U3 Moment of Interia Introduction and Numericals

ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Dr. Haridasa Nayak

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Unit-IV
Moment of Inertia
Dr. Haridasa Nayak

Moment of Inertia
Dr. Haridasa Nayak

Engineering Mechanics
When forces are distributed continuously over an area on which they act,
it is often necessary to calculate the moment of these forces about some
axis either in or perpendicular to the plane of the area.
Frequently the intensity of the force (pressure or stress) is proportional to

the distance of the line of action of the force from the moment axis.
The elemental force acting on an element of area, then, is proportional to
distance times differential area, and the elemental moment is proportional
to distance squared times differential area.
We see, therefore, that the total moment involves an integral of form

∫(distance)2 d (area). This integral is called the moment of inertia or the
second moment of the area. The integral is a function of the geometry of
the area and occurs frequently in the applications of mechanics. Thus it is
useful to develop its properties in some detail and to have these properties
available for ready use when the integral arises.
Figure (a) illustrates the physical origin of these integrals. In part a of the figure, the
surface area ABCD is subjected to a distributed pressure p whose intensity is proportional
to the distance y from the axis AB. The moment about AB due to the pressure on the
element of area dA is py dA =ky2 dA. Thus, the integral in question appears when the total
moment M = k ∫y2 dA is evaluated.
In Fig. (b) shows the distribution of stress acting on a transverse section of a simple elastic
beam bent by equal and opposite couples applied to its ends. At any section of the beam,
a linear distribution of force intensity or stress σ, given by σ = ky, is present. The stress is
positive (tensile) below the axis O-O and negative (compressive) above the axis. We see
that the elemental moment about the axis 0-0 is d M = y(σ dA) = ky2 dA. Thus, the same
integral appears when the total moment M = k ∫y2 dA is evaluated.
A third example is given in Fig. (c), which shows a circular shaft subjected to a twist or
torsional moment. Within the elastic limit of the material, this moment is resisted at each
cross section of the shaft by a distribution of tangential or shear stress τ, which is
proportional to the radial distance r from the center. Thus, τ = kr, and the total moment
about the central axis is M = ∫ r (τ dA) = k ∫ r2 dA. Here the integral differs from that in the
preceding two examples in that the area is normal instead of parallel to the moment axis
and in that r is a radial coordinate instead of a rectangular one.
Although the integral illustrated in the preceding examples is generally called the
moment of inertia of the area about the axis in question, a more fitting term is the
second moment of area, since the first moment y dA is multiplied by the moment
arm y to obtain the second moment for the element dA. The word inertia appears
in the terminology by reason of the similarity between the mathematical form of
the integrals for second moments of areas and those for the resultant moments of
the so-called inertia forces in the case of rotating bodies. The moment of inertia of
an area is a purely mathematical property of the area and in itself has no physical
significance.
Moment of Inertia
The concept of inertia is provided by Newton’s first law of motion . The
property of matter by virtue of which it resists any change in its state of rest or
of uniform motion is called inertia.
The translator inertia is defined as mass Whereas the rotational inertia is

termed as moment of inertia
In other words,
“ The moment of inertia is the rotational analogue of the mass , it plays the role
of resisting a change in rotational motion in quite the same sense as mass plays
the role of resisting a change in translator motion”
Engineering Mechanics Statics
where we carry out the integration over the entire area.

Engineering Mechanics Statics
For an area whose boundaries are more simply described in rectangular

coordinates than in polar coordinates, its polar moment of inertia is easily
calculated with the aid of Eq. A/3.
Radius of gyration
Consider an area A, which has rectangular moments of inertia Ix and Iy and a polar moment of inertia Iz about 0.
We now visualize this area as concentrated into a long narrow strip of area A at a distance Kx from the x-axis,
Figb. By definition the moment of inertia of the strip about the x-axis will be the same as that of the original area
if kx2 A = Ix. The distance kx is called the radius of gyration of the area about the x-axis.
A similar relation for they-axis is written by considering the area as concentrated into a narrow strip parallel to
they-axis as shown in Fig. A/3c.
Also, if we visualize the area as concentrated into a narrow ring of radius kz as shown in Fig. A/3d, we may
express the polar moment of inertia as kz2 A = Iz.
Radius of gyration
In summary we write
Radius of gyration
A rectangular or polar moment of inertia may be expressed by specifying the radius of gyration and the area.
Conditions for parallel axis theorem

1. Two axis should be there and two axis must be parallel to each other
2. Between two axis, one axis has to pass through the centroidal axis
Transfer of Axes
The moment of inertia of an area about a non centroidal axis
may be easily expressed in terms of the moment of inertia
about a parallel centroidal axis. In Fig the x0-y0 axes pass
through the centroid C of the area. Let us now determine the
moments of inertia of the area about the parallel x-y axes. By
definition, the moment of inertia of the element dA about the
x-axis is
Expanding and integrating give us
We see that the first integral is by definition the moment of inertia lx about the centroidal X0-axis.
The second integral is zero, since ∫y0 dA =AY0 and Y0 is automatically zero with the centroid on the X0-
axis. The third term is simply Adx2
Thus, the expression for Ix and the similar expression for Iy become
Transfer of Axes
Expanding and integrating give us
The third term is simply Adx2. Thus, the expression for Ix

and the similar expression for Iy become
Eqn. A/6
Transfer of Axes
By Eq. A/3 the sum of these two equations gives
Eqn. A/6a
Equations A/6 and A/6a are the so-called parallel-axis

theorems. Two points in particular should be noted.
• First, the axes between which the transfer is made must
be parallel, and
• second, one of the axes must pass through the centroid of
the area.
If a transfer is desired between two parallel axes neither of
which passes through the centroid, it is first necessary to
transfer from one axis to the parallel centroidal axis
• and then to transfer from the centroidal axis to the second
axis.
Transfer of Axes
By Eq. A/3 the sum of these two equations gives
Eqn. A/6a
The parallel-axis theorems also hold for radii of gyration. With

substitution of the definition of k into Eqs. A/6, the transfer relation
becomes
where k is the radius of gyration about a centroidal axis parallel to

the axis about which k applies and d is the distance between the
two axes. The axes may be either in the plane or normal to the
plane of the area.
Determine the moments of inertia of the rectangular area about the centroidal X-o and yo-axes, the
centroidal polar axis z0 through C, the x-axis, and the polar axis z through 0.
Solution: For the calculation of the moment of inertia Ix about the xo-axis, a horizontal strip of area b dy is chosen
so that all elements of the strip have the same y-coordinate. Thus,
Transfer axis theorem
Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia
COMPOSITE AREAS
It is frequently necessary to calculate the moment of inertia of an area composed of a
number of distinct parts of simple and calculable geometric shape. Because a moment of
inertia is the integral or sum of the products of distance squared times element of area, it
follows that the moment of inertia of a positive area is always a positive quantity.
The moment of inertia of a composite area about a particular axis is therefore simply the
sum of the moments of inertia of its component parts about the same axis. It is often
convenient to regard a composite area as being composed of positive and negative parts. We
may then treat the moment of inertia of a negative area as a negative quantity.
When a composite area is composed of a large number of parts, it is convenient to tabulate

the results for each of the parts in terms of its area A, its centroidal moment of inertia I, the
distance d from its centroidal axis to the axis about which the moment of inertia of the
entire section is being computed, and the productAd2. For any one of the parts the moment
of inertia about the desired axis by the transfer-of-axis the
Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia
A/35 Determine the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the square area without
and with the central circular hole.
Moment of Inertia
A/36 Determine the polar moment of inertia of the circular area without and with
the central square hole.
Moment of Inertia
A/37 Calculate the polar radius of gyration of the area of the angle section about
point A. Note that the width of the legs is small compared with the length of each
leg. Neglect the width effect.
Moment of Inertia
A/38 Determine the rectangular and polar radii of gyration of the shaded area.
Moment of Inertia
A/37 The cross sectional area of an I-beam has the dimensions shown. Obtain a close
approximation to the handbook value of Ix = 385 x 106 mm4 by treating the section as
being composed of three rectangles.
Moment of Inertia
A/42 Calculate the moment of inertia of the shaded area about the x-axis.
Moment of Inertia
A/48 Determine the moments of inertia of the Z-section about its centroidal xo-
and yo-axes.
Moment of Inertia
A/43 The variable h designates the arbitrary vertical location of the bottom of the
rectangular cutout within the rectangular area. Determine the area moment of inertia
about the x-axis for (a) h = 1000 mm and (b) h = 1500 mm.
Moment of Inertia
A/49 Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area about the x-axis in two
different ways.
Moment of Inertia
A/46 Determine the moments of inertia of the shaded area about the x- and y-axes.
Moment of Inertia
A/3 The narrow rectangular strip has an area of 300 mm2, and its moment of
inertia about the y-axis is 35(103) mm4. Obtain a close approximation to the
polar radius of gyration about point 0.
Moment of Inertia
A/4 Determine the ratio b/h such that Ix = Iy for the area of the isosceles
triangle.
Moment of Inertia
A/9 The moments of inertia of the area A about the parallel p- and p'-axes
differ by 15(106) mm4. Compute the area A, which has its centroid at C.
THANK YOU
Dr. Haridasa Nayak

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Dr. Haridasa Nayak

Dr. Haridasa Nayak

Dr. Haridasa Nayak

Frequently the intensity of the force (pressure or stress) is proportional to

We see, therefore, that the total moment involves an integral of form

The translator inertia is defined as mass Whereas the rotational inertia is

where we carry out the integration over the entire area.

For an area whose boundaries are more simply described in rectangular

Conditions for parallel axis theorem

Expanding and integrating give us

Expanding and integrating give us

The third term is simply Adx2. Thus, the expression for Ix

Equations A/6 and A/6a are the so-called parallel-axis

The parallel-axis theorems also hold for radii of gyration. With

where k is the radius of gyration about a centroidal axis parallel to

When a composite area is composed of a large number of parts, it is convenient to tabulate

Dr. Haridasa Nayak

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