Mech 910

1st Moment and Centroid of 2-D Figures LECTURE 9
First Moment of an Area vs. Moment of a Force

Moment of a force about an axis, Ma = Force x
perpendicular distance from axis to Force.
Ma = F x d
In general, Moment = Entity you want to get moment x its perpendicular distance to the axis
First Moment of an Area, First Moment of an Area, Q
Properties of the First Moment of an Area, Q

The first moment of an area, Q can have a positive, negative or zero value (+, - , or 0) depending upon the location of
the area relative to the axis where moment is required. Here are some examples:
The perpendicular distances from the x-axis (𝑦𝑠 ) are all positive (above x-axis) thus
yielding a positive Qx .
The perpendicular distances from the y-axis (𝑥𝑠 ) are all positive (right of y-axis) thus
yielding a positive Qy .
The perpendicular distances from the x-axis (𝑦𝑠 ) are all positive (above x-axis) thus
yielding a positive Qx .
The perpendicular distances from the y-axis (𝑥𝑠 ) are all negative (left of y-axis) thus
yielding a negative Qy .
The perpendicular distances from the x-axis (𝑦𝑠 ) are all negative (below x-axis)
thus yielding a negative Qx .
The perpendicular distances from the y-axis (𝑥𝑠 ) are all negative (left of y-axis)
thus yielding a negative Qy .

Here is the case where the first moment of an area is zero. This happens when the area above and below the axis are the
same and have the same corresponding perpendicular distances.
The total first moments of the areas above the x-axis (positive values) equals the total first
moments of the areas below the axis (negative values) thus, adding them will result in Qx = 0.
Centroidal axis – any straight line passing through the centroid of the area. The first
moment of the area about any of these axes is zero.Qx = 0. x’-axis and y’-axis are
centroidal axes thus Qx’=0 and Qy’=0.
Axis of symmetry – an axis wherein on either side, the areas are mirror image. The
first moment about this axis is also zero.
Relationship between Centroid & First Moment

The first moment of an area can also be expressed as the product of the area and some value.
where x̄ and ȳ locate the centroid of the area
Example 49A
Obtain the first moment Qy of the shaded area about the y-axis. Afterwards, find the x-coordinate of the centroid of the
area, x̄.
Example 49B
Obtain the first moment Qx of the shaded area about the x-axis. Afterwards, find the y-coordinate of the centroid of the
area, ȳ.
Example 50
Find the coordinates of the centroid of the right triangle whose base is b and whose altitude is h.
First Moment of a Line, First Moment of a Line, Q
Moment of a differential line about an axis, Q = differential line x perpendicular distance
of this line to axis.
dQX = dL x y
dQY = dL x x
Integrating to get moment for the whole line,
Relationship between Centroid & First Moment

The first moment of an area can also be expressed as the product of the area and some value.
where x̄ and ȳ locate the centroid of the line
Example 51
Determine the location of the centroid of a semicircular arc of radius r
Composite Figures
Composite Figure – a figure that is formed by combining common geometric shapes (areas of lines) and/or areas
bounded by functions.
Composite Figure Sub-Areas

A composite area can be broken down into sub-areas wherein the geometric properties (area and individual centroids)
of sub-areas are available.
Composite Figure
Sub-Area
First Moment of Composite Figure vs. Sub-Areas
The first moment of the composite figure is equal to the algebraic sum of the moment of the individual sub-areas about
the same axis (Varignon’s Theorem).
Centroid of Composite Area
Example 52
Example 53
Composite Line
A composite line can be broken down
into sub-lines wherein the geometric
properties (lengths and individual
centroids) of sub-lines are available.
Centroid of a Composite Line
Example 54
Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus
Surface of revolution is generated by rotating a plane curve about a fixed axis.
Area of a surface of revolution is

equal to the length of the
generating curve times the
distance traveled by the centroid
through the rotation.
A=2πȳL
• Body of revolution is generated by rotating a plane area about a fixed axis.
Volume of a body of revolution is equal to the generating area times the distance
traveled by the centroid through the rotation.
V=2πȳA
Sample Problem 5.7

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES LECTURE 10
Truss - A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined together at their end points.
Assumption/Definition
•All loadings are applied at the joints.
•The members are joined together by smooth pins. These members which are two force members will be either in
tension (T) or compression (C).
•The weights of the members are neglected, because they are very small in comparison to the external loads.
Method of analysis
•Each internal bar forces can be calculate using:
•Method of joints
•Method of sections
Method of Joints
•This method is based on the fact that if the entire truss is in equilibrium, then each of its joints is also in equilibrium.
Therefore, if the free-body diagram of each joint is drawn, the force equilibrium equations can then be used to obtain
the member forces acting on each joint.
EXAMPLE 1.1
 Determine the reactions and forces in each member for the truss system shown.
EXAMPLE 1.2
Determine all internal bar forces for the truss shown.
EXAMPLE 1.3
Determine all the bar forces.
Zero force members

• If only two non-collinear members form a truss joint and no external load or support reaction is applied to the joint,
the two members must be zero force members.
• If three members form a truss joint for which two of the members are collinear, the third member is a zero-force
member provided no external force or support reaction is applied to the joint.
EXAMPLE 2.1
Determine all the zero force members.
Method of Sections
• It is based on the principle that if the truss is in equilibrium then any segment of the truss is also in equilibrium.
EXAMPLE 3.1
Determine the force in member CF of the truss shown. Indicate whether the member is in tension or compression.
Assume each member is pin connected.
EXAMPLE 3.2
Determine the force in member JE and GF of the truss and state if these members are in tension or compression.
EXAMPLE 3.3
Determine the force in members CD, CF and CG and state if these members are in tension or compression.
Frames and Machines

Frames and machines are two types of structures which
are often composed of pin-connected multiforce
members , i.e., members that are subjected to more
than two forces. Frames are used to support loads,
whereas machines contain moving parts and are
designed to transmit and alter the effect of forces.
Forces common to any two contacting members act

with equal magnitudes but opposite sense on the
respective members. If the two members are treated as
a “system” of connected members , then these forces
are “internal” and are not shown on the FBD of the
system ; however, if the freebody diagram of each
member is drawn, the forces are “external” and must
be shown as equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction on each of the two FBD.
EXAMPLE 4.1 Ans T1=701N T2=1400N
A 500-kg elevator car is being hoisted by motor A using the pulley system shown. If the car is traveling with a constant
speed, determine the force developed in the two cables. Neglect the mass of the cable and pulleys.
EXAMPLE 4.2 Ans. Ax=6kN Ay=12kN Ma=32kNm Bx=0 By=4kN Cy=4kN

The compound beam shown is pin connected at B . Determine the components of reaction at its supports. Neglect its
weight and thickness.
EXAMPLE 4.3 Ans. Ay=657N Bx=0 By=429N Cx=0 Cy=229N

Determine the horizontal and vertical components of force which the pins at A, B, and C exert on member ABC of the
frame.
Internal Forces
To design a structural or mechanical member it is necessary to know the loading acting within the member in order to
be sure the material can resist this loading. Internal loadings can be determined by using the method of sections
Example 5.1 Ans. Cx=16.45kN Cy=21.93kN Mc=32.90kN

Determine the internal forces at C.

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1st Moment and Centroid of 2-D Figures LECTURE 9

First Moment of an Area vs. Moment of a Force

First Moment of an Area, First Moment of an Area, Q

Properties of the First Moment of an Area, Q

Properties of the First Moment of an Area, Q

Relationship between Centroid & First Moment

where x̄ and ȳ locate the centroid of the area

Relationship between Centroid & First Moment

where x̄ and ȳ locate the centroid of the line

Composite Figure Sub-Areas

Centroid of Composite Area

Area of a surface of revolution is

• Body of revolution is generated by rotating a plane area about a fixed axis.

Sample Problem 5.7

Zero force members

Frames and Machines

Forces common to any two contacting members act

EXAMPLE 4.2 Ans. Ax=6kN Ay=12kN Ma=32kNm Bx=0 By=4kN Cy=4kN

EXAMPLE 4.3 Ans. Ay=657N Bx=0 By=429N Cx=0 Cy=229N

Example 5.1 Ans. Cx=16.45kN Cy=21.93kN Mc=32.90kN

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