Maddie Brewster A4

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

“Apollo Moon Landing”. Filmed July 16, 1947. YouTube video, posted July 19, 2019.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6A72ufn3l4.

This is a primary source because it is the original, unedited footage of the Apollo 11
spacecraft taking off and Neil Armstrong walking on the moon. This video provided a
first hand view of the spacecraft taking off and the astronauts talking to the mission
control. This video showed clips of the astronauts on the moon as well. I used this source
in my project by cutting clips from the video and placing them throughout my website to
add different creative aspects and provide firsthand accounts of the landing on the moon.
This source relates to the theme of Breaking Barriers because by the United States
successfully landing a man on the moon, they had broken the barrier and goal that they
had set for themselves almost a decade earlier.

Clark, Evert. "The Effect on The Space Race." The New York Times, April 1967.
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/04/16/90329309.html?pag
eNumber=152.

This is a primary source because it is a newspaper article published by the New York
Times in 1967. This source allowed me to have a better understanding of the failed
Apollo launch and how it affected the media and the public's opinion of the space
program. Not only was the public discouraged by the failed mission, but so was the
government and the Space Programs sponsors. This article helps relate my topic to the
theme of Breaking Barriers because it demonstrates how in order for the Space Program
and NASA to break barriers they had to take risks and experiment with technology. This
article also illustrates how during the Space Race, the United States had to break barriers
in government in order to gain the funding necessary to achieve their goals.

Kennedy's Address at Rice University on Space Exploration" Archival Film, New York,
NY: NBC Universal, 09/12/1962. Accessed Sept. 21 2015 from NBC Learn:
https://preview-archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12/browse/?cuecard=1249.

This primary source is President John F. Kennedy’s speech declaring the United State’s
goal to reach the moon. Heis at Rice College and addressing the public about the
country’s future plans and goals while also reigniting the nations drive to win the Space
Race and Cold War overall. This source allowed me to understand just how competitive
the Space Race was between the Soviet Union and the United States and the extreme
steps that both governments took to outdo each other. I used this clip from his speech in
my project to provide further details and information about how the Space Race affected
the United States politically. This source relates to this year's theme of Breaking Barriers
because by President Kennedy addressing and challenging the Soviet Union in such a
public way, it broke barriers being one of the first times such an important political
matter was addressed so publicly.

Levey, Reynold. "Letters to the Editors of The Times." The New York TImes, July 1969.
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/07/24/89012802.html?pag
eNumber=36.

This article is a primary source because it is a newspaper article published in 1969,

during the Space Race, by the New York Times. This article is a series of letters written
to the editor of the newspaper. The letters include the public's opinion on the Space Race.
People were concerned that the United States reputation would be hurt because of
President Kennedy’s declaration about the United States reaching the moon. The public
did not see the moon in their near future and were losing hope because of the Soviet
Union’s increasing success and the United States slow progress. This source helped me
better understand how the public's opinion and mood towards the Space Race or any
important event can have such an effect on the outcome. This source relates to this years
theme because it shows how the Space Race broke barriers by being so public and by
allowing the opinions of the United States citizens to not only be heard by the United
States government, but also all around the world.

Wildford, John. "What's The Score In The Space Race?" The New York Times, September
1968. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/09/22/893461
99.html?pageNumber=189.

This is primary, newspaper article published by the New York Times in 1968. This
article refers to the progress made in the Space Race made by both the United States and
the Soviet Union. It refers to how in the beginning the Soviet Union was ahead and then
the United States seemed to catch up after its successful Gemini flights. It also mentions
NASA’s budget of 3.85 billion dollars from 1963 to 1968. I used this source to illustrate
different technological advancements that occurred during the Space Race and to also
show how the media allowed for constant updates on events occuring during the Space
Race. This source relates the Space Race to the theme of Breaking Barriers by showing
how for the first time in history a war was nott being fought through battles, but rather
through technological advancements.

Secondary Sources

"Expansion of the Arms Race in Outer Space." Bulletin of Peace Proposals 17, no. 3/4
(1986): 331-39. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44481262.

This journal article from JSTOR provides an explanation of how the Arms Race led to
the Space Race. It talks about how the development of new technological arms led to the
United States and Soviet Union feeling the need to expand their safety precautions, in the
form of satellites, in order to keep track of their competitors. The new satellites that were
developed became the first steps to exploring technology in space. I used this source to
help me relate the Arms Race, and the Cold War in general, to the development of the
Space Race and to show some of the new technological advancements made during that
time period. This source relates the Space Race to this years theme of Breaking Barriers
because it explains how new weaponry was developed which broke barriers
technologically and contributed to the modern weapons we have today.

Heppenheimer, T.A. Countdown. Canada: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1997.

This source is a book which focuses on the events that led to the Space Race. It explains
how the development of rockets led to the creation of the spacecrafts that eventually
reached the moon. This source also gives a basic timeline of the Space Race and the steps
that were being taken by NASA and the United States government to have all of the
resources needed to compete in the Space Race. This book also goes into details on the
major milestones in the Space Race by both the Soviet Union and the United States. This
source helps relate the Space Race to the theme of Breaking Barriers because it illustrates
the technological barriers broken along with the political steps that were being taken in
government to allow for these technological barriers to be broken.

"How did World War II Lead to the Cold War?." Dailey History . Last modified August
25, 2019. https://dailyhistory.org/How_did_World_War_II_Lead_t_the_C
old_War%3F.

This source is a website article that gives basic background information on the events that
led to the Cold War. It explains how World War II shifted the Soviet Union and the
United States to opposite sides of the alliance. This source covers how the fall of Nazis
and Hitler put Stalin and the Soviet Union in a place of holding great power in Europe. It
also explains how the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to further tensions
between the two nations because of the Soviet Union's attempts to control eastern Europe
and spread communism. These two acts got in the way of the Soviet Union resulting in
major tension. This source helps relate the SPace Race to this years theme by explaining
how political barriers were broken as the Soviet Union expanded their power and how the
United States chose to respond with the growth in technology and weaponry.

McDougall, Walter A. "The Scramble for Space." The Wilson Quarterly 4, no. 4 (1980):
71-82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40255998.

This source is a journal article from JSTOR. This article explains the launch of Sputnik I
and why the Sovit Union decided to launch the satellite and officially challenge the
United States. Joseph Stalin was obsessed with gaining power and he wanted the Soviet
Union to have a reputation for being a powerful nation with botheur their military and
their technology. I used this source to help explain how the Space Race begin and how
the launch of Sputnik I led to the United States trying to top the Soviet Union in space.
This article relates the Space Race to this years theme by explaining how the Space Race
was an aspect in the first war to not be fought with weapons, but with technology.

Murray, Bruce. Journey into Space. Ontario: Penguin Books, 1989.

This secondary source is a book which focuses on how the United States government,
especially President Kennedy, fought to achieve their vision of the United States landing
the first man on the moon. This book also explains that at the time President Kennedy
announced that the United States would land a man on the moon by the end of the
decade, that the United States was currently ahead in the Space Race, but soon after his
announcement the Soviet Union surged ahead and took back the lead. This discouraged
and scared the United States because it would hurt their reputation around the world if the
Soviet Union beat them after they had just made such a bold statement. This book helps
relate my topic to the theme of Breaking Barriers because it shows how the United States
broke barriers withPresident Kennedy challenging his closest competitor in such a public
and bold way. By him doing this it not only changed how politics between nations were
handled, but it also made politics much more public in the eyes of the rest of the world.

"Restraining the Qualitative Arms Race." Bulletin of Peace Proposals 17, no. 3/4 (1986):
527-533. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41885020.

This source is a JSTOR article that focuses on the Arms Race. This source goes into
detail about the weapons that were being manufactured after the end of World War II and
how the United States was becoming fearful of the technological advancements coming
from communist nations. It explains how the Arms Race led to the Space Race because of
all the new technology that was being produced during the Arms Race that made the
Space Race possible. This source helps my topic relate to this years theme by explaining
how the rise of new technologies affected the United States, along with the rest of the
world in the decades to come.

Reynolds, David W. APOLLO. Minneapolis: Zenith Press, 2013.

This secondary source is a book that provides general background information about the
Space Race and the events that occurred during the race. It explains how Soviet scientists
developed Sputnik I and how the United States responded to the launch. This source
mentions the the comparison of power and technology and how the two were closely
related during the Space Race. This book also gives a summary of President John F.
Kennedy’s speech about reaching the moon and America's initial reaction to it. I used this
source to help show how the technological barriers that were broken led to political
barriers that were broken because of the adaptation that had to take place to those
technological advancements.

Richard, Michael P. "Implications of the Space Objective." Social Science 39, no. 1
(January 1964): 38-42. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41885020.

This secondary source is a journal article from UALR’s online database, JSTOR. This
source mentions World War II and how the end of the war led to the Cold War and the
Space Race. It also focuses on the public's reaction to the Space Race. Many people
viewed the Space Race as very risky for the United States. The winner of the Space Race
would finally declare their official status in the world. It would severely hurt the United
States if they lost because they had been a major world power for so long. I used this
source to help show how the Space Race broke barriers politically because the loser of
the Space Race would not just lose a battle, but their reputation and ultimately power
around the world as well. This source relates to the theme of Breaking Barriers because it
shows that barriers were broken politically in order for the United States to commit to the
race and ultimately decide that the Space Race and its possible outcomes were worth the
risk.

Shreve, Bradley G. "THE US, THE USSR, AND SPACE EXPLORATION."

International Journal on World Peace 20, no. 2 (June 2003): 67-83. https://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/20753399.

This source is a journal article from the online database, JSTOR. This journal article
focuses on how the Space Race came to be and what caused it. The source mentions how
the tensions at the end of World War II led to the Cold War and then to the Space Race.
This source also analyzes how the Arms Race transitioned into the Space Race, and also
how throughout the Space Race the goals and meaning of the race changed. At first the
Space Race was purely political, as it was an extension of the Cold War, but as time went
on, the Space Race became more focused on scientific exploration rather than on the
issues surrounding the Cold War. This source relates to this years theme of Breaking
Barriers in History because it specifies how extremely political the Space Race was and
how the politics of the race changed and adapted overtime out of necessity.

"Space Exploration ." National Archives . Last modified August, 2016.

https://www.archives.g ov/research/alic/reference/space-timeline.html.

This secondary source is a website article from the National Archives. This source is a
timeline of every event that happened with space exploration from 1957 to 2013. It gives
the exact date and event that happened in chronological order and provides names of
people who were involved with each event. I used this source in my project as a timeline
in the form of a drop down menu. I was able to pick and choose major events out of the
timeline and utilize the events to provide a background on each major event that occurred
during the Space Race. This source helped relate the Space Race to the theme of
Breaking Barriers in History because it describes every technological barrier broken in
the Space Race and in the years after.

Spaceflight. New York: DK Publishing, 2009.

This secondary source is a book published by DK publishing. This book goes into detail
about every aspect of the Space Race. It explains each technological or scientific
development and how each development affected the result of the Space Race. After the
Soviet Union or the United States had a victory, the media would make sure that every
newspaper and radio station covered the victory. I used this source to show just how
public the Space Race was. The Space Race broke barriers because it was the first time in
history that every member of the public was able to be actively involved and know what
the score was and what was happening at all times. This also goes back to the
technological barriers that were broken because without the ever changing technology,
then there would have been no need for the political change that occurred.

Werth, Karsten. "A Surrogate for War—The U.S. Space Program in the 1960s.
Amerikastudien / American Studies 49, no. 4 (2004): 563-87. https://www.jstor.or
g/stable/41158096.

This source is a journal article from JSTOR. This article goes into detail about how the
Cold War, which included the Space Race, was used instead of a war with actual fighting.
This article focuses on the how the Cold War was just as successful as any other war in
history, except there were no lives lost. The source mentions different aspects of the
Space Race and especially the public's response. Initially the Space Race provided a
sense of nationalism for the United States, but as the race went on, the United States
began to fall behind, people began to lose hope. It was very important that the United
States citizens support the race in order for it to become successful. When President
Kennedy announced the United States goal of reaching the moon, the country was
reinspired. This source relates to my topic to this years theme because it illustrates the
political barriers broken by the Cold War. It was the first war fought in history with no
lives lost in battle. This was because the battles were being fought with the development
of technology that went along with the Space Race.

Multimedia

“Apollo I” NASA, https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch9-2.html.

“Blueprint of Spacecraft” NASA, https://www.mypatentprints.com/product/spacecraft-at

titude-control-patent-print-space-art-space-poster-space-program-rockets-satellite-
decor-aviation-art-nasa-blueprint/.

“Earth's Atmosphere in Space” Geospatial Intelligence Agency, https://spacen

ews.com/artificial-intelligence-arms-race-accelerating-in-space/.

“Explorer-I” NASA, https://www.nasa.gov/topics/history/features/explo rer1-

exploded.html.

“Falcon Heavy Launches” SpaceX, https://www.space.com/spacex-falcon- heavy-static-

fire-test.html.

“Flag of the Soviet Union” Soviet Union Federal Government, https://www.brita

nnica.com/topic/flag-of-Union-of-Soviet-Socialist-Republics.

“Harrison Schmitt on the Moon during Apollo 17” NASA, https://www.spacefl

ightinsider.com/video/lunar-short-film-an-ode-to-the-space-race/.

“Map of Soviet Union” RIBTTES, https://ribttes.com/ussr-countries/.

“Newspaper Article About the Space Race” Evening Gazzet, https://heavy.com
/social/2018/04/its-yuris-night-a-celebration-of-space-exploration/.

“President John F. Kennedy” New York Times, https://www.snopes.com/fa ct-check/jfk-

marijuana-use/.

“Satellite in Space” Flickr, https://harvardpolitics.com/covers/the-new-space-race/.

“Sputnik-I” United States Soviet-Space Cooperation, https://busy.org/@mgibson/the -

world-s-first-artificial-satellite-called-sputnik-launched-by-the-ussr-in-1957.

“The Moon” NASA, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/nasa- moon-apollo-

artemis.html.

“United States of America Flag” United States Federal Government, https://search.usa.

gov/search?affiliate=usagov&query=flag.