Sheet 01 20-21 Properties of Fluid Rev

Problem Sheet 1(a)
Properties of fluid
1. A shaft 80 mm in diameter is being pushed through a bearing sleeve 80.2 mm in diameter and 0.3
m long. The clearance, assumed uniform is flooded with lubricating oil of viscosity 0.1 kg/ms and
specific gravity 0.9, (a) If the shaft moves axially at 0.8 m/s, estimate the resistance force exerted
by the oil on the shaft, (b) If the shaft is axially fixed and rotated at 1800 rpm, estimate the
resisting torque exerted by the oil and the power required to rotate the shaft.
Ans. (60.32N, 22.74 Nm, 4.29 kW)
2. A body weighing 1000 N slides down at a uniform speed of 1 m/s along a lubricated inclined
plane making 300 angle with the horizontal. The viscosity of lubricant is 0.1 kg/ms and contact
area of the body is 0.25 m2. Determine the lubricant thickness assuming linear velocity
distribution. Ans. (0.05 mm)
3. A uniform film of oil 0.13 mm thick separates two discs, each of 200 mm diameter, mounted co-
axially. Ignoring the edge effects, calculate the torque necessary to rotate one disc relative to
other at a speed of 7 rev/s, if the oil has a viscosity of 0.14 Pas. Ans. (7.43 Nm)
4. A piston 79.6 mm diameter and 210 mm long works in a cylinder 80 mm diameter. If the annular
space is filled with a lubricating oil having a viscosity of 0.065 kg/ms, calculate the speed with
which the piston will move through the cylinder when an axial load of 85.6 N is applied. Neglect
the inertia of the piston. Ans. (5.01 m/s)
3
5. (a) Find the change in volume of 1.00 m of water at 26.7 0C when subjected to a pressure
increase of 2 MN/m2 (The bulk modulus of elasticity of water at 0°C is 2.24 x 109 N/m2).
Ans. (0.89 x 10-3 m3)
(b) From the following test data, determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of water: at 3.5 MN/m2,
the volume was 1.000 m3 and at 24 MN/m2, the volume was 0.990 m3. Ans. (2.05 x 109 N/m2)
6. A pressure vessel has an internal volume of 0.5 m3 at atmospheric pressure. It is desired to test the
vessel at 300 bar by pumping water into it. The estimated variation in the change of the empty
volume of the container due to pressurization to 300 bar is 6 per cent. Calculate the mass of water
to be pumped into the vessel to attain the desired pressure level. Given the bulk modulus of
elasticity of water as 2 x 109 N/m2. Ans. (538 kg)
7. Find an expression of the isothermal bulk modulus of elasticity for a gas which obeys van der
Waals law of state according to the equation,
where a and b are constants.

8. An atomizer forms water droplets with a diameter of 5 x 10-5 m. What is the pressure within the
droplets at 20°C, if the pressure outside the droplets is 101 kN/m2? Assume the surface tension of
water at 20°C is 0.0718 N/m. Ans. (106.74 kN/m2)
9. A spherical soap bubble of diameter d1 coalesces with another bubble of diameter d2 to form a
single bubble of diameter d3 containing the same amount of air. Assuming an isothermal process,
derive an analytical expression for d3 as a function of d1, d2, the ambient pressure P0 and the
surface tension of soap solution σ. If d1 = 20 mm, d2 = 40 mmp0 = 101 kN/m2 and σ = 0.09 N/m,
determine d3. Ans. (P0 + 8 σ/d3)d33 = (P0 + 8 σ/d1)d31 + (P0 + 8 σ/d2)d32 ; d3 = 41.60 mm)
10. By how much does the pressure in a cylindrical jet of water 4 mm in diameter exceed the pressure
of the surrounding atmosphere if the surface tension of water is 0.0718 N/m? Ans. (35.9 N/m2)
11. Calculate the capillary depression of mercury at 20 °C (contact angle θ = 140°) to be expected in
a 2.5 mm diameter tube. The surface tension of mercury at 20 °C is 0.4541 N/m. Ans. (4.2 mm)
Problem Sheet 1(b)
Pressure
1. In construction, a barometer is a graduated inverted tube with its open end dipped in the
measuring liquid contained in a trough opened to atmosphere. Estimate the height of liquid
column in the barometer where the atmospheric pressure is 100 kN/m2. (a) when the liquid is
mercury and (b) when the liquid is water. The measuring temperature is 50 °C, the vapour
pressures of mercury and water at this temperature are respectively 0.015 X 104 N/m2 and 1.23 X
104 N/m2, and the densities are 13500 and 980 kg/m3 respectively. What would be the percentage
error if the effect of vapour pressure is neglected. Ans. (0.754 m, 9.12 m, 0.14%, 14.05%)
3
2. The density of a fluid mixture p (in kg/m ) in a chemical reactor varies with the vertical distance z
(in metre) above the bottom of the reactor according to the  2
relation
z  z  
  10.11    
 500  1000  
Assuming the mixture to be stationary, determine the pressure difference between the bottom and
top of a 60 m tall reactor. Ans. (5.59 kN/m2)
3. Find the atmospheric pressure just at the end of troposphere which extends upto a height of 11.02
km from sea level. Consider a temperature variation in the troposphere as T = 288.16 - 6.49 X 10-
3
z, where z is in metres and T in Kelvin. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 101.32 kN/m2.
Ans. (22.55 kN/m2)
4. Find the pressure at an elevation of 3000 m above the sea level by assuming (a) an isothermal
condition of air and (b) an isentropic condition of air. Pressure and temperature at sea level are
101.32 kN/m2 and 293.15 K. Consider air to be an ideal gas with R (characteristic gas constant) =
287 J/kg K, and g (ratio of specific heats) = 1.4. Ans. (71.41 kN/m2, 70.08 kN/m2)
5. Two pipes A and B (Fig. beside) are in the same elevation. Water is
contained in A and rises to a level of 1.8 m above it. Carbon
tetrachloride (Sp. gr. = 1.59) is contained in B. The inverted U-tube is
filled with compressed air at 300 kN/m2 and 30°C. Barometer reads
760 mm of mercury. Determine:
(a) The pressure difference in kN/m2 between A and
B if z = 0.45 m.
(b) The absolute pressure in B inmm of mercury.
Ans. (PB - PA = 3.4 kN/m2, 2408.26 mm)
6. A multi-tube manometer using water and mercury is used to measure the pressure of air in a
vessel, as shown in Fig. 2.42. For the given values of heights, calculate the gauge pressure in the
vessel. h1 = 0.4 m, h2 = 0.5 m, h3 = 0.3 m, h4 = 0.7 m h5 = 0.1 m and h6 = 0.5 m. Ans. (190.31
kN/m2 g)

Sheet 01 20-21 Properties of Fluid Rev

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Problem Sheet 1(a)

where a and b are constants.

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