2006 Chemistry - James Ruse With Solutions
2006 Chemistry - James Ruse With Solutions
2006 Chemistry - James Ruse With Solutions
75 marks
Part A 15 marks
Attempt Questions 1-15
Allow about 30 minutes for this part
Use the multiple choice answer sheet on page 7
________________________________________________________________________________
Page 1 of 21
1.
Ag+
+ Cl-
(ii)
CH4 + O2 CO2
(iii)
Mg
(iv)
Mg(OH)2 + HCl
AgCl
+ 2 H2O
+ 2 HCl MgCl2
MgCl2
H2
+ H2O
2.
3.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(iv) only
(D)
(i) only
3H
NH3
H = - 91 kJ
(B)
N2
3H2
2NH3
H = -91 kJ
(C)
N2
3H2
2NH3
H = +91 kJ
(D)
N2
3H2
2NH3
H = -91 kJ
An unknown solution may contain one or more of the following ions: Mg2+, SO42-, CO32-, Pb2+, ClThe solution gave a white precipitate with Ba(NO3)2 but no reaction with H2SO4.
Which of the ions may be present ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Page 2 of 21
4.
Cl
Cl
5.
6.
(A)
1,1-dichloro-2-fluorohexane
(B)
1,2,5-trichloro-2-fluorohexane
(C)
1,3-dichloro-2,3-difluorohexane
(D)
2,3-dichloro-1,3-difluorohexane
A chemist wants to test for the presence of iron (III) ions in a water sample collected outside a
factory. Which anion could be used to test for the presence of iron (III) ions in the water?
(A)
SO42-
(B)
NO3-
(C)
OH-
(D)
Cl-
2,3-dibromohexene
(B)
2,3-dibromohexane
(C)
1,2-dibromohexane
(D)
1,2-dibromocyclohexene
Page 3 of 21
8.
9.
Where on the Periodic Table would you most likely find elements which form basic oxides?
(A)
Group 1
(B)
Group 6
(C)
Period 2
(D)
Period 3
(B)
(C)
(D)
A student constructed a galvanic cell using two different metals and electrolytes of the
nitrates of the metals, under standard conditions.
Which combination of metals would give the greatest potential difference?
10.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The molar heat of combustion of propane is given in the data book as 2200 kJ mol-1.
What does this mean?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Page 4 of 21
11.
12.
13.
Which of the following is a common natural source of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere?
(A)
(B)
(C)
Soil bacteria
(D)
Volcanoes
H2SO4
(B)
C2H5OH
(C)
CH3COOH
(D)
H2O
(A)
butyl pentanoate
(B)
pentyl butanoate
(C)
propyl pentanoate
(D)
pentyl propanoate
O
C
O
Page 5 of 21
14
A soft drink may be decarbonated by heating. In observing the results, the equilibrium between
gaseous and dissolved carbon dioxide can be examined.
CO2 (g)
CO2 (aq)
15.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Which correctly describes the relationship between an acid and its conjugate base?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Page 6 of 21
Student Number
Section I
Part A
Marks-----/15
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13
14.
15.
Page 7 of 21
Student Number
Section I (continued)
Part B - 60 marks
Attempt Questions 16 to 26.
Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations
Marks
Question 16 ( 5 marks)
A buffer is known to contain two of these substances:
sodium dihydrogen phosphate
ethanoic acid
(a)
Define a buffer
..
..
..
(b)
..
..
..
(c)
Use balanced ionic equations to demonstrate how one of the above compounds can behave
as an amphiprotic substance.
..
..
..
Page 8 of 21
Marks
Question 17 (8 marks)
Sulfate in fertilizer may be analysed gravimetrically by precipitating the sulfate with barium ion
and weighing the sulfate produced after filtering and drying. To test the technique, which is
exactly what YOU did in the lab, a group of students performed the analysis on pure ammonium
sulfate. They obtained the following results.:
Mass of sample of ammonium sulfate:
2.34 g
0.203 g
4.65 g
(a)
Calculate:
(i)
..
..
..
(ii)
..
..
..
..
(b)
Assess the accuracy of the above determination. Identify and explain two possible sources
of error that can contribute to this particular discrepancy.
..
..
..
..
..
Page 9 of 21
Student Number .
Marks
Question 18 (6 marks)
The graph shows the variation in percentage yield of the product with pressure at various
temperatures for the Haber process.
(a)
Based on the graph, what conditions of temperature and pressure give the best yield for
this process? Justify your answer.
..
..
..
(b)
In industry, the conditions usually used are 400 oC and 500 atm pressure. Explain the
reason(s) for the use of these conditions.
..
..
..
..
(c)
Identify the chemical composition of the catalyst used in this reaction and explain its role.
..
..
..
Page 10 of 21
Marks
Question 19 (5 marks)
A group of students were assigned to determine the copper ion content of a certain brand
of spring water. They prepared a series of standard copper ion solutions in distilled water
and analysed the standard solutions and the undiluted spring water with the AAS
instrument. They also tested some distilled water which they used to prepare the standard
solutions. The results are given below:
Solution
Standard 1
Standard 2
Standard 3
Standard 4
Standard 5
Absorbance
0.0521
0.0634
0.1205
0.1834
0.2467
Spring water
unknown
0.0412
distilled water
unknown
0.0501
(a)
Page 11 of 21
(b)
Student Number .
Marks
.
.
Question 20 (2 marks)
Identify and describe two everyday uses of indicators.
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Page 12 of 21
Question 21 (8 marks)
Compare addition and condensation polymers using named examples of each type of polymer.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Page 13 of 21
Student Number .
Marks
Complete the table for two substances derived from ethene other than plastics
Name of useful substance
(b)
Use
Write a balanced chemical equation to describe the formation of one of the substances
listed in (a).
Page 14 of 21
Marks
Question 23 (8 marks)
A student made these observations after doing the reactions:
(a)
Metal X did not react with 1 molL-1 solution containing Y2+ ions.
.
(b)
.
(c)
(d)
Draw a labelled diagram of an electrochemical cell made with two of the above metals
that would produce the greatest voltage. Indicate on your diagram which is the anode and
cathode and the direction of electron flow.
Write a balanced net ionic equation for the chemical reaction. occurring in the
electrochemical cell
.
Page 15 of 21
Student Number .
Marks
Question 24 ( 5 marks)
Consider the properties of three acids.
(a)
Acids
pH
2.9
2.1
1.0
(b)
(c)
Calculate the pH after 100mL of 0.1 molL-1 hydrochloric acid solution is diluted
by the addition of 400mL of distilled water.
Page 16 of 21
Marks
Question 25 (3 marks)
A source of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is the burning of coal in power stations.
Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide released at 250C and 100kPa when 10.0 million kg
of coal containing 0.01% sulfur, is burnt.
Question 26 (4 marks)
An ester is prepared in the laboratory by refluxing a mixture of appropriate alkanol and
alkanoic acid using acid catalysis.
Identify two potential safety hazards and describe the experimental procedures that may be used to
minimize these hazards in the preparation of the ester.
Page 17 of 21
Chemistry
Section II
25 marks
Attempt question 27
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Question 27 Industrial Chemistry
(a)
O C
(CH2)14
CH3
(CH2)14
CH3
(CH2)14
CH3
O
CH
O C
O
CH2
O C
(i)
Construct the structural formula of the soap formed from glyceryl tripalmitate.
(ii)
Identify the special type of mixture which forms when the soap is shaken with
warm water and a small amount of glyceryl tripalmitate..
Other than glyceryl tripalmitate identify another fat or oil which can be used
to make soap.
(iii)
(iv)
Page 18 of 21
Marks
(b)
In his quest for the BHP Science Prize, Ken Chemiski plans to prepare sulfuric acid using
this relatively simple apparatus. Sulfur is burned in a crucible and the gas flow is forced
through the apparatus using a vacuum pump.
X
to vacuum
pump
air
Z
concentrated
Z
Vessels A and Z originally
filled with
concentrated H2SO4H2SO4
(i)
crucible of
burning
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Construct a chemical equation for the reaction of gas Y as it bubbles through vessel Z.
Page 19 of 21
(c)
Marks
An industrial chemist performs a small scale synthesis of this reaction in a two litre stainless steel
tank and records this data
HCl
O2
Cl2
H2O
Initial moles
0.548
0.625
0.200
0.538
0.174
0.174
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Explain, using Le Chteliers principle, how a change in volume will affect the
equilibrium.
Calculate the theoretical volume of chlorine produced at 25C and 100 kPa, if the
reaction went to completion.
(iv)
Page 20 of 21
(d)
Marks
Pacific Ocean
END of TEST
Page 21 of 21
Section I
75 marks
Part A 15 marks
Attempt Questions 1-15
Allow about 30 minutes for this part
Use the multiple choice answer sheet on page 7
________________________________________________________________________________
Page 1 of 23
1.
Ag+
+ Cl-
(ii)
CH4 + O2 CO2
(iii)
Mg
(iv)
Mg(OH)2 + HCl
AgCl
+ 2 H2O
+ 2 HCl MgCl2
MgCl2
H2
+ H2O
2.
3.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(iv) only
(D)
(i) only
3H
NH3
H = - 91 kJ
(B)
N2
3H2
2NH3
H = -91 kJ
(C)
N2
3H2
2NH3
H = +91 kJ
(D)
N2
3H2
2NH3
H = -91 kJ
An unknown solution may contain one or more of the following ions: Mg2+, SO42-, CO32-, Pb2+, ClThe solution gave a white precipitate with Ba(NO3)2 but no reaction with H2SO4.
Which of the ions may be present ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Page 2 of 23
4.
Cl
Cl
5.
6.
(A)
1,1-dichloro-2-fluorohexane
(B)
1,2,5-trichloro-2-fluorohexane
(C)
1,3-dichloro-2,3-difluorohexane
(D)
2,3-dichloro-1,3-difluorohexane
A chemist wants to test for the presence of iron (III) ions in a water sample collected outside a
factory. Which anion could be used to test for the presence of iron (III) ions in the water?
(A)
SO42-
(B)
NO3-
(C)
OH-
(D)
Cl-
2,3-dibromohexene
(B)
2,3-dibromohexane
(C)
1,2-dibromohexane
(D)
1,2-dibromocyclohexene
Page 3 of 23
8.
9.
Where on the Periodic Table would you most likely find elements which form basic oxides?
(A)
Group 1
(B)
Group 6
(C)
Period 2
(D)
Period 3
(B)
(C)
(D)
A student constructed a galvanic cell using two different metals and electrolytes of the
nitrates of the metals, under standard conditions.
Which combination of metals would give the greatest potential difference?
10.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The molar heat of combustion of propane is given in the data book as 2200 kJ mol-1.
What does this mean?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Page 4 of 23
11.
12.
13.
Which of the following is a common natural source of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere?
(A)
(B)
(C)
Soil bacteria
(D)
Volcanoes
H2SO4
(B)
C2H5OH
(C)
CH3COOH
(D)
H2O
(A)
butyl pentanoate
(B)
pentyl butanoate
(C)
propyl pentanoate
(D)
pentyl propanoate
O
C
O
Page 5 of 23
14
A soft drink may be decarbonated by heating. In observing the results, the equilibrium between
gaseous and dissolved carbon dioxide can be examined.
CO2 (g)
CO2 (aq)
15.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Which correctly describes the relationship between an acid and its conjugate base?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Page 6 of 23
Student Number
Section I
Part A
Marks-----/15
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13
14.
15.
Page 7 of 23
Student Number
Section I (continued)
Part B - 60 marks
Attempt Questions 16 to 28.
Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations
Marks
Question 16 ( 5 marks)
A buffer is known to contain two of these substances:
sodium dihydrogen phosphate
ethanoic acid
(a)
Define a buffer
A solution that contains comparable amounts of a weak acid and its conjugate base and
which is therefore able to maintain an approximately constant pH even when significant
amounts of strong acid or base are added to it.
(b)
+ H2O(l)
CH3COO (aq)
(1 mark)
+ H3O (aq)
When an acid (H3O+) is added to the buffer solution, the ethanoate ion combines with the
hydronium ion, in effect, shifting the equilibrium to the left, reducing the hydronium
concentration.
When a base is added, the OH- combines with the hydronium, shifting the equilibrium to the
right to replenish the hydronium which combined with the OH-, maintaining the pH.
(c)
Use balanced ionic equations to demonstrate how one of the above compounds can behave
as an amphiprotic substance.
HPO42- + H3O+
HPO42- + OH-
H2PO4PO43-
+ H2O
+ H2O
as a base
(1 mark)
as an acid
(1 mark)
Page 8 of 23
Marks
Question 17 (8 marks)
Sulfate in fertilizer may be analysed gravimetrically by precipitating the sulfate with barium ion
and weighing the sulfate produced after filtering and drying. To test the technique, which is
exactly what YOU did in the lab, a group of students performed the analysis on pure ammonium
sulfate. They obtained the following results.:
Mass of sample of ammonium sulfate:
2.34 g
0.203 g
4.65 g
(a)
Calculate:
(i)
Answer:
theoretical percentage =
M sulfate
32.07 + 4(16.00)
x 100 % =
= 72.7 %
M ammonium sulfate
2[(14.01) +4(1.008) + 32.07 + 4(16.00)
Criteria
Correct formula for ammonium sulfate and correct answer
Incorrect formula for ammonium sulfate but correct equation for theoretical percentage
(ii)
Mark
2
1
(b)
mass of sulfate
1.83
x 100 % =
x 100 % = 78.2 % (1 mark)
2.34
mass of sample
Assess the accuracy of the above determination. Identify and explain two possible sources
of error that can contribute to this particular discrepancy.
The analysis is inaccurate by about 6%. This is more than the normal expected error in chemical
analyses: Two reasons for a higher value are:
(a)
The BaSO4 was not dried properly. Moisture in the BaSO4 precipitate increases
the mass of the precipitate and hence calculated as BaSO4
(b)
The precipitate was not washed properly to remove excess BaCl2. This increased
the mass of the BaSO4 precipitate.
2006 JRAHS Chemistry Trial Examination Answers
Page 9 of 23
Student Number .
Marks
Question 18 (6 marks)
The graph shows the variation in percentage yield of the product with pressure at various
temperatures for the Haber process.
(a)
Based on the graph, what conditions of temperature and pressure give the best yield for
this process? Justify your answer.
According to the graph, the best conditions to obtain maximum yield is between
800 - 1000 atm of pressure and 200 0C . at this temperature and pressure, the yield is
almost 100 %. (2 marks)
(b)
In industry, the conditions usually used are 400 oC and 500 atm pressure. Explain the
reason(s) for the use of these conditions.
These are compromise conditions. The higher temperature than the optimum (2000C)
is adapted to hasten the attainment of equilibrium. Use of a lower temperature may maximise
yield but will be slow to attain equilibrium. The lower pressure is for economic considerations
as well, since, high pressure equipment are more expensive and are also expensive to run.
(Both temperature and pressure must be dealt with to get the 2 marks
(c)
Identify the chemical composition of the catalyst used in this reaction and explain its role.
A catalyst (Fe3O4 Fe) magnetite (surface reduced to Fe) is a catalyst used for the Haber
process. A catalyst enables the process to use a moderate temperature and still maintain
a reasonable rate of reaction. The catalyst lowers the activation energy for this reaction by
serving as a surface on which the reaction can occur efficiently.
1 mark for mentioning a catalyst and 1 mark for the role of the catalyst in
maintaining a reasonable rate.
Page 10 of 23
Marks
Question 19 (5 marks)
A group of students were assigned to determine the copper ion content of a certain brand
of spring water. They prepared a series of standard copper ion solutions in distilled water
and analysed the standard solutions and the undiluted spring water with the AAS
instrument. They also tested some distilled water which they used to prepare the standard
solutions. The results are given below:
Solution
Standard 1
Standard 2
Standard 3
Standard 4
Standard 5
Absorbance
0.0521
0.0634
0.1205
0.1834
0.2467
Spring water
unknown
0.0412
distilled water
unknown
0.0501
(a)
Calibration curve
0.3
Absorbance
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
10
Concentration in ppm
Criteria
proper orientation of graph (dependent/independent variable)
labelled axes with correct units/proper scaling
correct plotting
Mark
1
1
1
Page 11 of 23
Student Number .
Marks
The distilled water is not valid as a control because it gives an absorbance reading which is
higher than the absorbance reading for the spring water.
Question 20. (2 marks)
Identify and describe two everyday uses of indicators.
Possible answer:
Indicators may be used to test the pH of swimming pools. Pool test kits using a certain indicator
(phenol red) ensures that pool pH is within the accepted level of acidity (pH 7.2 7.6).
Soil pH testing allow farmers to determine the suitability of the soil for certain crops
Question 21 (8 marks)
Compare addition and condensation polymers using named examples of each type of polymer.
Addition polymer: polyethene, monomer = ethene (1 mark)
Condensation polymer: cellulose, monomer = glucose (1 mark)
Addition polymerization-
(CH2 - CH2 )n
Condensation polymerization
n (HO C6H10O4 OH) H (O- C6H10O4)nOH + (n-1) H2O
Uses: (2 marks)
polyethene making milk bottles, soft toys, cling wrap, rubbish bins etc
cellulose - major structural component of plant material or biomass (strengthens cell walls)
using cellulose to make ethanol for energy production etc.
2006 JRAHS Chemistry Trial Examination Answers
Page 12 of 23
Student Number .
Marks
Question 22 (6 marks)
Ethylene can be transformed into many useful substances other than plastics.
(a)
Complete the table for two substances derived from ethene other than plastics
(b)
Use
ethanol
ethylene glycol
antifreeze
(1 mark)
Write a balanced chemical equation to describe the formation of one of the substances
listed in (a).
C2H4(g) + H2O(l)
sulfuric
acid
C2H5OH (aq)
Criteria
balanced equation including any conditions
Mark(s)
2
Marks
Question 23 (8 marks)
A student made these observations after doing the reactions:
(a)
Metal X did not react with 1 molL-1 solution containing Y2+ ions.
(b)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Page 13 of 23
(c)
Draw a labelled diagram of an electrochemical cell made with two of the above metals
that would produce the greatest voltage. Indicate on your diagram which is the anode and
cathode and the direction of electron flow.
Z cathode in Z2+(aq)
Write a balanced net ionic equation for the chemical reaction. occurring in the
electrochemical cell
Y(s) + Z2+(aq)
Z(s) + Y2+(aq)
(1 mark)
1
Page 14 of 23
Student Number
Marks
Question 24 ( 5 marks)
Consider the properties of three acids.
(a)
Acids
pH
2.9
2.1
1.0
2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
1 mark for the correct name
(b)
(c)
2
Marks
Calculate the pH after 100mL of 0.1 molL-1 hydrochloric acid solution is diluted
by the addition of 400mL of distilled water.
Possible answer:
c1v1 = c2v2
0.1 x 0.1 = c2 x 0.5
c2 = 0.02 molL-1
pH = - log [H+]
= 1.7
Correctly calculates pH with relevant working,( 1 mark.)
2006 JRAHS Chemistry Trial Examination Answers
Page 15 of 23
Marks
Question 25 (3 marks)
A source of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is the burning of coal in power stations.
Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide released at 250C and 100kPa when 10.0 million kg
of coal containing 0.01% sulfur, is burnt.
Calculation:
mass of sulfur = 106 g
mol of sulfur = 3.12 x 104 mol
mol of sulfur = mol SO2
volume SO2 = mol x 24.79
= 7.73 x 105 L
Marking Criteria
Correct answer showing all relevant working
2 of those below
Multiplies incorrect moles by 24.79 or
Correct equation or
Correct calculation of mol of sulfur or
Correct calculation of mass of sulfur
Marks
3
2
1
Question 26 (4 marks)
An ester is prepared in the laboratory by refluxing a mixture of appropriate alkanol and
alkanoic acid using acid catalysis.
Identify two potential safety hazards and describe the experimental procedures that may be used to
minimize these hazards in the preparation of the ester.
Possible answer
The components being heated are flammable. The reflux condenser allows the flammable
components to condense and return to the reaction vessel.
Build-up of gas pressure. The top of the condenser is open so that no build -up of pressure can
take place.
Marking Criteria
Two hazards identified and safety steps described to minimize the hazard
Two hazards identified and one safety step described to minimize the
hazard
Two hazards identified or one hazard and one safety step described
One hazard identified
2006 JRAHS Chemistry Trial Examination Answers
Marks
4
3
2
1
Page 16 of 23
Chemistry
Section II
25 marks
Attempt question 27
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Question 27
(a)
(5 marks)
Outcomes ~ H8, 9
MARKS
O C
(CH2)14
CH3
(CH2)14
CH3
(CH2)14
CH3
O
CH
O C
O
CH2
(i)
O C
Construct the structural formula of the soap formed from glyceryl tripalmitate.
O
CH3(CH2)14C
(ii)
O Na
Identify the special type of mixture which forms when the soap is shaken with
glyceryl tripalmitate
The mixture of soap, water and glyceryl tripalmitate would form an emulsion.
(iii)
Other than glyceryl tripalmitate identify another fat or oil which can be used
to make soap.
Tallow, lard, coconut oil, olive oil, rice bran oil, etc.
Not palm oil
Page 17 of 23
(iv)
The use of soap has a low impact on the environment because of their biodegradability.
(1 mark)
Detergents have a higher impact on the environment because they are less biodegradable and
they contain other ingredients (e.g. zeolites) which can cause harm to aquatic ecosystems.
(1 mark)
Outcomes ~ H8, 11
(b)
In his quest for the BHP Science Prize, Ken Chemiski plans to prepare sulfuric acid using this
relatively simple apparatus. Sulfur is burned in a crucible and the gas flow is forced through the
apparatus using a vacuum pump.
X
to vacuum
pump
air
Z
Z Vessels A and Z originally concentrated
filled with
concentrated H2SO4 H2SO4
crucible of
burning sulfur
(i)
Judgement (1 mark)
Page 18 of 23
(ii)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
The concentrated H2SO4 dehydrates the air before it reaches the V2O5.
(iv)
Construct a chemical equation for the reaction of gas Y as it bubbles through vessel Z.
An industrial chemist performs a small scale synthesis of this reaction in a two litre stainless steel tank
and records this data
HCl
O2
Cl2
H2O
Initial moles
0.548
0.625
0.200
0.538
0.174
0.174
(i)
Calculate the equilibrium constant from the data.
[HCl] = 0.200 mol 2.00 L = 0.100 mol L 1
Conversion from
[O2] = 0.538 mol 2.00 L = 0.269 mol L 1
moles to mol/L
[Cl2] = 0.174 mol 2.00 L = 0.0870 mol L 1
(1 mark)
[H2O] = 0.174 mol 2.00 L = 0.0870 mol L 1
Keq = [Cl2]2 [H2O]2
[HCl]4 [O2]
(ii)
(0.0870)2 (0.0870)2
(0.100)4 (0.269)
2.13
The only factor that changes the value of the Keq is temperature.
Page 19 of 23
(iii)
Explain, using Le Chteliers principle, how a change in volume will affect the
equilibrium.
Calculate the theoretical volume of chlorine produced at 25C and 100 kPa, if the
reaction went to completion.
2
HCl is the limiting reactant.
Moles Cl2 = moles HCl = 0.548 mol = 0.274 mol
(1 mark)
Volume Cl2 = n 24.79 L mol 1 = 0.274 mol 24.79 L mol 1 = 6.79 L (1 mark)
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(d)
Kaipara Harbour has a surrounding population of 75,000 with a mixed economy including dairy
farming, market gardens, commercial prawn trawling in the harbour and offshore tuna fishing.
Three companies have expressed interest in building a sodium hydroxide production facility at
Pouto located in Kaipara Harbour.
HGCL Ltd. has plans for a mercury process plant; Mem-chlor-tech is proposing a membrane
process plant;
and Chlorox Industries has plans for a diaphragm process plant.
Imagine you are an Environmental Chemist for the Kaipara Regional Planning Authority and have
been given the task of writing an environmental risk assessment comparing all three plant
proposals and making recommendations as to which proposal should be approved.
6
Pacific Ocean
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RECOMMENDATION
(1) Mem-chlor-techs membrane plant poses a manageable risk and should be considered for
approval.
(2) The proposals of HGCL Ltd. and Chlorox Industries should be rejected due to significant
inherent environmental risks.
Risks
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Recommendation
Recommend Mem-chlor-tech
(1 mark)
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