10 Avionics Systems
10 Avionics Systems
10 Avionics Systems
TOTO INDRIYANTO
2018
Contents
Introduction
1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance
4. Displays
5. Recording
7. Systems’ Components
Introduction
Aircraft systems consists of components/elements that are always interrelated each other.
Each relies on correct functioning of others o perform its system function in optimal manner, so that aircraft
may achieve its overall operational performance effectively and efficiently.
Often individual system requirements conflict and it is necessary to trade off and balance subsystem
implementations against overall aircraft system objectives.
Introduction
Civil aircraft systems have been categorised into Air Transport Association (ATA) chapters.
Those chapters of primary interest for avionics systems are shown in Segment 9.2 (see figure below)
Avionics segments
according to ATA (Air
Transport Association):
Introduction
Autoflight:
– functional: flight control, auto-stabilisation, autopilot, auto-throttle, envelope protection;
– sensors: body rates, air data, attitude, heading, inertial reference;
– effectors: actuators, servomotors.
Communication:
– functional: audio, data, video exchange;
– antennas: HF, U/VHF, Satcom, etc.
Flight deck:
– functional: flight display, navigation display, systems display, standby instruments, data recording;
– sensors: weather radar, infra-red cameras;
– effectors/devices: flight deck displays, head-up display, synthetic & enhanced vision.
Navigation:
– functional: flight management, navigation, flight optiimization, surveillance;
– sensors: ADF, VOR, DME, ILS, MLS, etc.
Introduction
VMS:
– functional: electrical power management and distribution; refuel, defuel & jettison, c/g control, load
alleviation; gear extension and retraction, braking, wheel steering; anti-/de-ice, environmental control system;
engine control; etc
– sensors: pressure, temperature, deflection, etc.
– effectors: actuators, servomotors.
1. Communication Systems
Overview:
1.1. VHF Communication
Typical architecture:
1.1. VHF Communication
Antenna:
1.2. HF Communication
Overview:
1.2. HF Communication
Typical architecture:
1.2. HF Communication
Antenna:
1.3. SELCAL System
Overview:
1.3. SELCAL System
Typical architecture:
1.4. Satellite Communication
Overview:
1.4. Satellitec Communication
Typical architecture:
1.4. Satellite Communication
Components:
High and low gain antennas:
1.5. Data Communication
Overview:
1.5. Data Communication
Typical application:
1.5. Data Communication
Typical architecture:
1.6. ELT or ULB
Working principle:
1.6. ELT or ULB
schematic:
2. Navigation Systems
1. Communication
2. Navigation 2.1. Automatic Direction Finder
3. Surveillance 2.2. VHF Omnirange Radio
4. Displays 2.3. Distance Measuring Equipment
5. Recording 2.4. Instrument Landing Systems
6. Controls and Management 2.5. Inertial Navigation Systems
7. Systems’ Components 2.6. Global Positioning System
2.7. Air Data System
2.8. Radio Altimeter
2.1. ADF
Overview:
2.1. ADF
Typical architecture:
2.2. VOR
Overview:
2.2. VOR
Typical architecture:
2.3. DME
Overview:
2.3. DME
Typical architecture:
2.4. ILS
Overview
of GS and LOC:
2.4. ILS
Overview
of MB:
2.4. ILS
Typical architecture:
2.4. ILS
General description:
2.4. ILS
Antenna locations:
2.5. INS
Overview:
2.5. INS
Typical architecture:
2.5. INS
Typical unit:
2.5. INS
Components
inside unit:
2.5. INS
ADIRU/SAARU
redundancy
management:
2.6. GPS
Overview:
2.6. GPS
Theory of operation:
2.6. GPS
Theory of operation:
2.6. GPS
Typical architecture:
2.7. Air Data System
Overview:
2.7. Air Data System
Typical architecture:
2.8. Radio Altimeter
Overview:
2.8. Radio Altimeter
Typical architecture:
3. Surveillance Systems
1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance 3.1. Weather radar
4. Displays 3.2. ATC Systems
5. Recording 3.3. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System
6. Controls and Management 3.4. Ground Proximity Warning System
7. Systems’ Components 3.5. Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast
3.1. WXR
Overview:
3.1. WXR
Typical architecture:
3.1. WXR
Antenna assembly:
3.2. ATC System
Overview:
3.2. ATC System
Typical architecture:
3.2. ATC System
ATC antenna:
3.3. TCAS
Overview:
3.3. TCAS
Typical architecture:
3.3. TCAS
Operation-
surveillance area:
3.4. GPWS
Overview:
3.4. GPWS
Typical architecture:
3.4. GPWS
Typical
mode
summary:
3.5. ADS-B
Overview:
3.5. ADS-B
Functional description:
4. Display Systems
1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance
4. Displays 4.1. Analog displays
5. Recording 4.2. PFD
6. Controls and Management 4.3. ND
7. Systems’ Components 4.4. Systems display
4.5. HUD
4.6. EFB
4.1. Analog Displays
Typical view:
e.g. for standby instrument
4.2. PFD
Typical view :
4.3. ND
Typical view:
4.4. Systems Display
1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance
4. Displays
5. Recording 5.1. FDR
6. Controls and Management 5.2. CVR
7. Systems’ Components
5.1. FDR
Overview:
5.1. FDR
Typical architecture:
5.2. CVR
Overview:
5.2. CVR
Typical architecture:
6. Control and Management Systems
1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance
4. Displays
5. Recording
6. Controls and Management 6.1. Flight Control Systems
7. Systems’ Components 6.2. Auto Pilot Flight Director
6.3. Flight Management Systems
6.4. Engine Control Systems
6.1. FCS
Overview :
6.1. FCS
Typical ACE
architecture:
6.1. FCS
PFCS signal
path monitoring:
6.1. FCS
PFC hydraulics/
ACE distribution:
6.1. FCS
Typical
elevator
control
architecture:
6.1. FCS
Operational modes
functional description:
6.2. APFD
Overview :
6.2. APFD
Overview:
6.3. FMS
Overview:
6.4. Engine Control System
Typical architecture:
AIMS=
EDIU=
ELMS=
EEC=
HMU=
TLA=
7. Systems’ Components
1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance
4. Displays
5. Recording
6. Controls and Management
7. Systems’ Components 7.1. Antennas and sensors
7.2. Computing facilities (HW and SW)
7.3. Data buses and interfaces
7.4. Control panel
7.5. Display
7.6. Standards, requirements, etc.
7.7. Environment conditions
7.1. Antennas
Typical HW illustration:
7.3. Data Buses and Interfaces
Controls are devices flight crew manipulates in order to operate, configure, and manage eroplane and its
flight control surfaces, systems, and other equipment. This include equipment in flight deck such as:
Buttons
Switches
Knobs
Keyboards
Keypads
Touch screens
Cursor control devices
Graphical user interfaces, e.g. pop-up windows and pull-down menus to control functions
Voice activated controls
7.5. Displays
Displays are devices (typically visual but may be auditory or tactile) that transmits data or information from
aeroplane to flight crew.
Examples:
• ARINC 802-2 Fiber Optic Cables;
• RTCA DO-254 Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware;
• MIL-STD-810E Test Method Standard for Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests;
• MIL-HDBK-1760 Aircraft/Store Electrical Interconnection System;
• STANAG 3221 AI Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS) in Aircraft - Design Standards and Location of
Controls;
• FAA TSO-C196B Airborne Supplemental Navigation Sensors for Global Positioning System Equipment
using Aircraft-Based Augmentation; and
• FAA AC 25-11A Electronic Flight Deck Display.
7.7. Environment Conditions
E.g. MIL-STD-810 Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory enlists factors such as:
- altitude ; - temperature; - contamination by fluids;
- solar radiation; - rain; - humidity;
- moisture; - fungus; - salt fog/salt mist;
- sand & dust; - explosive atmosphere; - acceleration;
- immersion; - vibration; - acoustic noise;
- shock; - pyroshock; - acidic atmosphere;
- icing/freezing rain; - vibro-acoustic; - RF radiation;
- lightning; - NBC (nuclear, biological & chemical), and - EMI (electromagnetic interference).
Equivalent standard for commercial products is RTCA DO-160 Environmental Conditions and Test
Procedures for Airborne Equipment
7. Systems’ Components
1. Communication
2. Navigation
3. Surveillance
4. Displays
5. Recording
6. Controls and Management
7. Systems’ Components