Application of RFID in Aviation Industry: An Exploratory Review
Application of RFID in Aviation Industry: An Exploratory Review
Application of RFID in Aviation Industry: An Exploratory Review
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The RFID tag, an electronic label attached to objects RFID technology allows users to capture, store, and
used to store data, contains a small integrated circuit communicate ID information as well as detailed data
chip and antenna encapsulated in a protective shell. on tags. RFID is a proven technology ready to be de-
The RFID reader-writer antenna and scanner reads/ ployed to capture data efficiently, and it makes items
sends data to and from RFID tags through radio fre- intelligent enough to provide both basic identification
quency. The RFID system consists of five components information as well as relevant critical data [9].
as shown in Figure 1: The technology used is similar to that in bar code
–– Tag: Tags are attached with an object and contain labelling, which uses radio waves rather than light
microchips that store the unique identification (ID) waves to read tags [10]. RFID offers the following ad-
of each object [5]. The ID is a serial number stored vantages over other well known auto-ID technologies
in the RFID memory [5]. RFID memory chip can be such as the barcode [11]:
permanent or changeable depending on the read/ –– Unique identification: Applying for instance the
write characteristics [5]. “Electronic Product Code” (EPC) standards, RFID
–– Antenna: The antennas are the conduits for the tags can identify classes of products as well as in-
communication of data between the tag and the dividual items.
reader [6]. –– No line of sight: RFID tags can be read without di-
–– Reader: Although named as reader, technically, the rect line of sight even if the tag is covered, dirty or
units are transceivers – a combination of transmit- otherwise obscured from view.
ter and receiver. An RFID reader is a device that can –– Bulk reading: If they are in the reader’s range, mul-
read data from and write data to compatible RFID tiple RFID tags can be read at the same time.
tags [6]. It reads tag data through the RFID antennas –– Storage capacity: RFID tags can store significantly
at a certain frequency [7]. All the tags in the read- more information than just an identification num-
er range may reply at the same time, in this case ber.
the reader must detect signal collision (indication –– Dynamic information: RFID tags with read/write ca-
of multiple tags) [8]. The reader consists of a built- pability allow information to be updated or changed
in anti-collision schemes and a single reader oper- whenever necessary.
ating on multiple frequencies [5]. Communication
Additionally, RFID tags are more durable and require
between tag and reader enables the location infor-
less maintenance than barcodes. Unfortunately, RFID
mation of an item to be recorded and transferred
is not yet a mature technology. There are still a number
to the database server through the application
of issues that remain to be solved [12] such as:
software via a computer network thus allowing the
–– Effects of metal and liquid: Tags operating on radio
movement of the item to be tracked and traced [6].
frequency are not completely unaffected by materi-
–– Communication infrastructure: the communication
als in their close vicinity. Signals can be attenuated
infrastructure is a collection of wired or wireless
or detuned by metals or liquids.
network communications that transfers the data
–– Multiple standards: In the past, several different
between tag and reader; and also between reader
frequencies and standards have been used for
and database server through application software.
RFID solutions. Although the standardization orga-
–– Softwares: These include appropriate application
nization EPC global has now designed a compre-
software, database management software, middle-
hensive new framework, it will take some time to
ware etc. operating in different computer systems.
establish these standards.
–– Amount of data: Collection and communication of
Computer enhanced object information inevitably leads to
System
huge amounts of data. It is unclear how this data
should best be integrated into the enterprise infor-
Communication Area mation systems. A common approach is to endorse
Communication Area
Communication Area
3. RELATED WORK
Antenna
In aviation industry, major airports have been look-
Tag ing for the opportunities in baggage handling area
since 1999 [28]. Many pilot tests regarding RFID have
Figure 1 - A simplified view of an RFID System been done at numerous U.S. and European airports
[28]. In the U.S. tests, RFID tags were far more accu- Even though the value of RFID-enabled technolo-
rate than bar codes when applied to baggage handling gies in handling passenger bags is generally accepted
operation [28]. Nath, Reynolds and Want [65] advo- in the industry, the adoption of these technologies is
cates embedding RFID tags in luggage labels as it hindered by concerns relating to inadequate return
could eliminate the need for manual inspection and on investment on them [23]. Viswanadham et al. [23]
routing by baggage handlers. A network of readers argued that the reason most of the projects failed to
placed along conveyor belts could read the tags’ rout- demonstrate the needed financial return was because
ing information and provide feedback to a system that they focused primarily on increased labour productivity
could then direct the bags onto the correct path [65]. in the baggage scanning process, instead of consider-
Automatic routing could reduce the number of misrout- ing other more valuable applications of RFID-enabled
ed bags, lowering costs and improving customer sat- technologies, such as the saving in time, money and
isfaction [65]. Al-Ali et al. [66] described the design effort from the avoidance of costly baggage handling
and implementation of a prototype system for baggage exceptions. Other issues that needs to be worked out,
handling in the airport to enhance the management other than tag costs: the infrastructure and tags them-
and tracking of passengers’ luggage while as a side ef- selves. It is unclear who will foot the bill for installing
fect improving airport security. Wyld et al. [24] showed RFID systems because the responsibility for baggage
by specifically focusing on Delta Airlines how RFID handling varies around the world. Experts recommend
technology can improve customer service through bet- that it will be more beneficial if the airports rather than
ter operational efficiency in baggage handling, which the individual airlines adopt the system [21]. Viswa-
has been demonstrated to be an integral component nadham et al. [23] tried to address this issue by high-
of an airline’s customer service equation. lighting scenarios in the baggage handling process
where RFID-enabled technologies may be uniquely po- nate stolen luggage at arrival halls as well as pro-
sitioned to create value. The prediction is that as more viding the air carrier with logged proof in the event
airlines start to implement radio frequency technology of the later falsified claims against the baggage
for baggage tagging, the cost of tags and readers will delivery process.
drop, which in turn will likely encourage more airlines
to follow suit. Some RFID applications in aviation sec-
tor are [27]:
4. CASE STUDY
–– Passenger Baggage Sorting: The inability to obtain This is a case-study of an airline which is a member
high read rates of barcode, once the baggage tags of the Star Alliance group. The airline needs to main-
having barcode have experienced some measure tain top level of flexibility to face new challenges from
of handling. Some RFID tag systems tested result- competitors around the world, and to identify and cre-
ed in read-rates in excess of 98% for both originat- ate new services to improve customer satisfaction and
ing and transfer baggage. reduce costs.
–– Containers: Passenger baggage containers or uni-
versal loading devices (ULDs) are used to store
many individual pieces of luggage and are loaded 4.1 Weaknesses of current system
as a single unit. The process of sorting luggage
by destination and container positioning, besides The increase in passenger and baggage volumes,
supporting minimized ground turn-around time, plus the development of global alliances and dual
is important to support the security procedure of transfer flights, all create big challenges to airlines
passenger bag matching and also for operational and airports. This is especially true for an airline
efficiency. handling over 2 billion passengers per year. This puts
–– Passenger/Baggage Matching: This necessitates an extra load to the existing baggage handling sys-
ensuring that only boarded passengers’ baggage is tem, which relies on an aging Barcode system. The
loaded onto the aircraft. Similarly, if a multi-flight airline, therefore, requires a highly efficient method
segment passenger decides to terminate their jour- to handle the increasing passenger and baggage vol-
ney prior to the final destination, the container with umes, and RFID technology has drawn the attention of
that person’s baggage needs to be located and re- the airline.
moved from the aircraft so as to locate and remove
the passengers’ baggage. 4.2 Project goals
–– Cargo: Large size cargo parcels would require
larger read volumes and hence could render some One of the key priorities for the airline is to offer
technologies inadequate for cargo but adequate excellent service to its clientele and, in addition, the
for passenger baggage. As such, only an RFID sys- company appears to target mainly the premium seg-
tem with enough flexibility and performance fea- ment of the market. The major advantage of targeting
tures to allow achievement of cargo and passenger the top end segment of the market is that it gives the
baggage sorting requirements would be a realistic airlines the opportunity to maximize revenue and profit
option for most of the aviation community. generation, a key factor in the highly competitive and
–– Baggage/Cargo/Container Tracking and Locating: not very profitable airline industry. The RFID project
The application of RFID for tracking and rapid locat- was started with the following objectives:
ing of baggage cargo and containers not only would –– To improve baggage tracking and delivery: To en-
be more time and labour efficient but also more ac- sure better services, especially in terms of service
curate. It can offer the opportunity for: centralized delivery. Improvement in baggage tracking and
monitoring; continuous or near-continuous survey- baggage delivery has been identified as key busi-
ing; automatic event logging; and more rapid find- ness drivers.
ing of items when retrieval is mandatory. –– To improve security: The additional functionality of
–– Verification/Authentication: Certain passenger’s RFID allows information to be changed at different
baggage is screened and considered to be cleared points in the airline system. This makes it possi-
for loading onto the aircraft. Consequently, it is im- ble to hold bags for security checking and release
perative that the process should be able to accu- them for loading when checked, provided the RFID
rately verify that the bag in question definitely is the system is linked to the baggage reconciliation sys-
bag that has been deemed to be cleared for load- tems.
ing. Moreover, RFID baggage tags and RFID tickets –– To provide better services to premium customers:
provided to the passenger would allow identifica- To initiate a new Frequent Flyer Program (FFP) ex-
tion/matching of the person who checked the bag- perimental project for premium members based
gage on departure with the person who retrieved on RFID technology in order to provide customized
the baggage upon arrival. This would virtually elimi- and personalized services.
–– To ensure better services: RFID will be used to company selected the system which follows ‘EPC glob-
track passenger progress through airports, reduc- al UHF Gen 2’ standard protocol, the most reliable and
ing the number of passengers arriving late at the accepted standard in implementing RFID projects. The
gate and in doing so ensuring that planes leave on specifications of the system are illustrated in three
time. sections: Architecture, Hardware, and Software.
additional workload. Another focus has also been to RFID project will help the airline to build a strong brand
check if there are any bugs which still exist in the sys- image and set new standards of passenger service.
tem. Furthermore, the baggage tagging initiative is also
expected to reduce the overall operating cost other
than the savings associated with baggage claims. With
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION an improved efficiency in baggage handling and track-
ing, the reduced number of baggage claims will free
RFID applications in different industries such as customer service resources to carry out more impor-
aviation, hospitality, supply chain logistics, manufac- tant activities like customized services for frequent
turing, military, health care, are increasing in number. travellers. Enhanced baggage handling will improve
As one of the leading airline, this airline needs to stay the resources planning capability and strengthen the
competitive by offering highest quality of passenger decision-making capabilities of the airline. The swift
services and services level. One of the key preferences tracking function of the RFID system will help the air-
for the airline is to offer excellent service to its clientele line to identify areas of failure, and can help to iden-
and differentiate itself by implementing RFID technol- tify the problem caused by other carriers or airports.
ogy to tag the passengers’ baggage in phase one, and By feeding the information to IT tools like dashboards,
also the passengers themselves during later stages. it can help the airline to manage its global productiv-
The objectives of the RFID business case were cost ity and performance, and allow to make necessary
savings and other benefits such as enhanced safety changes and decisions efficiently and effectively.
and quality control, increased customer satisfaction
The result and logging of performance can contrib-
etc. The adoption of RFID technology for the baggage
ute to key service level measurement. It can assist the
sorting and handling along with the global supply chain
airline to plan for the resources allocation on one hand
provides a Win-Win-Win for the three main stakehold-
and become a key reference for negotiating the con-
ers, the airlines, the airports and the passengers [68].
tract with ground handlers on the other hand.
According to the survey performed by IATA [68], The RFID project can improve the security manage-
the RFID project is expected to offer a 9.7% saving ment for airline and airport. After the 9/11 incident,
opportunity. While barcode reading problems account FAA imposed great pressure on airlines to ensure
for 9.7% of the total baggage mishandlings to the air- proper baggage/passenger matching. This in return
line, airports deal with a much larger baggage volume. increased the requirement of tracking and visibility
An airport requires manual interaction to ensure that for all luggage. The airline can add different security
the baggage makes the intended flight. If RFID tech- levels into the baggage tag, together with the track-
nology is put into use, it allows the airport to increase ing mechanism; any misplaced bag can be identified
the efficiency in the baggage handling operation. It is and located immediately. The system and information
estimated as a 12.5% saving opportunity based upon logged could become key references for security audit.
an analysis of airport baggage statistics [68]. Another The overall transparency of information can help both
factor contributing to baggage mishandling is the fail- the airlines and the airports to enhance and optimize
ure to receive a baggage status message. The airline’s the baggage handling process. The result and logging
survey results state that this factor alone will contrib- of performance can contribute to the key service level
ute to savings of around 11% [68]. measurement.
While cost saving is the key business driver, there After the successful implementation of the RFID
are other benefits that the RFID project can create. By baggage tagging system, the next phase of the proj-
implementing the latest RFID technology, it can im- ect will be to extend the system to passenger tagging.
prove the overall passenger service level by improving By tracking the location of passengers with the RFID
the tracking of mishandled baggage. The RFID tech- cards, customized services can be offered to increase
nology tracks and records the baggage location when the customer satisfaction and create a positive impact
it is delivered to the wrong terminal or flight. This will on the sales turnover. Through reading the information
enable more responsive and faster delivery of mishan- on the RFID embedded card of the premium passen-
dled baggage. gers, they can be greeted in the language they prefer,
On top of these benefits, the new technology will and they can be offered their favourite newspaper and
also enhance the speed and accuracy of baggage han- drinks once they enter the premium passenger lounge.
dling, especially when dual flight transfer is required. This RFID cards can also be tracking devices to help
Passengers will be better informed, and the baggage the airlines better understand their passengers’ pro-
delivery status can be tracked easily. All these func- files. By tracking which duty-free shops passengers
tions set passengers’ minds at ease and in return in- visit, which restaurants they prefer etc., the cards can
crease the passenger satisfaction toward the airline. be a source of information for the customer relation-
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