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    Fundamentals of Fluid Flow: A. Path Lines, Streamlines and Stream Tubes

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    Megan Montibon
    This document discusses fundamentals of fluid flow, including path lines, streamlines, and stream tubes that indicate flow direction. It describes laminar versus turbulent flow and the factors that cause transition between the two. It defines discharge/flow rate, steady versus unsteady flow, and uniform versus non-uniform flow. Finally, it presents the continuity equation for both incompressible and compressible fluids to relate flow rates at different points in a fluid system.

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    Fundamentals of Fluid Flow: A. Path Lines, Streamlines and Stream Tubes

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    Megan Montibon
    104 views3 pages
    This document discusses fundamentals of fluid flow, including path lines, streamlines, and stream tubes that indicate flow direction. It describes laminar versus turbulent flow and the factors that cause transition between the two. It defines discharge/flow rate, steady versus unsteady flow, and uniform versus non-uniform flow. Finally, it presents the continuity equation for both incompressible and compressible fluids to relate flow rates at different points in a fluid system.

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    This document discusses fundamentals of fluid flow, including path lines, streamlines, and stream tubes that indicate flow direction. It describes laminar versus turbulent flow and the factors that cause transition between the two. It defines discharge/flow rate, steady versus unsteady flow, and uniform versus non-uniform flow. Finally, it presents the continuity equation for both incompressible and compressible fluids to relate flow rates at different points in a fluid system.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    104 views3 pages

    Fundamentals of Fluid Flow: A. Path Lines, Streamlines and Stream Tubes

    Uploaded by

    Megan Montibon
    This document discusses fundamentals of fluid flow, including path lines, streamlines, and stream tubes that indicate flow direction. It describes laminar versus turbulent flow and the factors that cause transition between the two. It defines discharge/flow rate, steady versus unsteady flow, and uniform versus non-uniform flow. Finally, it presents the continuity equation for both incompressible and compressible fluids to relate flow rates at different points in a fluid system.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW

    A. PATH LINES, STREAMLINES AND STREAM TUBES

    Path Line is a line made by a single particle as it moves during a particular period of time.
    Stream Line is a line which gives the velocity direction of the fluid at each point along the line at a given instant.
    These are imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate the direction of motion in various sections of the
    flow of the fluid system.
    When streamlines are drawn through a closed curve, they form boundaries across which no fluid particle should
    pass. The space within such boundaries becomes a tube, called as stream tube. These represents elementary
    portions of a flowing fluid bounded by a group of streamlines which confine the flow.

    B. LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW

    The said to be laminar when the path of individual fluid particles do not cross or intersect. The flow is said to be
    turbulent when the path of individual particles are irregular and continuously cross each other. For any fluid
    flowing in a given conduit, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow starts when a certain velocity of flow,
    known as the critical velocity, is attained and exceeded.

    A. DISCHARGE OR FLOW RATE, Q

    In a stream of flowing fluid, the volume of fluid passing a cross section per unit time is called as the discharge or
    rate of flow.

    Volume flow rate, Q = A Ѵ

    Mass flow rate, M = ρ Q

    Weight Flow rate, W = ϒ Q

    Where:

    Q – discharge (m³/s)
    A – cross-sectional Area of the flow (m²)
    Ѵ – mean velocity of flow ( m/s)
    ρ – mass density (kg/ m³)
    B. STEADY FLOW AND UNIFORM FLOW

    Flow is said to be steady when the discharge Q passing a given cross-section is constant with time. If the flow Q
    at the cross-section varies with time, the flow is unsteady. Fluid flow may also be uniform of non-uniform.
    Uniform Flow occurs if, with steady flow for a given length, or reach, of a stream, the average velocity of flows is
    the same at every cross-section. This usually occurs when an incompressible fluid flows through a stream with
    uniform cross-section. In stream where the cross –sections and velocity changes, the flow is said to be non-
    uniform.

    C. CONTINUITY EQUATION

    This occurs when at any time, the discharge Q at every section of the stream is the same (principle of
    Conservation of mass)

    For incompressible fluids: For compressible fluids:

    Q = A1 ѵ1 = A2 ѵ2 = A3 ѵ3 = constant ρ1 A1 ѵ1 = ρ2 A2 ѵ2 = ρ3 A3 ѵ3 = constant

    ϒ1 A1 ѵ1 = ϒ2 A2 ѵ2 = ϒ3 A3 ѵ3 = constant

    EXAMPLES:

    1. Water flows at rate of 20 liters/s from a cylindrical tank through the pipe and nozzle shown in the figure.
    Determine the mean velocities at section mn and op and at the end of the nozzle.
    2. A circle stack has a diameter of 16m at its base and converges uniformly to a diameter of 12m at a height of
    40m. Coal gas, having a specific weight of 4N/m³, enters the stack at the bottom. Its specific weight increases
    uniformly until at the top where it has a value of 6N/m³. Calculate the velocity in m/s and the discharge in m³/s
    for every 10 m up the stack if the velocity at the bottom is 4.6 m/s.

    Figure 1

    Figure 2

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