Philippine Presidents and History

FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC McDuffie.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the new

U.S. president, signed it into law on March 24, 1934.
EMILIO AGUINALDO (1899-1901) The Tydings-McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine
Independence Act of the United States Congress; Public
 Declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12 Law 73-127) or more popularly known as the The
1898 Tydings-McDuffie Law provided for the establishment
 In December 1898, Spain sold the Philippines to the of the Commonwealth government for a period of ten
United States (Treaty of Paris), making the United years preparatory to the granting of Independence.
States formally the Philippines colonial power.
 Establishment of the first Philippine republic or the
Malolos Republic, making Aguinaldo the first MANUEL L. QUEZON (1935-1944)
president in the Philippines until 1901 when he was Vice President: Sergio Osmeña, Sr.
captured by U.S in Isabela.
 The U.S abolished the first republic which led on  In 1935, the U.S, pursuant to its promise of full
American governor general (William Howard Taft) Philippine sovereignty established the
to exercise executive power. Commonwealth of the Philippines following the
ratification of 1935 constitution, which also restored
the presidency.
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (American Period)
 The first national presidential election was held and
The Commonwealth era is the 10 year transitional period Manuel Quezon was elected to a six year term with
in Philippine history from 1935 to 1945 in preparation no provision for re-election as the 2nd Philippine
for independence from the United States as provided for President and first Commonwealth President.
under the Philippine Independence Act or more  Quezon died of tuberculosis while in exile in U.S
popularly known as the Tydings-McDuffie Law. The and
Commonwealth era was interrupted when the Japanese
occupied the Philippines in January 2, 1942. SERGIO OSMEÑA (1944-1946) took over as
president.
The Os-Rox Mission
One delegation, however, that met with partial success In 1940, the constitution was amended to allow re-
was the Os-Rox Mission, so called because it was
election but shortened the term to four years. A
headed by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas. The Os-
Rox group went to the United States in 1931 and was change in government occurred 3 years later when
able to influence the U.S. Congress to pass a pro- the 2nd Philippine Republic was organized with the
independence bill by Representative Butter Hare, enactment of the 1943 constitution which Japan
Senator Henry Hawes, and Senator Bronso Cutting. The imposed after they occupied the Philippines in 1942
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law provided for a 10-year during World War II.
transition period before the United States would
recognize Philippine independence. U.S. President
SECOND REPUBLIC (Japanese Period)
Herbert Hoover did not sign the bill; but both Houses of
Congress ratified it. When the Os-Rox Mission
JOSE P. LAUREL (1943-1945)
presented the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law to the Philippine
Legislature, it was rejected by the American
 At the same time, the Japanese forces installed a
High Commissioner representing the US president in the
country and the Philippine Senate, specifically the puppet government in Manila headed by Jose
provision that gave the U.S. president the right to P. Laurel as president. This government is
maintain land and other properties reserved for military known as the Second Philippine Republic.
use. Manuel Quezon was tasked to head another  On October 20, 1944, the Allied forces led
independence mission to the United States. by Gen. Douglas MacArthur landed on the
island of Leyte to liberate the Philippines from
The Tydings-McDuffie Law the Japanese. Japan formally surrendered in
In December 1933, Manuel L. Quezon returned to the
September 2, 1945.
Philippines from the United States with a slightly
amended version of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting bill
authored by Senator Milliard Tydings and representative
POST WAR PROBLEMS OF THE REPUBLIC
Economic:
 Trade Industries
 Commerce (Banking Institutions)
 Infrastructures (buildings, school, houses, roads)
 Food production and security (livestock, sugar mills,
agriculture)
Political:
 Collaboration Issue
 Governance (reorganization and restoration of
government)
 Political Independence
 Assertion of Independence
Social:
 Social unrest (HUKBALAHAP)
HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon)
Once World War II was over and the Japanese withdrew,

the Huk pursued a different cause: fighting for the rights
of tenant farmers against wealthy land-owners. Their
leader was Luis Taruc, who had fought brilliantly
against the Japanese in Luzon,
Taruc began his guerrilla campaign to overthrow the

Philippine government after he was elected to Congress
in April of 1946, but was refused a seat on charges of
election fraud and terrorism. He and his followers went
to the hills and renamed themselves the People's
Liberation Army (PLA). Taruc planned to create a
communist government with himself as president. He
recruited new guerrilla soldiers from tenant
organizations set up to represent poor peasants who were
being exploited by their landlords.
THIRD REPUBLIC

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FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC McDuffie.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the new

HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon)

Once World War II was over and the Japanese withdrew,

Taruc began his guerrilla campaign to overthrow the

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