Avionics Systems

TOTO INDRIYANTO
2018
 Contents

Introduction

1. Communication

2. Navigation

3. Surveillance

4. Displays

5. Recording

6. Controls and Management

7. Systems’ Components
 Introduction

Aircraft is a system of systems.

Aircraft systems consists of components/elements that are always interrelated each other.

Each relies on correct functioning of others o perform its system function in optimal manner, so that aircraft
may achieve its overall operational performance effectively and efficiently.

Holistic approach is required to optimise aircraft performance.

Often individual system requirements conflict and it is necessary to trade off and balance subsystem
implementations against overall aircraft system objectives.
 Introduction

Simple interrelationship between

aircraft systems:
 Introduction

Civil aircraft systems have been categorised into Air Transport Association (ATA) chapters.

Those chapters of primary interest for avionics systems are shown in Segment 9.2 (see figure below)

Traditional avionics segment are chapters for:

• autoflight (ATA Chapter 22);
• communications (23);
• recording and indication (31), or known as flight deck (see Cockpit Design lectures);
• navigation (34).
 Introduction

Avionics segments
according to ATA (Air
Transport Association):
 Introduction

Autoflight:
– functional: flight control, auto-stabilisation, autopilot, auto-throttle, envelope protection;
– sensors: body rates, air data, attitude, heading, inertial reference;
– effectors: actuators, servomotors.

Communication:
– functional: audio, data, video exchange;
– antennas: HF, U/VHF, Satcom, etc.

Flight deck:
– functional: flight display, navigation display, systems display, standby instruments, data recording;
– sensors: weather radar, infra-red cameras;
– effectors/devices: flight deck displays, head-up display, synthetic & enhanced vision.

Navigation:
– functional: flight management, navigation, flight optiimization, surveillance;
– sensors: ADF, VOR, DME, ILS, MLS, etc.
 Introduction

Today avionics-style technology is being applied in other areas, including:

• flight control (27);
• power (engine) control (76);
• landing gear (32);
• fuel system (28);
• electrical power (24); vehicle management system (VMS)
• ice & rain protection (30).

VMS:
– functional: electrical power management and distribution; refuel, defuel & jettison, c/g control, load
alleviation; gear extension and retraction, braking, wheel steering; anti-/de-ice, environmental control system;
engine control; etc
– sensors: pressure, temperature, deflection, etc.
– effectors: actuators, servomotors.
 1. Communication Systems

1. Communication  1.1. VHF communication

2. Navigation 1.2. HF communication
3. Surveillance 1.3. SELCAL System
4. Displays 1.4. Satellite communication
5. Recording 1.5. Data communication
6. Controls and Management 1.6. ELT or ULB
7. Systems’ Components
 1.1. VHF Communication

Overview:
 1.1. VHF Communication

Typical architecture:
 1.1. VHF Communication

Antenna:
 1.2. HF Communication

Overview:
 1.2. HF Communication

Typical architecture:
 1.2. HF Communication

Antenna:
 1.3. SELCAL System

Overview:
 1.3. SELCAL System

Typical architecture:
 1.4. Satellite Communication

Overview:
 1.4. Satellitec Communication

Typical architecture:
 1.4. Satellite Communication

Components:
High and low gain antennas:
 1.5. Data Communication

Overview:
 1.5. Data Communication

Typical application:
 1.5. Data Communication

Typical architecture:
 1.6. ELT or ULB

Working principle:
 1.6. ELT or ULB

ELT (emergency locator transmitter)

ULB (underwater locator beacon)

schematic:
 2. Navigation Systems

1. Communication
2. Navigation  2.1. Automatic Direction Finder
3. Surveillance 2.2. VHF Omnirange Radio
4. Displays 2.3. Distance Measuring Equipment
5. Recording 2.4. Instrument Landing Systems
6. Controls and Management 2.5. Inertial Navigation Systems
7. Systems’ Components 2.6. Global Positioning System
2.7. Air Data System
2.8. Radio Altimeter
 2.1. ADF

Overview:
 2.1. ADF

Typical architecture:
 2.2. VOR

Overview:
 2.2. VOR

Typical architecture:
 2.3. DME

Overview:
 2.3. DME

Typical architecture:
 2.4. ILS

Overview
of GS and LOC:
 2.4. ILS

Overview
of MB:
 2.4. ILS

Typical architecture:
 2.4. ILS

General description:
 2.4. ILS
Antenna locations:
 2.5. INS

Overview:
 2.5. INS

Typical architecture:
 2.5. INS

Typical unit:
 2.5. INS

Components
inside unit:
 2.5. INS

ADIRU/SAARU
redundancy
management:
 2.6. GPS

Overview:
 2.6. GPS

Theory of operation:
 2.6. GPS

Theory of operation:
 2.6. GPS

Typical architecture:
 2.7. Air Data System

Overview:
 2.7. Air Data System

Typical architecture:
 2.8. Radio Altimeter

Overview:
 2.8. Radio Altimeter

Typical architecture:
 3. Surveillance Systems

1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance  3.1. Weather radar
4. Displays 3.2. ATC Systems
5. Recording 3.3. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System
6. Controls and Management 3.4. Ground Proximity Warning System
7. Systems’ Components 3.5. Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast
 3.1. WXR

Overview:
 3.1. WXR

Typical architecture:
 3.1. WXR

Antenna and receiver-transmitter locations:

 3.1. WXR

Antenna assembly:
 3.2. ATC System

Overview:
 3.2. ATC System

Typical architecture:
 3.2. ATC System

ATC antenna:
 3.3. TCAS

Overview:
 3.3. TCAS

Typical architecture:
 3.3. TCAS

Operation-
surveillance area:
 3.4. GPWS

Overview:
 3.4. GPWS

Typical architecture:
 3.4. GPWS

Typical
mode
summary:
 3.5. ADS-B

Overview:
 3.5. ADS-B

Functional description:
 4. Display Systems

1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance
4. Displays  4.1. Analog displays
5. Recording 4.2. PFD
6. Controls and Management 4.3. ND
7. Systems’ Components 4.4. Systems display
4.5. HUD
4.6. EFB
 4.1. Analog Displays

Typical view:
e.g. for standby instrument
 4.2. PFD

Typical view :
 4.3. ND

Typical view:
 4.4. Systems Display

Typical synoptic view:

 4.5. HUD

Typical HUD installation:

 4.6. EFB

Typical EFB installation:

 4.7. Displays Layout

Flight deck viewing

geometry:
 4.7. Displays Layout

Flight deck viewing

geometry:
 4.7. Displays Layout

Flight deck viewing geometry:

 5. Recording Systems

1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance
4. Displays
5. Recording  5.1. FDR
6. Controls and Management 5.2. CVR
7. Systems’ Components
 5.1. FDR

Overview:
 5.1. FDR

Typical architecture:
 5.2. CVR

Overview:
 5.2. CVR

Typical architecture:
 6. Control and Management Systems

1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance
4. Displays
5. Recording
6. Controls and Management  6.1. Flight Control Systems
7. Systems’ Components 6.2. Auto Pilot Flight Director
6.3. Flight Management Systems
6.4. Engine Control Systems
 6.1. FCS

Overview :
 6.1. FCS

Primary FCS overview:

 6.1. FCS

Typical ACE
architecture:
 6.1. FCS

PFCS signal
path monitoring:
 6.1. FCS

PFC hydraulics/
ACE distribution:
 6.1. FCS

Typical
elevator
control
architecture:
 6.1. FCS

Operational modes
functional description:
 6.2. APFD

Overview :
 6.2. APFD

Mode control panel:

 6.3. FMS

Overview:
 6.3. FMS

Control display unit:

 6.4. Engine Control System

Overview:
 6.4. Engine Control System

Typical architecture:

AIMS=
EDIU=
ELMS=
EEC=
HMU=
TLA=
 7. Systems’ Components

1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance
4. Displays
5. Recording
6. Controls and Management
7. Systems’ Components  7.1. Antennas and sensors
7.2. Computing facilities (HW and SW)
7.3. Data buses and interfaces
7.4. Control panel
7.5. Display
7.6. Standards, requirements, etc.
7.7. Environment conditions
 7.1. Antennas

Typical antennas and locations:

 7.1. Sensors

Other than antennas, typical aircraft sensors:

1) systems’ sensor: pressure, temperature, brake, load, fuel, oil, control surface deflection, etc.
2) air data sensors: pitot, static, temperature, etc.
3) cameras, infra-red electro-optics, etc.
 7.2. Computing Facilities (HW & SW)

Typical HW illustration:
 7.3. Data Buses and Interfaces

Typical for aircraft:

 ARINC 664
 ARINC 629 
 ARINC 429
 RS-422
 RS-232
 10 base T
 discrete
 analog
 Etc.
 7.3. Data Buses and Interfaces

Typical ARINC 629

usage 
 7.3. Data Buses and Interfaces

Typical ARINC 629

functional block diagram 
 7.4. Control Panels

Controls are devices flight crew manipulates in order to operate, configure, and manage eroplane and its
flight control surfaces, systems, and other equipment. This include equipment in flight deck such as:

Buttons
Switches
Knobs
Keyboards
Keypads
Touch screens
Cursor control devices
Graphical user interfaces, e.g. pop-up windows and pull-down menus to control functions
Voice activated controls
 7.5. Displays

Displays are devices (typically visual but may be auditory or tactile) that transmits data or information from
aeroplane to flight crew.

See chapter 4 and previous

discussion.
 7.6. Standards, Requirements, etc.

From agencies such as:

 RTCA (Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics)  DO’s (document);
 ARINC (Aeronautical Radio Inc.)  ARINC standard series 400, 500, 600, 700 dan 800;
 ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)  docs and annexes;
 US DoD (Department of Defense)  MIL-STD’s, MIL-HDBK’s, MIL-SPECS, JSSG’s, etc;
 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)  STANAG’s (standard agreements); dan
 FAA (Federal Aeronautical Administration)  TSO’s (technical standar order) and AC’s (advisory
circular).
 etc,.
 7.6. Standards, Requirements, etc.

Examples:
• ARINC 802-2 Fiber Optic Cables;
• RTCA DO-254 Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware;
• MIL-STD-810E Test Method Standard for Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests;
• MIL-HDBK-1760 Aircraft/Store Electrical Interconnection System;
• STANAG 3221 AI Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS) in Aircraft - Design Standards and Location of
Controls;
• FAA TSO-C196B Airborne Supplemental Navigation Sensors for Global Positioning System Equipment
using Aircraft-Based Augmentation; and
• FAA AC 25-11A Electronic Flight Deck Display.
 7.7. Environment Conditions

E.g. MIL-STD-810 Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory enlists factors such as:
- altitude ; - temperature; - contamination by fluids;
- solar radiation; - rain; - humidity;
- moisture; - fungus; - salt fog/salt mist;
- sand & dust; - explosive atmosphere; - acceleration;
- immersion; - vibration; - acoustic noise;
- shock; - pyroshock; - acidic atmosphere;
- icing/freezing rain; - vibro-acoustic; - RF radiation;
- lightning; - NBC (nuclear, biological & chemical), and - EMI (electromagnetic interference).
Equivalent standard for commercial products is RTCA DO-160 Environmental Conditions and Test
Procedures for Airborne Equipment
7. Systems’ Components

1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance
4. Displays
5. Recording
6. Controls and Management
7. Systems’ Components