Marshall Vs Superpave
Marshall Vs Superpave
Marshall Vs Superpave
Industrial Engineering
Volume 14 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2014
Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal
Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN: 0975-5861
SuperpaveSystemVersusMarshallDesignProcedureforAsphaltPavingMixturesComparativeStudy
Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:
© 2014. Bara' Al-Mistarehi. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-
Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use,
distribution, and reproduction inany medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Superpave System Versus Marshall Design
Procedure for Asphalt Paving Mixtures
(Comparative Study)
Bara' Al-Mistarehi
Abstract- Over 98% of paved highways in Jordan have a developing new methods to specify, test and design
2014
surface course where asphalt cement is used as the binder asphalt materials and pavements. This lasted until 1993
agent. The prevalence of these pavements is constructed with when the Federal Highway Administration, FHWA,
Year
hot-mix asphalt concrete. Asphalt concrete is a mixture of began implementing the SHRP research program. The
binder and aggregate under specified volume parameters.
Superpave design method, that was a direct result of
Based on empirical evidence, the volume of air used in the mix
design process is four percent. Under the performance grade the SHRP research, is becoming the standard for 45
specifications of the Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement bituminous pavement design (FHWA 2006).
SHRP researches recognized that the Marshall
T
he purpose of any asphalt mix design method is to conducted to develop tests for quantifying the asphalt
determine the optimum proportions of aggregate concrete mechanical properties (Cominsky 1990).
and asphalt cement to be used in an asphalt The Superpave mix design process starts with
pavement mix. Two empirical mix designs methods are aggregate evaluation. Aggregate characteristics are
traditionally used. These are Marshall and Hveem identified as either source properties or consensus
methods. Superpave method developed by the properties. Source properties are defined by the
Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), is being purchasing agency. The WVDOH Marshall requirements
considered for full implementation as a design method. in table 2.1 are used as the Superpave source property
The main advantage of Superpave over currently used specifications, with the exception that flat and elongated
mix design methods is that it is performance-based property is treated as a consensus property. Consensus
method that implies a direct relationship between aggregate properties were defined by theSuperpave
Laboratory analysis and field performance after researches to ensure mixes made with the aggregate
construction. Other design methods are empirical and have good performance characteristics. The researcher
therefore cannot accurately predict how a pavement will envisioned that all agencies using Superpave would
perform after construction (Anderson et al. 2007). adopt these specifications without modification for local
II. Overview of the Superpave conditions (McLeod et al. 1956). The consensus
aggregate properties are given in table 2.2.
Method (1987-2012) WVDOH has implemented these specifications,
Starting in 1987 (35), the Strategic Highway but has augmented them with requirements for skid-
Research Program (SHRP) conducted research into resistant aggregates. The consensus aggregates
properties are;-
Author: M.Sc., Institute of Engineering Geodesy, University of Stuttgart
Geschwister-Scholl, Stuttgart, Germany. a) Coarse aggregate angularity
e-mail: [email protected] b) Coarse aggregate flat and elongated
© 20 14 Global Journals Inc. (US)
Superpave System Versus Marshall Design Procedure for Asphalt Paving Mixtures
(Comparative Study)
Coarse Aggregate
Gravel and Crushed Stone Clean hard durable rock free from adherent
coatings.
Thin or elongated particles (4:1)ratio 5% max
Shale 1% max
Coal and other lightweight materials 1.5% max
Friable particles 0.25% max
2014
Fine Aggregate
Must meet requirements of ASTM D 1073, except
gradation
Mineral Filler
Must meet requirements of ASTM D 242 except for gradation and must be free of harmful
organic compounds
Course Aggregate Fine Aggregate Sand Equivalency Flat and Elongated
Design Level Angularity Angularity (% min) (% min)
(% min) (% min)
Light Traffic 55%- - 40% -
Medium Traffic 75%- 40% 40% 10%
Heavy Traffic 85/80 45% 45% 10%
Superpave Consensus Aggregate Properties test method was available prior to the development of
are shown as following: Superpave, but was not a requirement for asphalt
concrete mix design.
a) Coarse Aggregate Angularity (CAA)
The purpose of the test is the test is to ensure
Coarse aggregate angularity is evaluated by the
the fine aggregates have sufficient angularity and texture
percent weight of aggregates with one and more than
one fractured face. The test is performed on materials to produce a rut resistant mix (McLeod et al. 1956).
retained on the (4.75)mm sieve. This is somewhat c) Sand Equivalency Test(SE)
different than the WVDOH Marshall requirements that The sand equivalency test is used to evaluate
specifies the minimum percent of material with two the clay content of materials passing the (4.75)mm
fractured faces. sieve. This test was implemented by some states prior
Coarse aggregate flat and elongated is to Superpave, but is a new requirement for the WVDOH
evaluated by the percent mass of aggregates whose (McLeod et al. 1956).
ratio of longest dimension to smallest dimension is
greater than (5). Superpave limits the amount of flat and d) Flat and Elongated Particles Test
elongated particles to less than (10%). The WVDOH It is conducted according to the test method
Marshall specification limits flat and elongated particles outlined in ASTM D4791. The particle is considered a flat
to (5%) based on a (4:1) ratio (McLeod et al. 1956). and elongated particle if the ratio of the maximum to
minimum dimension of the particle is (5:1) or more.
b) Fine Aggregate Angularity(FAA) As a result CAA, FAA, elongated particles, and
Fine aggregate angularity, FAA, is evaluated SE affect pavement resistance to rutting, fatigue
using the Uncompacted Void Content procedure, cracking, and low-temperature cracking, and also affect
AASHTO T304 – 96 (AASHTO, 2000). The test is production and laydown (McLeod et al. 1956). Table 2.3
performed on material passing the (2.36)mm sieve. This shows criteria of Superpave system.
© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)
Superpave System Versus Marshall Design Procedure for Asphalt Paving Mixtures
(Comparative Study)
2014
10%
Year
3-to<10 85/80 60/- 45 40 45
47
10-to<30 95/90 80/75 45 40 45
The Coarse and fine aggregate shall be defined in table 2.4. Gradation testing shall be
combined in such proportions to produce an asphalt conducted in accordance with AASTHO T-11 (-0.075
mixture meeting all the requirements defined in this mm (NO.200) wash) and T-27.
specification and shall conform to the gradation as
Table 2.4 : Aggregate Gradation Broad Bands10
Sieve Size Superpave Mixture (Percent Passing)
SP- 9.5(3/8'') SP-12.5 (1/2'') SP -19.0 (3/4'')
Nominal size Nominal size Nominal size
Gradation A B C
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
25.0 (1'') - - - - 100 -
19.0 (3/4'') - - 100 - 90 100
12.5 (1/2'') 100 - 90 100 - 90
9.5 (3/8'') 90 100 - 90 - -
4.75 (#4) - 90 - - - -
2.36 (#8) 32 67 28 58 23 49
0.075 (#200) 2 8 2 8 2 7
(#30)
0.30 mm 18.7 18.7 15.5 15.5 13.7 13.7
Year
(#50)
48 The Superpave process requires identifying a has prepared a Superpave Mix design workshop that
design aggregate structure using stockpile blends, covers the details of the analysis process as
which meet both the gradation and consensus presentedin the following in figure 2.1 below (Harmon, et
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( G ) Volume XIV Issue V Version I
Vba=(Ps(1-Va))/((Pb/Gb)+(Ps/Gse))*((1/Gsb)-(1/Gse)) ( 2.2)
Where Vba:-Volume of absorbed binder
Vbe=0.176-0.067 log (Sn) (2.3)
Va:-Volume of air voids, (assumed 4%)
Pb:- Percent of binder (assumed 5%) Where Vbe= Volume of effective binder (by volume of
Ps:- Percent of aggregate (assumed 95%) mix)
Gb:-Specific gravity of binder Sn= Nominal maximum sieve size of aggregate blend
3-Estimate Vbe
4- Estimate Pbi:-
Pbi= 100*((Gb(Vbe+Vba))/(Gb(Vbe+Vba))+Ws) (2.4)
Where Pbi= Percent of binder by mass of mix Superpave samples are compacted using the
For each aggregate blend, two samples are gyratory compactor developed during the SHRP
prepared for compaction and two samples are prepared research. The number of the revolutions of the gyratory
for determining the maximum theoretical specific gravity. compactor regulates the amount of compaction effort.
Three levels of compaction effort are used in the immediately after construction. The maximum density
Superpave procedure; initial; design and maximum, Ni, level simulates the density of the asphalt after 5 to 10
Nd, and Nmax, respectively. The initial level is reflective years of service (Cominsky 1990). The number of
of the ability of the mixture to consolidate under low gyration depends on the design situation as presented
forces and is used to identify "tender" mixes. The design in Table 2.6.
level compaction simulates the density of the mix
Table 2.6 : Number of Gyrations at Specific Traffic Levels8
Traffic Level
(ESALmillions)
<0.3 0.3 to 3 3 to 30 >30
2014
Ni 6 7 8 9
Nd 50 75 115 125
Year
Nmax 75 100 160 205
The bulk specific gravity is measured for the Dust Ratio= (PD/Pbe) (2.7) 49
compacted samples. This is used with the measured
The adjusted volumetric parameters are
maximum specific gravity for the volumetric analysis.
(a)
50
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( G ) Volume XIV Issue V Version I
(b)
(c)
Figure 2.8 : (a) % of AirVoid, (b) % VFA , (c) % VMA respectively v.s % of Asphalt Binder8
Finally, the moisture susceptibility of the mixture mechanical shaker for you , after that make the graded
is evaluated, Six samples are prepared at the design of aggregate to get the mix of aggregate that meets
aggregate structure and optimum binder content. Three specification.
samples are conditioned. The tensile strength of all
samples is measured (Huber et al. 2007). b) Mixing Asphalt with aggregate
Put the asphalt cement in an oven for (2 hr),
III. Overview of the Marshall Method then put aggregate mixture in container, and make
(kandhal et al. 1985) check if the aggregate to be with compliance to
specifications then heated to (110º), after that add the
a) Seieving the aggregate asphalt to aggregate in a pan and mixed through until all
Put all sieves above each other in familiar order, aggregate mixed with asphalt.
then put the sample on the sieves and shaking use the
2014
weight the saturated surface dry (after dying the
specimen with clothes).immersed the samples in water • However, the current VMA criteria used by Marshall
Year
for (30)min and weighted it in water. and Superpave were derived for mixes with
questionable assumptions concerning the type of
d) Stability and Flow test aggregate. 51
Zero flow water to increase (4 inch) diameter • (CAA, FAA, Flat and elongated particles, and SE)
cylinder in the testing head, the specimen is immersed affect pavement resistance to rutting, fatigue
Performance Grade binder (PG-binder) which required for Performance Grade binder (PG-binder) are not exist in
any project. Marshall test.
LTPP& Sharp algorithms program are used in the Super ave LTPP& Sharp algorithms program are not used in the Marshall
to calculate T high &T low and to estimate (PG) to the project test.
according to known reliability.
Super pave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) which is defined to Super pave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) is not used in the
make compact to mix to select design aggregate structure. Marshall test.
Control point / Restricted zone (FHWA 0.45 power chart) Control point / Restricted zone (FHWA 0.45 power chart) which
which is used to determine design aggregate structure, are not exist in the Marshall test.
determine if the aggregate is Finer or Coarse with respect to
max density line and evaluate (NMS).
2014
Dimensions of Gyratory are (150)mm diameter which is more The Diameter of specimen in the Marshall test is (102mm)
Year
than the diameter of Marshall test specimen & number of which is less than the diameter of Gyratory in Super pave test.
Gyration per min in Super pave= (30)
52
References Références Referencias 11. Mix Design Methods for Asphalt Concrete and other
Hot Mix Types, The Asphalt Institute, MS-2, Sixth
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( G ) Volume XIV Issue V Version I