
TL3
C R
W5, L5 W4, L4 W1, L1 HSMS 285C
TL5 TL4 TL1
L C
C −20
TL2 C Measured
W2, L2
Simulated
−30
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
Fig. 2: Proposed dual–band rectifier with matching network Frequency [GHz]
70 Sim. Voltage 7 harvested at 915 MHz i.e. 0.043 mW and 1.8 times more
60 Meas. Voltage 6 than the individual bands (915 MHz and 2.25 GHz) combined.
50 5 The amount of power generated (88 µW) is enough to power
40 4 sensors which are used for IOT applications as shown in
30 3 Table II. Table III shows the performance comparison of our
work with the existing work on dual–band RF harvesting on
20 2
parameters like maximum efficiency achieved, received RF
10 1 power range for which PCE is greater than 30% and minimum
0 0 received RF power required to generate output DC voltage of
−20 −10 0 10
1V.
Input Power [dBm]
Fig. 5: Simulated and Measured Results at 915 MHz TABLE I: Dual–band Measured Results
Source 1 Source 2
Output DC Voltage DC Power
Freq: 915 MHz Freq: 2.25 GHz
(V) (mW)
Distance: 1m Distance: 0.5m
50 Sim. Efficiency 9 ON OFF 0.6 0.043
Meas. Efficiency 8 OFF ON 0.24 0.007
Output Voltage [V]
40 ON ON 0.85 0.088
Efficiency [%]
Sim. Voltage 7
Meas. Voltage 6
30
5
4 C. Energy Harvesting Measurement from Smartphones
20
3 In the following, we utilize the circuit developed to obtain
10 2 preliminary results of RF energy harvesting through mobile
1 phones [22]. To explore the feasibility of the above, we
0 0 measured the RF power emitted by the mobile phones using
−20 −10 0 10 spectrum analyzer when the mobile is operating in uplink
Input Power [dBm] and is placed near to the receiving antenna. The measured
Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) has been demon-
Fig. 6: Simulated and Measured Results at 2.25 GHz strated through the spectrum plot in Fig. 8. It can be observed
from Fig. 8 that there is a spike in RF power level when a
call is initiated by the mobile phone. It was also observed
that the RSSI from mobile phones usually fluctuate depending
B. Dual–band RF harvesting measurement
Fig. 7 exhibits the setup to measure the output DC voltage
and harvested power. R&S
R
HF907 [16] horn antenna with a TABLE II: Power Consumption level of sensors
gain of up to 14 dBi has been used as a receiving antenna
Sensor Application Power Consumption (µW)
for the RF energy harvesting circuit. This antenna has high Temperature Sensor [17] 10
directivity in the frequency range of interest. The measurement Humidity Sensor [18] 10.32
setup was conducted in an indoor environment (inside an Sensor for Bicycle Torque performance
17
measurements [19]
anechoic/insulated chamber). An RF signal generator was used Wake-up receiver for Wireless Sensor
6.8
to generate 10 mW power at 915 MHz and 2.25 GHz and kept Networks (WSNs) [20]
at a distance of 1m and 0.5m respectively from the receiver. RFID-based sensor [21] 7
TABLE III: Performance Comparison
Design Our Work [10] [11] [12] [13]
Schottky Diode Schottky Diode Schottky Diode Schottky Diode Schottky Diode
Technology
(HSMS 285C) (SMS 7630) (HSMS 285C) (HSMS 285C) (HSMS 286x)
Band Dual-band Dual-band Dual-band Triple-band Dual-band
Frequency (GHz) 0.915/2.25 0.915/2.45 2.1/2.45 0.94/1.95/2.44 0.92/2.4
LC Boost LC Boost
Matching Network Multi-stub RCN Multi-stub
network Network
80% @ 915 MHz, 8 dBm 42% @ 915 MHz, 0 dBm 24% @ 2.1 GHz, 10 dBm 80% @ 940,MHz, 10 dBm 78% @ 920 MHz, 15 dBm
Efficiency
30% @2.25 GHz, 8 dBm 38% @ 2.45 GHz, 0 dBm 18% @ 2.45 GHz, 10 dBm 42% @ 2.44 GHz, 16 dBm 70% @ 2.4 GHz, 15 dBm
Pin (dBm) range for eff.
-12 to 20 >-10 to 0 NA -9 to 20 -3 to 20
>30%
-6 dBm @ 915 MHz 4 dBm @ 2.1 GHz 1 dBm @ 920 MHz
Pin (dBm) for output vol.
NA NA
>1V
-1 dBm @ 2.25 GHz 5 dBm @ 2.45 GHz 5 dBm @ 2.4 GHz
20 20 2
1.8 3.5
Inst. values Inst. values
0 0 1.6 3
1.4 Avg. value Avg. value
2.5
−20 −20 1.2
1 2
−40 −40 0.8 1.5
0.6 1
−60 −60 0.4
0.2 0.5
−80 −80 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
Time [sec] Time [sec]
Frequency [GHz] Frequency [GHz]
(a) (b)