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MAE 4230/5230: Introduction To CFD: Rajesh Bhaskaran

This document provides an introduction to computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It discusses the governing equations, numerical solution procedures like finite difference approximations, and examples of CFD applications. It also covers strategies for dealing with issues like nonlinearity through linearization and iteration.

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135 views

MAE 4230/5230: Introduction To CFD: Rajesh Bhaskaran

This document provides an introduction to computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It discusses the governing equations, numerical solution procedures like finite difference approximations, and examples of CFD applications. It also covers strategies for dealing with issues like nonlinearity through linearization and iteration.

Uploaded by

zamijaka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAE 4230/5230: Introduction to CFD

Rajesh Bhaskaran
Sibley School of Mechanical &
Aerospace Engineering
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
My Coordinates
• Dr. Rajesh Bhaskaran
Swanson Director of Engineering Simulation
Sibley School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Office: 102 Rhodes
• Office hours:
– Come with questions about FLUENT
– Held in Swanson Lab (163 Rhodes)
– Time to be announced
Introduction to CFD
Intro to CFD handout on blackboard
Governing equations

Analysis Computations
(CFD)

Flowfield
V, P, T etc.
Introduction to CFD
• Approach:
– Go through a series of case studies in
the use of CFD to analyze flow
problems
– Case studies to be performed using
FLUENT
• Goals of the CFD case studies:
– Build an understanding of the
foundations of CFD.
– Use hands-on learning to develop
better physical feel for fluid flows and
reinforce theory.
Introduction to CFD
• Before embarking on the CFD case studies,
need to understand the rudiments of the
CFD solution procedure operating under the
hood of the software.
• In order to understand the CFD solution
procedure, we will apply it to a simple
model problem.
• Notes will be posted on course website.
Governing Equations for a Fluid
Introduction to CFD
• Not possible to solve the governing
equations analytically for most engineering
problems.
• However, it is possible to obtain
approximate computer-based solutions for
many engineering problems.
• This is the subject matter of CFD.
CFD Applications
Pressure distribution for airplane configuration

Pressure distribution for helicopter configuration


CFD Applications
Temperature distribution in a mixing manifold
(Boeing 767)
CFD Applications
Pressure contours and velocity vectors in a blood
pump
Strategy of CFD

Example: Finite-Difference Approximation for du/dx


Numerical Solution of Model Equation

• Model equation (with m=1):

• Finite-difference approximation:
Numerical Solution of Model Equation

• System of four simultaneous algebraic equations:

• Discrete solution:

• Exact solution:
1D Solution on 4-point grid
1
Numerical solution
0.9 Exact solution

0.8

0.7
u

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
Grid Convergence of 1D Solution
1

N=4
0.9 N=8
N=16
Exact solution
0.8

0.7
u

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
Error on Different Grids
• Would like to know the error introduced by discretization
on a given grid.
• In general, not possible to determine the actual values of
the discretization error.
• However, we can estimate the rate at which error would
decrease on refining the grid.
• One measure of error:
Error on Different Grids
Actual error
Least squares fit

ε = C Δxα

ε
α = 0.92 from least
squares fit 10
-2

-1
10
∆x
Numerical Solution: Second-Order Accuracy

• Model equation (with m=1):

• Second-order finite-difference approximation:


Comparison of First and Second-Order
Solutions
Error on Different Grids
ε = C Δxα

α = 0.92

α = 2.18
Dealing with Nonlinearity
• Model non-linear equation

• Finite-difference approximation

• Linearize about guess value ug

• Linearization error = O[(u- ug)^2]


Dealing with Nonlinearity
• Matrix system on four-point grid

• Iterate until |u- ug|/ | u | < Tolerance

• The difference |u- ug|/ | u | is called the Residual


Dealing with Nonlinearity
• Unscaled residual:

• Scaled residual:
Dealing with Nonlinearity
Linearization Example
Matrix inversion
• In each iteration, one can:
1. Form the matrix and invert
2. Sweep across the mesh updating each point in
turn
• Use guess value for those values in difference eq. that
have not been updated
• No need to form the matrix
• Easier to code and faster
• See Intro to CFD handout on BB for details

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