ADVANCEMENT TECHNIQUES IN UNDERGROUND

STRUCTURES

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

NANDHINI.S

Reg No : 510918413013

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN STRUCTURAL

ENGINEERING

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

MELVISHARAM, VELLORE - 632 509 ANNA UNIVERSITY

: CHENNAI 600 025

NOVEMBER- 2019
 ADVANCEMENT TECHNIQUES IN UNDERGROUND
“ STRUCTURES

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

NANDHINI.S

Reg No : 510918413013

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN STRUCTURAL

ENGINEERING

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

MELVISHARAM, VELLORE - 632 509 ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI

600 025 NOVEMBER - 2019

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 ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the practical training report entitled “ADVANCEMENT TECHNIQUES IN
UNDERGROUD STRUCTURES” is the bonafide records of practical training done by
NANDHINI.S(Register No:510918413013) of M.E Structural Engineering during the year 2019.

Asst. Prof. A.S.VIJAY VIKRAM, M.E,(Ph.D,)

Head of the Department

Submitted for the practical training viva voce examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER

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 DECLARATION

I affirm that the in-plant training report titled “ADVANCEMENT TECHNIQUES IN

UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES” being submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING is the original work carried out by me. Is has not formed the part
of any other report work submitted for award of any degree or diploma in this or any other
University.

NANDHINI.S

Reg.No: 510918413013

Certified that the declaration made above by the candidate is true.

Prof. A.S.VIJAY VIKRAM, M.E,

Head of the Department Department Of Civil Engineering Global institute of engineering &
technology, Melvisharam - 632 509.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude to chairperson Mrs.HEMAPRASAD, and

Mr.V.RAMAPRASAD, Global Institute Of Engineering & Technology for their permission to
under take project

We are greatly indebted to our principal in charge Mr. K. SIVAKUMAR,M.E., for having provided the
necessary facilities for doing the project.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to head of the PG Department Mr. A.S.VIJAY VIKRAM,
M.E,(Ph.D,) and technical suggestions given to us then and there for having provided the necessary
facilities for having for doing our project.

Our Sincere thanks to Mr. D. JAYASEELAN, M.E., for his valuable guidance and seminar suggestions at all
stages of this seminar work.

I also express our thanks to all the teaching staffs and non-teaching staff members of civil department
who helped us directly and in directly to completely

I extend my gratitude and my heartfelt thanks to all the staff members of Civil Engineering Department
who extend their kind co-operation by means of valuable suggestion and timely help during the course of
this work. Finally, we express our gratitude to our parents and friends for their kind cooperation and
financial help in carrying out the project work successfully.

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 ADVANCEMENT TECHNIQUES IN UNDERGROUND
STRUCTURES

1.INTRODUCTION

. Structures built beneath the earth’s surface are known as under structures.The
advanced technology in underground construction has led to easer construction
which is mainly related to construction of tunnels , buildings, storage tanks .Let us
look towards the process ,different techniques adopted types of underground
structures. The level of detail and quality of information available about ground
conditions will influence the project team’s ability to develop an appropriate,
efficient and easy to implement design and to deal with issues that may arise
during construction work, such as the presence of faults, underground
obstructions, groundwater, and so on, without incurring
unnecessary costs or delays.

Ground investigations are a means of determining the condition of the ground,

ideally before beginning construction works. They focus specifically on intrusive
geotechnical work such as trial pits and boreholes, and so differ from wider ‘site
investigations’ which tend to involve the collation of more general information
from the client, from desk studies, walkover surveys, and so on.

2.SITE INVESTIGATION

A site investigation simply is the process of the collection of information, the

appraisal of data, assessment, and reporting without which the hazards in the
ground beneath the site cannot beknown Geophysical exploration and tomography
by seismic, electromagnetic and acoustic wave.Investigation from tunnel face or
vertical shaft by using seismic wave survey; MWD (Measurement While Drilling)
based on the drilling data from boring;Ground water leakage detection technologies
such as ECR/EFT Geotechnologies and related science and engineering fields make
it possible to use underground space to support livable, resilient, and sustainable
cities. Geotechnical applications have supported the design and construction of
underground facilities, and will continue to be critical to the delivery of
underground facilities with lower initial costs and risk, and better lifecycle
performance. To contribute to a more resilient and sustainable future,
geotechnology will need to more closely integrate the many disciplines related to

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site investigation, design, construction, operation, and risk management of
underground facilities. A better understanding of the sustainability of underground
use—for example, minimizing deterioration, increasing resilience, making holistic
decisions concerning subsurface hydrogeologic and thermal environments—also
will be necessary. Improvements in underground technologies have enabled great
strides in urban development in recent decades, but the complexity and
unpredictability still inherent in underground construction are indications that many
challenges remain.

3.MONITORING
In recent years, the following new monitoring technologies have been developed
according to the above requirements.Miniaturization and wireless technique
(MEMS, wireless communication) Optical fibre sensor (B-OTDR, FBG, etc.);
Particular monitoring devices like Earth pressure meter and displacement meter for
tunnel; On site visualization system for safety management.Common parameters of
interest in a site investigation are pore pressure, permeability of soil, slope stability
etc .
In other side, design verification based on instruments are used to verify design
assumptions. Instrumentation data from the initial stage of a project may show the
need or provide the opportunity to modify the design in later stages. geotechnical
investigation will include surface exploration and subsurface exploration of a site.
Sometimes, geophysical methods are used to obtain data about sites. Subsurface
exploration usually involves soil sampling and laboratory tests of the soil samples
retrieved.
Surface exploration can include geologic mapping, geophysical methods,
and photogrammetry, or it can be as simple as a geotechnical professional walking
around on the site to observe the physical conditions at the site.
To obtain information about the soil conditions below the surface, some form of
subsurface exploration is required. Methods of observing the soils below the
surface, obtaining samples, and determining physical properties of the soils and
rocks include test pits, trenching (particularly for locating faults and slide planes),
boring, and in situ tests. These can also be used to identify contamination in soils
prior to development in order to avoid negative environmental impacts.

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4.EXCAVATION METHODS
4.1.DRILL AND BLAST-SCALING

Scaling is useful in bringing down the unstable blocks of round around the
contour.It is also useful in cleaning and preparing rock surface for rock bolts.Due to
its dangerworkers safety must be taken into account.Conventional drifting or
tunneling by drilling and blasting method requires a much higher specific charge
than ordinary production blasting such as bench blasting. For example, the specific
charge at tunneling is 3–10 times higher than at bench blasting, depending on
borehole deviation, tight holes, lift of the fragments, and the fact that many holes
do not interact in the same blast [1,2]. In addition, the explosive consumption in the
cut holes is extremely high, and an area of 1 m2 cut requires about 7 kg/m3 for a
good result [2]. The specific charge in tunneling decreases with the distance from
the cut to a normal level around 0.9–1.0 kg/m3.

The much higher specific charge in cut blasting mentioned here is largely based on
engineering experience rather than theory, meaning that it is necessary to determine
the specific charge by means of theoretical analysis.The quality of open cut blasting
(often called cut blasting in tunneling) in either tunneling or underground mining
greatly influences the productivity and the total cost in tunneling or mining. In
addition, the disturbed (ie, fractured) zone in the tunnel roofs and walls plays an
important role not only in rock support but also in safety-related events such as
rock fall and rock spalling. Taking these into consideration, we may conclude that
successful tunneling means.All of blastholes are fired and the rock within the
planned round is well fragmented and completely removed.Tunneling speed is as
fast as possible.The fractured zone surrounding roofs and walls is as small as
possible.The tunneling cost per meter is least.In order to achieve successful
tunneling, we must ensure that cut blasting is well done the rock is completely
broken and removed out of the round in question and the disturbed zone mentioned
previously is as small as possible.

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4.2.CONVENTIONAL EXCAVATION-HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC
HAMMERS
Vibrations and fumes are avoided, Flexible, Explosives are not required ,Dust is
treated by water spraying Percussion drilling technology was considered many
years ago as one of the best approaches for hard rock drilling. Unfortunately the
efficiency of most hydraulic hammer (HH) designs was very low (8% maximum),
so they were successfully used in shallow boreholes only. Thirty years of research
and field drilling experience with HH application in Former Soviet Union (FSU)
countries led to the development of a new generation of HH designs with a proven
efficiency of 40%. That advance achieved good operational results in hard rock at
depths up to 2,000 m and more. The most recent research has shown that there are
opportunities to increase HH efficiency up to 70%. This paper presents HH basic
design principles and operational features. The advantages of HH technology for
coiled-tubing drilling is shown on the basis of test results recently conducted in the
technique.
4.3. TUNNELING
 Tunnels are underground passages used for transportation used for
construction and could be used for carrying passengers , water sewage , etc .
 The methods involved are underground operations known as tunnel
driving and the surface is not disturbed.
 Shallow tunnels are of a cut-and-cover type (if under water of the immersed-
tube type).
 Deep tunnels are excavated, often using a tunnelling shield.
 For intermediate levels, both methods are possible. Cut-and-cover is a
method of tunnel construction where a trench is excavated and roofed over.

4.3.1TUNNELLING THROUGH SOFT GROUND

 Five –pieces set method: In this method , the widening of the

tunnel is carried out by using a set of timbering consisting

of five pieces

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  Liner plates method : In this method timbering is replaced by

pressed steel plates of standard sizes.

Advantages of this method :

 They are light ,fire proof, easy to handle.

 Require less number of joints.

They can be erected by unskilled labour

4.3.2TUNNELLING THROUGH SUB-AQUEOUS STRATA

 Shield tunnelling : a shield is a movable frame and it is used to support the

face of the tunnel . The excavation and lining of tunnel can be carried out
under protection of shield.
 Plenum process or compressed air tunnelling : In this process , the use is
made of compressed air to prevent the collapse of sides and the top of the
tunnel

4.4.UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION METHODS

4.4.1Box Jacking

 Box jacking, also known as Tunnel Jacking, involves the advancement of a

site cast rectangular or other shaped sections using high capacity hydraulic
jacks.
 The main benefit of this approach is that it offers an effective alternative to
disruptive open cut techniques, conventional tunneling methods being
inappropriate so close to the structures above.

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 Tunnel jacking can install the final structure in one go, it also allows the
above infrastructure to remain “live” and active during the work. This
obviously significantly reduces potential disruption to these services.
 IMMERSE TUBE METHOD
 The immersed tube method of tunnel construction involves making the
tunnel in segments at more convenient locations and then bringing them to
the site and immersing them to join up with each other.
 It is a cost effective alternative to tunnels bored in place.
 The major advantage of such a method is that it does not need to use
compressed air or other techniques to keep out the water from the tunnel as
was being done in earlier construction.
 There are more than 100 such tunnels constructed all over the world that
have used this technology, and some of them are kilometers long.

4.4.2OPEN CUT METHODS

1.Cut-and-cover method

2.Wall-cover construction method

4.4.2.1.Cut-and-cover tunneling is a simple tunneling construction method

used to build shallow tunnels such as those commonly used by subways,
railways, and metro system.

4.4.2.2.Conventional Method :In the conventional method, excavating a

trench in the ground and then backfilling and restoring the original roadway
or ground is the process used to construct a tunnel. A support system of some
sort is also necessary to carry the load of the material used to cover over the
tunnel .

4.4.2.3. Cast-in-place Method: Another type of cut-and-cover tunneling . In

this method, a trench is excavated with forms being built directly inside the
trench. Concrete is then poured or cast into the concrete. After the concrete
cures the forms are removed. The trench is then backfilled and the roadway
reinstated.

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4.5.OTHER CONSTRUCTION METHODS

4.5.1Caisson :originally in Japan in 1990s, it is possible to excavate with

considerable safety into deep ground with high pore water pressure.

4.5.2Rotary all casing boring machine: Rotary all casing boring machine is
equipped with the cutter bits which have super hard chips at the front end of cutting
edge of the casing . Machine has powerful torque so that it can get rid of the
obstructions such as reinforced concrete or the blocks of rock underground by
breaking, cutting them with the cutters and removing them with the hammer grab,
while rotating and pressing the casing into the ground.

4.6.PRESENT SITUATIONS IN UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION

 Under construction is interesting because of following reasons

 Energy savings
 Protection for safety reasons
 Mix use of land
 Cultural heritage conservation

4.7.CONSTRUCTION FAILURES

 It is main because of following reasons

 Improper designing of strength
 Improper designing of water pressure

4.8.SOME KNOWN FAILURES ARE,


 Whilhelmina station(high pressure grouting)
 The Hague metroline(pressure grouting)

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4.9SOIL IMPROVEMENT

 Soil improvement methods for the underground construction could be

grouped into the following categories based on the improving mechanism

4.9.1Jet Grouting Pile

 New types of JGP method with extremely high pressure pumped up

to 40MPa have been developed, involving CJG(Column Jet-Grout method),
Supper Jet, MJS(Metro Jet System), PJG(Pendulous Jet Grout), Cross Jet,
DJM(Dry-Jet-Mixing), etc.

4.9.2Cement mixing in deep ground (Soil Mixing Wall, CDM, SDM)

 It is a ground improvement method which mixes cement slurry with

soft soil in situ to attain a certain required strength. This method can deal
with grounds in large areas and at a depth reaching about 30m, with lower
cost than other alternatives.

4.9.3Permeability grouting

 It was developed for strengthening soft soils based on the double-

pipe double packer method. This method can maintain the stability
improvement effect for a long term.
 4.9.4Bio-improvement (Bio Sealing, Bio Grouting).

5.Groundwater treatment and groundwater flow preservation

5.1Super Well Point Technology:

All ordinary methods of drainage, such as

 Well Point (forced drainage),

 Deep Well (gravity drainage), have their drawbacks.

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  However, a new method named Super Well Point method (SWP) highly
improved from the vacuum deep well method has eliminated these
drawbacks. It enables to forcibly drain keeping vacuum in the well due to a
specially designed double-pipe strainer.
 SWP allows us to drain at the great deep point of the well.

5.2 Groundwater flow preservation method:

 Long linear underground structure such as the tunnel, the groundwater flow
will be obstructed, and consequently the groundwater table rises on the
upstream side, and falls on the downstream side.
 Nowadays, a common method is to make a way for groundwater flow
through the underground constructions freely in order to minimize the
influence of the nature groundwater flow from upstream to downstream.

6.CONCLUSION

 This presentation gives the advanced methodology of design of

underground structures .
 This process is carried out by team engineers in step by step process .
 So, the innovative techniques dealing with tunneling methods and various
under ground structures lead the world to new innovative world.

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