Human Cancer Cells

Introduction
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the

potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all
tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of
the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal
bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in
bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they
may have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
These diseases are characterized by a cellular malfunction. Healthy
cells are programmed to 'know what to do and when to do it'.
Cancerous cells do not have this programming and therefore
replicate and grow out of control. Cancerous cells in together are
called Neoplasm.
Neoplasm
HUMAN CANCER CELLS
Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or
flooding the blood with abnormal cells. Cancer cells have
distinguishing histological features visible under the microscope. The
nucleus is often large and irregular, and the cytoplasm may also
display abnormalities. The shape, size, protein composition, and
texture of the nucleus are often altered in malignant cells. The
nucleus may acquire grooves, folds or indentations, chromatin may
aggregate or disperse, and the nucleolus can become enlarged.
Different combinations of abnormalities are characteristic of
different cancer types, to the extent that nuclear appearance can be
used as a marker in cancer diagnostics and staging.
Cancer cell formation Cancer cell multiplication
Difference between Normal and Cancer Cells
Normal Cells Cancer Cells

Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction is needed to These cells may have gene
replenish the cell population that mutations or chromosome
ages or becomes damaged or mutations that affect the
destroyed. Normal cells reproductive properties of the
reproduce properly. cells. They don’t experience
biological aging and maintain
their ability to replicate and
grow.
Cell Communication
Cells communicate with other Cancer cells lose the ability to
cells through chemical signals. communicate with other cells
These signals help normal cells to through chemical signals. They
know when to reproduce and also lose sensitivity to anti-
when to stop reproducing. Cell growth signals from surrounding
signals are usually transmitted cells. These signals normally
into a cell by specific proteins. restrict cellular growth.
Cell Specialization
Normal cells have the ability to Cancer cells are uspecialized and
differentiate or develop into do not develop into cells of a
specialized cells. For example, specific type. Similar to stem
cells can develop into heart cells, cells, cancer cells proliferate or
brain cells, lung cells or any other replicate many times, for long
cells of a specific type. periods of time.
Cell Death
Normal cells have the ability to When the genes in a normal cell
self destruct when they become are damaged beyond repair,
damaged or diseased. Cells break certain DNA checking
down and are disposed of by mechanisms signal for cell
white blood cells. destruction.
Morphological Difference between Normal and Cancer Cells
Normal Cells Cancer Cells

Large cytoplasm Small cytoplasm
Single nucleus Multiple nuclei
Single nucleolus Multiple and large nucleoli
Find chromatin Coarse chromatin
CANCER CELL DIVISION
Cell division is a normal process used by the body for growth and
repair. A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells, and these
daughter cells are used to build new tissue, or to replace cells that
have died as a result of ageing or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing
when there is no longer a need for more daughter cells, but cancer
cells continue to produce copies. Cancer is unchecked cell growth.
Mutations in genes can cause cancer by accelerating cell division
rates or inhibiting normal controls on the system, such as cell cycle
arrest or programmed cell death. As a mass of cancerous cells grows,
it can develop into a tumor.
Tumor formation Cancer Development

Differentiating between normal cell division and cancer cell division
Causes of CANCER
 Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths.

 Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical
activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol.
 Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing
radiation and environmental pollutants.
 In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to
infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human
papillomavirus (HPV).
 Approximately 5-10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic
defects from a person's parents.
These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell.
Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops.
Types of cancer and symptoms
Most Common types of Cancer:
Luna Cancer:
A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in people
who smoke.
Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest pain, Wheezing and

weight loss.
Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work, Eat diet full of

fruits and vegetables, Exercise most days of the week.
Breast Cancer
A cancer that forms in the cells of breasts.
Symptoms- Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort, inverted nipple,

lump formation near breasts.
Prevention- Keep weight in check and be physically fit. Avoid alcohol

and smoking. Avoid birth control pills and regular screening. Avoid
post-menopausal hormones.
Prostate Cancer:
A cancer in a man's prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland that

produces seminal fluid.
Symptoms- Urinary problems, Blood in the urine and semen. Pain in

the hips, pelvis, spine or upper leg. Pain or discomfort during
ejaculation.
Prevention- Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy and a Balanced

diet. Ensuring regular ejaculation. Having green tea regularly.
Throat Cancer
Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice box, the vocal cords, and
other parts of the throat, such as the tonsils and oropharynx.
Symptoms: Respiratory symptoms like coughing, Blood wheezing, or

shortness of breath, weight loss, weakness, fever, a change in voice,
Chest pain, ear pain, hoarseness swollen lymph nodes in the neck,
difficulty in swallowing.
Prevention: Don’t smoke, check for radon at home, regular exercise;

eat variety of fruits and vegetables, limit the intake of alcohol, have a
cup of green tea.
Lung Cancer Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer Throat Cancer

CANCER TREATMENT
Cancer can be treated in the following ways:
Surgery:
Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which a

surgeon removes cancer from the patient’s body.
Radiation Therapy:
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to

kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
Chemotherapy:
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
Immunotherapy:
It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight

cancer.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.canceresearchuk.org
www.thoughtco.com
www.bing.com
www.healthtap.com
www.mayoclinic.org
www.about.com
www.dogpile.com
www.cancer.net
www.cancer.gov

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Introduction

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the

HUMAN CANCER CELLS

Cancer cell formation Cancer cell multiplication

Difference between Normal and Cancer Cells

Normal Cells Cancer Cells

Morphological Difference between Normal and Cancer Cells

Normal Cells Cancer Cells

Tumor formation Cancer Development

 Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths.

Most Common types of Cancer:

Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest pain, Wheezing and

Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work, Eat diet full of

A cancer that forms in the cells of breasts.

Symptoms- Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort, inverted nipple,

Prevention- Keep weight in check and be physically fit. Avoid alcohol

A cancer in a man's prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland that

Symptoms- Urinary problems, Blood in the urine and semen. Pain in

Prevention- Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy and a Balanced

Symptoms: Respiratory symptoms like coughing, Blood wheezing, or

Prevention: Don’t smoke, check for radon at home, regular exercise;

Lung Cancer Breast Cancer

Prostate Cancer Throat Cancer

Cancer can be treated in the following ways:

Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which a

It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to

It is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells.

It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight

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