EFFECT OF SNAKE AND LADDER GAME ON KNOWLEDGE

REGARDING PERSONAL HYGIENE AMONG SCHOOL

CHILDREN AT SELECTED SCHOOL, COIMBATORE.

C. KAMALA DEVI

A Dissertation Submitted to
The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University,
Chennai -32.

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the

Award of the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
2016
 This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ³())(&7 2)

SNAKE AND LADDER GAME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING

PERSONAL HYGIENE AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN AT SELECTED

6&+22/ &2,0%$725(´ is a bonafide work done by

Kamala Devi. C, College of Nursing, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of

Paramedical Sciences in partial fulfillment of the University rules and

regulations for award of M.Sc. Nursing Degree under my guidance and

supervision during the academic year 2016.

Name and Signature of the : Prof.Suganthi. A....................................

Guide

Name and Signature of the

Head of Department : Prof. Suganthi. A...................................

Name and Signature of the : Dr. T. Nirmala .......................................

Principal
EFFECT OF SNAKE AND LADDER GAME ON KNOWLEDGE
REGARDING PERSONAL HYGIENE AMONG SCHOOL
CHILDREN AT SELECTED SCHOOL, COIMBATORE.

LIST OF GUIDES

Subject Guide Signature of the Guides

1. Prof. A. Suganthi, M.Sc (N)., «««««««««

HOD, Child Health Nursing department,
College of Nursing,
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences,
Coimbatore - 641 044.

Research Guide

2. Dr.T. Nirmala, M.Sc (N).,Ph.D ««««««««««

Principal,
College of Nursing,
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences,
Coimbatore - 641044.

Medical Guide

3. Dr.A.K. Jaleel Ahamed, B.Sc., M. B. B. S., D.C.H.,.............«

Chief Pediatrician & Neonatologist,
Sri Ramakrishna Hospital,
Coimbatore - 641 044.
 Certified that this is the Bonafide work of

KAMALA DEVI.C

COLLEGE OF NURSING

Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences

Coimbatore - 641 044.

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

The Tamilnadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University, Chennai ±32.

Dr.T.NIRMALA, M. Sc (N)., Ph.D.

2016
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I praise Lord Jesus Christ, the rock of my salvation for his bountiful

blessings, who has loved me with strength and inspiration in every walk of my life.

I express my heartfelt thanks to honorable Shri. R. VijayaKumhar, B.E.,

MS, MBA, Managing Trustee, SNR Sons Charitable Trust for giving me an

opportunity to utilize all the facilities in this esteemed Institution.

I extend my sincere thanks to Dr.T.Nirmala, M.Sc (N)., Principal, College

of Nursing, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Coimbatore, for her

constant support, guidance and encouragement throughout the study.

I extend my hearty thanks to Prof.S. GirijaKumari, M.Sc(N).,

Vice Principal, Sri. Ramakrishna Institute of Para medical Sciences for her constant

support throughout the study.

My sincere congratulations to Prof. Mrs. Suganthi.A, M.Sc (N)., HOD,

Department of Child Health Nursing, for her proposals , write ups encouragement

and keen interest in conception, planning and execution of the study. I feel

extremely privileged to have her as my subject guide.

I extend my thanks to Dr. A. K. Jaleel Ahammed, M. B. B.S., D.C.H.,

Chief Pediatrician and Neonatologist, Sri Ramakrishna Hospital for his

encouragement and valuable suggestions in the study.

I express my special and sincere thanks to Mrs.Brindha. V, M.Sc (N).,

Associate Professor, Research co-ordinator, College of Nursing, Sri Ramakrishna

Institute of Paramedical Sciences for her thoughtful guidance and support.

 I am really obligated to Mrs.UmaDevi, M.Sc(N)., Assistant professor and

Mrs.Yasoda P, M.Sc(N)., lecture College of Nursing, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of

Paramedical Sciences, Coimbatore, who helped me with her guidance in statistics

in the study.

I sincerely express my deep gratitude to my class co- coordinators

Mrs. Jean Tresa, M.Sc(N), Associate Professor, Department of Medical Surgical,

Mrs.Nithya, M.Sc., (N), Assistant Professor, Obstetrical and Gynecological

Nursing for their constant encouragement and support in completing this research

study.

I extend my sincere thanks to Mrs.Beryl Juliet V.S, M.Sc (N).,

Associate Professor., Mrs.Vasumathi K, M.Sc(N)., Associate Professor,

Mrs. Sudha, M.Sc(N)., Assistant Professor for their moral support and valuable

suggestions in conducting this study.

I extent my sincere thanks to all the Head of the Departments and

Research Committee Members for their valuable suggestions in conducting this

study.

I am equally grateful to the Librarians and Office Staffs of

Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences for helping in retrieving the

journals and timely assistance in preparing the manuscript.

My sincere thanks to the Principal, Sri Ramakrishna Matriculation, School

for permitting to conduct the study and I thank the teachers and study Participants

for their cooperation in conducting the study.

 It gives a sense of honor and pride for me to place on the record, with my

heartfelt thanks to my dear and lovable parents Mr.D.Christopher,

Mrs. Gowri Christopher, the guiding spirit behind all my activities. They sowed

WKHVHHGRIKRSHRQPHDQGVHHWKHLUKDSSLQHVVLQP\H\HV,W¶VWKH\ZKRFDUYHG

and made me the person who I am today. I dedicate this note of thanks to my dear

loving sisters Ms. C. Kalitha Devi and Ms. C. Kavitha Devi and my cousin sister

C.G.Padmini, K.Margin Suzma. The strongest love I had in my life is from my

friends. I heartily thank my lovable Friends and Classmates for their love and

tolerance who provided me timely support, guidance and motivation throughout my

research.

Finally I thank all whom I have not mentioned but nevertheless have been

instrumental in the successful completion of the dissertation.

 CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

I INTRODUCTION 1-11

1.1 Need for the Study 5

1.2 Statement of the Problem 7

1.3 Objectives 7

1.4 Operational Definition 8

1.5 Hypothesis 8

1.6 Conceptual Framework 8

1.7 Projected Outcome 10

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 12-22

2.1 Literature related to Personal Hygiene 12

Literature related to snake and ladder

2.2 17
game.

Literature related to personal hygiene

2.3 19
through snake and ladder game.

III METHODOLOGY 23-32

3.1 Research approach 23

3.2 Research design 23

3.3 Setting 23

3.4 Population 24
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

3.5 Sample size determination 24

3.6 Sampling technique 25

3.7 Variables of the study 27

3.8 Tools for data collection 27

3.9 Validity of tool 28

3.10 Procedure for snake and ladder game 29

3.11 Pilot study 30

3.12 Ethical consideration 30

3.13 Procedure for Data collection 31

3.14 Techniques of Data Analysis and

32
Interpretation.

IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 33-65

4.1 School children based on the 35

Demographic Variables.

4.2 Assessment on previous knowledge 45

regarding personal hygiene among school
children before and after snake and ladder
game.

4.3 Assessment on the level of knowledge 49

regarding personal hygiene among school
children before and after snake and ladder
game.
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

4.4 Compaprison of pre-test and post test 53

score on knowledge regarding personal
hygiene among school children

4.5 Effect of snake and ladder game on 59

knowledge regarding personal hygiene

4.6 Association between the pretest level of 60

knowledge on personal hygiene and
selected demographic variables among
school children.

V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 66-71

5.1 School children based on the 66

Demographic Variables.

5.2 Asses the knowledge regarding personal 68

hygiene among school children

5.3 To evaluate the effect of snake and ladder 69

game on knowledge regarding personal
hygiene among school children.

5.4 Association between the selected 70

demographic variable and pretest
knowledge on personal hygiene among
school children

VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 72-76

6.1 Major findings of the study 72

6.2 Limitation 74

6.3 Suggestion for further study 74

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

6.4 Recommendation 74

6.5 Nursing implications 75

6.5 Conclusion 76

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

ANNEXURE
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO

4.1 Age of the school children 35

4.2 Sex of the school children 36

4.3 Educational status of fathers 36

4.4 Educational status of mothers 38

4.5 Religion of the school children 38

4.6 Occupational status of father 41

4.7 Occupational status of mother 42

4.8 Monthly income of the family 43

4.9 Number of Siblings at home 44

4.10 Previous Knowledge on Personal Hygiene 45

4.11 Sources of informer about previous knowledge 47

regarding Personal Hygiene

4.12 Level of knowledge on personal hygiene among 49

school children before snake and ladder game.

4.13 Level of knowledge on personal hygiene among 51

school children after snake and ladder game.

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO
4.14 Comparison on level of knowledge on personal 53

hygiene among school children before and after

snake and ladder game.

4.15 Comparison on level of knowledge score on 56

personal hygiene among school children before

and after snake and ladder game.

4.16 Effect of snake and ladder game on personal 59

hygiene among school children.

4.17 Association between personal hygiene and 61

Selected Demographic Variables among School

Children
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO

1.1 Conceptual framework 11

3.1 Diagramatic representation of Research 26

process

3.2 Schematic representation of variables 27

4.1 Age of the school children. 37

4.2 Sex of the school children. 37

4.3 Educational status of fathers 39

4.4 Educational status of mothers 39

4.5 Religious status of school children 40

4.6 Occupational status of fathers 41

4.7 Occupational status of mother 42

4.8 Monthly income of the family 43

4.9 Number of Siblings at home. 44

4.11 Previous Knowledge on Personal Hygiene 46

4.12 Sources of informer about previous knowledge 48

regarding Personal Hygiene

4.13 Level of knowledge on personal hygiene 50

among school children before snake and ladder
game.

4.14 Level of knowledge on personal hygiene 52

among school children after snake and ladder
game.
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO

4.16 Comparison on level of knowledge on personal 57

among school children before and after snake
and ladder game.

4.17 Comparison of individual knowledge score 58

regarding personal among school children
before and after snake and ladder game.
 LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE

I
Lesson plan

II
Snake and ladder game

III
Permission Letter for Conducting Study

IV
Letter Requesting to Validate the Research Tool and Content

V
Tool for Data Collection Tamil and English

VI
Certificate of English Editing

VII
Certificate of Tamil Editing
 LIST OF ANNEXURE

ANNEXURE TITLE

I Analysis on the effect of snake and ladder game

II Chi Square analysis to find the association between the pretest

level of knowledge on personal hygiene and selected

demographic variables among school children.

 Abstract

The study was conducted to assess the effect of snake and ladder game on

personal hygiene among school children at Sri Ramakrishna Matriculation School,

Coimbatore. The research design used for the present study was pre-experimental

one group pre test post test design. By using proportionate stratified random

sampling technique forty five samples were selected and their knowledge regarding

personal hygiene was assessed by structured questionnaire. Education about

personal hygiene was given through snake and ladder game for 5 days. Post test was

done using the same questionnaire. The obtained data was analyzed using paired

µt¶ test. The mean score before and after education regarding personal hygiene was

13.68 & 33.31 and the standard deviation was 5.61 & 6.62 respectively with a mean

difference of 19.63. The calculated µt¶ value 19.62, was greater than the table value

at 0.001 level of significance. Hence, it was concluded that snake and ladder game

was effective in enhancing the knowledge regarding personal hygiene among

school children.
 INTRODUCTION

³&OHDQOLQHVV LV QH[W WR *odliness´. .HHSLQJ RQH¶V ERG\ FOHDQ LV DQ

important part of keeping oneself healthy and helping one feel good. Caring about

WKHZD\RQHORRNVLVLPSRUWDQWWRRQH¶VVHOI-esteem. A child is precious not only

to the parents, to the family, community and nation but also to the world at large.

In fact, child is a citizen of world and thus it becomes the responsibility of the

wide population of the whole universe to look after the interests of children all

over (Gupta, D,2007).

Good health is closely linked to good maintenance of personal hygiene. It

is crucial for children to learn the importance of personal hygiene to avoid the

spread of common illnesses. A strong foundation of personal hygiene habits will

help the children in a long way in their life journey (National library Board

Singapore, 2015).

Good personal hygiene is one of the most effective ways to prevent the

development and spread of infection. Well maintained personal hygiene in health

care environment includes many aspects like personal, social, psychological and

simple way of healthy life. Keeping a good standard of hygiene helps to prevent

the development and spread of infections, illnesses and bad odors. Health

problems can develop as a result of poor personal hygiene. Body image influences

self-esteem, self-confidence and motivation. Those who already have low self-

esteem and especially those with depression often neglect personal hygiene which

perpetuates the problem of poor body image (Kishore. J, 2007).

1
 Childhood years are significant for intellectual growth and personality

development. It is the period of maximum learning and as such, is crucial for

education of the child. The health habits of school children are regarding personal

hygiene, nutritious diet, clean surrounding, exercise, rest and recreation. It formed

at an early age; it will remain still with the person throughout life and will help to

develop healthy citizens. Hence school is the best place for giving health

education on health subjects (Gupta. D, 2007).

A child spends more time at school than anywhere else, except home.

Schools are sacred since they provide an environment for acquiring skills and

development of intelligence, which can be utilized by students to achieve their

goals in life and develop as a good human being. A great deal of research tells us

that, schools can have a major effect on children's health, by educating and

promoting healthy behaviors. Moreover, young children today have bigger dreams

than ever before and they are willing to go to an extra mile to achieve their

dreams. However, we need to keep them healthy so that they can stretch their

wings and fly high (Kishore. J, 2007).

Good hygiene practices will help to keep one healthy, give us confidence

and be pleasant for those around us. A well maintained personal hygiene assures

of projecting a positive body image that reflects our personalities. Children should

be taught the importance of hygiene and how to achieve good hygiene very early

to keep themselves and others healthy, and reduce the risk of acquiring infection

from the environment (Sankar, 2013).

2
 A healthy child makes a healthy generation. The children are one third of

our population and all of our future. There is a close relationship between

unhealthy children to a worsened future of the world. There are about 200.6

million children between to the age group of 6-12 years globally. Among them,

40% of middle school children are in India. Health education is a widely used

term in preventive medicine directed to promote healthy lifestyles. Education is a

one-way approach to sort information dissemination. Like other aspects, education

on hygiene relies on the techniques of formal education under which most

professionals have been trained especially for school children who help them to

improve their day to day life in a healthy manner (WHO,2010).

&KLOGUHQ¶V DELOLW\ WR OHDUQ Pay be affected in several ways. Firstly,

helminthic infections, which affect millions of school children, can impair

FKLOGUHQ¶VSK\VLFDOGHYHORSPHQWDQGUHGXFHWKHLUFRJQLWLYHGHYHORSPHQWWKURXJK

pain and discomfort, competition for nutrients, anemia, damage to tissues and

organs. Long term exposure to chemical contaminants in water (e.g. lead and

arsenic) may impair learning ability (James, Ashwill and Droske, 2002).

. Effective school education is a sustainable way to promote health

practices. Consequently, health education to school children will make them learn

easily to cultivate good habits and to mould them. Experts advise that, health

education should be a part in the school curriculum. All health issues irrespective

of their sensitivity can be inculcated in educational programs in a methodological

and scientific way (Jose. T, 2011).

3
 Diarrheal diseases, malaria and helminthic infections force many

schoolchildren to be absent from school. Poor environmental conditions in the

classroom can also make both teaching and learning very difficult. The effect of

disease in teachers impairing performance and increasing absenteeism also have a

direct impact on learning, and the work of teacher is made harder by learning

difficulties faced by schoolchildren (James, Ashwill and Droske, 2002).

"Play Therapy is based upon the fact that, play is the child's natural

medium of self-expression. It is an opportunity which is given to the child to 'play

out' his feelings and problems just as, in certain types of adult therapy, an

individual 'talks out' his difficulties" (Jose.T, 2011).

Play therapy helps to reduce anxiety about traumatic events in the child's

life, facilitates a child's expression of feelings, promotes self-confidence and a

sense of competence, develops a sense of trust in self and others, defines healthy

boundaries, creates or enhances healthy bonding in relationships, enhances

creativity and playfulness, and promotes appropriate behavior (Marlow, 2001).

Snake and ladder game is regarded as one form of play therapy. Through

this, the researcher will be able to educate school children on healthy habits,

prevention of infection and other imperative elements of healthy life style

behaviors. The motive of researcher for snake and ladder game is that, this is one

of the most attractive type of teaching on hygienic practices. In this study, the

researcher has integrated ten aspects of personal hygiene (oral hygiene, body

bath, hair wash, hand wash, cutting the nails, washing clothes, wearing slippers,

ear hygiene, food and water hygiene, and sleep hygiene) among school children.

4
1.1 Need for the Study

³Children are the wealth of tomorrow; take care of them if you wish to

have a strong India, ever ready to meet various challenges´ (Jose.T, 2011).

At the beginning of the 20th century, the major cause of child mortality in

the age group of 5 to 14 years was due to many infectious diseases which mainly

resulted from lack of personal hygiene.

Mukerjee. K (2006) conducted a study in Mumbai on street children and

adolescents regarding the prevalence of skin diseases due to lack of personal

hygiene. The results showed that, 80% of children between the age group 4-14

years were affected. The incidence among adolescents was 35%. The younger the

age group, more chance of getting the infection.

Chang, Sophie, Shih & Hung (2004) conducted a study in Taiwan, to

investigate the knowledge of school children on dental health and oral hygiene

practices. Children between the age group of 6 to 12 years were chosen for the

study. Among these, 95 students had visual impairment and 286 were those with

normal vision. It was found that, the students with visual impairment were less

knowledgeable about dental health and less frequently completed oral hygiene

practices than the ones with normal vision.

Dan perterson (2008) conducted a survey among visually impaired women

and general women, about the importance of brushing twice after each meal.

Results revealed that, 78% were brushing after each meal in 2003 whereas in the

1990¶VLWZDV%. The daily use of dental floss or dental cleansers, rose slightly

from 48.2% to 50.5% in 2003 when compared with the 1990¶s.

5
 Potts and Barbara (2002) stated that, a FKLOG¶VEHVWRSSortunity to learn is

through play. It helps the child to comprehend their world, to become socialized,

to unrevealed problems in an environment and furthermore develop critical

thinking skills. Children of this age group, enjoy many types of games and

hobbies like playing board games, start different collections, watching television,

listening to music etc.

A triangulated research design of quantitative survey and qualitative

method to review the effectiveness of education on personal hygiene was

conducted among school children between 6-14 years. The aim of the study was to

find out the prevalence of intestinal parasites and its epidemiological correlates to

the effect of hygienic education. After child-to-child hygienic education it was

found that, out of the 118 subjects examined, 21 (17.8%) had intestinal parasitic

infection. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was significantly high

among children having dirty untrimmed nails (47.4%) followed by those having

poor hand washing practices (37.2%). One month after hygiene education, the

proportion of children having practices hand washing with soap water after

defecation significantly improved from 63.6 % to 78%. The proportion of clean

and cut nails also improved from 67.8% to 80 % (p<0.05) (Nurulalam,2001).

µ6QDNHDQG/DGGHU¶LVDYHU\VLPSOHFKLOGKRRGUDFLQJERDUGJDPHSOD\HG

among these children and its see-sawing nature makes it popular. The game does

not need any specific skill to play. It gives a very relaxed feel throughout

(Cessario,1998).

6
 Lizardo, (2001) has conducted an interventional study to assess the

effectiveness of snake and ladder games as an alternative for teaching basic health

concepts. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of an

educational strategy based on the traditional children game for teaching the basic

health concepts to school-age children. The study was carried out on 300 children

in the age group of 9 to 11 years of age in the city of Durango, Mexico. The

children were divided into 2 groups; Group A used a modified version of snake

and ladder that included a message on basic health concepts, and Group B was the

control group who did not receive education. After the educational intervention,

the health concepts test scores, out of a maximum possible of 10, were 9.3±0.8 for

Group A and 7.5±1.1 for Group B (p<0.001). Thus it was concluded that games

can be used as an alternative method for teaching basic health concepts. By

considering the factors stated above, the researcher was interested in selecting the

snake and ladder game to educate school children regarding personal hygiene.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Effect of Snake and Ladder Game on Knowledge regarding Personal

Hygiene among School Children at Selected School, Coimbatore.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 To assess the knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school

children.

1.3.2 To evaluate the effect of snake and ladder game on knowledge regarding

personal hygiene among school children.

1.3.3 To find out the association between selected demographic variables and

pretest level of knowledge scores on personal hygiene among school

children.

7
1.4 Operational Definition

1.4.1 Effect

Effect refers to the outcome of snake and ladder game on knowledge

regarding personal hygiene among school children.

1.4.2 Snake and ladder game

It is a modified game which imparts knowledge to school children

regarding the advantages of personal hygiene and the ill effects of poor hygiene.

1.4.3 Knowledge on Personal Hygiene

Knowledge on personal hygiene refers to an increase in information on

aspects like brushing, bathing, washing hair, cutting the nails, sleeping habits,

keeping clothes clean, wearing slippers, ear hygiene and food and water hygiene,

which will be measured by a structured questionnaire.

1.4.4 School children

It refers to children between the age group of 8-10 years studying in 3rd,

4th and 5th standard at selected school, Coimbatore.

1.5 Hypothesis

H1: There will be a significant difference between the level of

knowledge on personal hygiene among school children before and

after administration of snake and ladder game.

1.6 Conceptual Framework

Conceptualization is a process of forming ideas which utilizes and forms

a conceptual framework for the study. It is the abstract, logical structure which

enables the researcher to link the findings to the nursing body of knowledge. A

framework is the abstract of logical structure of meaning that guides the

development of the study and the body of knowledge.

8
 Conceptual framework used for this study is based on Ernestine

:LHGHQEDFK¶Vµ3UHVFULSWLYH 7KHRU\¶+HOSLQJDUWRIFOLQLFDOQXUVLQJWKHRU\7KH

prescriptive theory directs action toward an explicitgoal. The factors included in

prescriptive theory are central purpose, prescription and realities.

In this study, the central purposes is to enhance the knowledge regarding

personal hygiene among school children. The prescription indicates the broad

general action that the researcher takes to fulfill the central purpose. The

prescription is to administer the snake and ladder game among school children to

enhance the knowledge regarding personal hygiene. Five realities are identified.

They are agent, recipient, goal, means and frame work. In this study, agent refers

to researcher, recipient refers to school children, goal refers to enhancement of

knowledge regarding personal hygiene among children, means refers to snake and

ladder game and frame work refers to the Sri Ramakrishna Matriculation School.

These actions take place through three steps. They are Identification, Ministration

and Validation.

Identification

In identification, the researcher initially collects the demographic data of

school children. Then the researcher administers structure questionnaire and

identifies the level of knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school

children.

Ministration

Ministration refers to the intervention. In this study, the researcher

implements snake and ladder game among school children. Snake and ladder

game on knowledge regarding personal hygiene will be administered by the

9
researcher to each group for a period of 5 days. The snake and ladder game

consists of 10 aspects(brushing, bathing, washing hair, cutting the nails, sleeping

habits, keeping clothes clean, wearing slippers, ear hygiene and food and water

hygiene) on knowledge regarding personal hygiene.

Validation

Validation refers to post test. In this study, the researcher does a post

assessment on the level of knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school

children after the intervention, using the same structured questionnaire.

1.7 Projected Outcome of the Study

Implementation of snake and ladder game will enhance the knowledge

regarding personal hygiene among school children.

10
M2',),(':,'(1%$&+¶6+(/3,1*$572)&/,1,&$/1856,1*7+(25< (1968)

Source: Sinhgad e Journal of Nursing (2012)

11
 REVIEW LITERATURE

This chapter present about the significant supportive literature related to

the study. A literature is an essential component for the researcher towards a

greater perceptive of the research problem and its major aspects. It provides the

investigator with an opportunity to estimate different approaches to obtain the

most existing facts, and the selection or development of the theoretical or

methodological approaches to the problem.

The Literature reviews are arranged in the following sections:

2.1 Literature related to Personal Hygiene

2.2 Literature related to snake and ladder game

2.2 Literature related to Personal Hygiene through snake and ladder game

2.1 Literature Related To personal hygiene

Martinez, et. al, (2015) has conducted a cross sectional study on

development and validation of a questionnaire on knowledge and personal habits

in children between age group 7-12 years. The aim of the study was to develop

and validate a questionnaire on the integral assessment of the habits and

knowledge in personal hygiene. A total of 86 children were selected for the study.

The results showed that, 20 tools that included items related

to child¶V body hygiene were obtained. The researchers selected 34 items and

drafted 48 additional ones. After content validity by the experts, the

questionnaire was reduced to 63 items, and consists of 7 magnitude

of child personal hygiene (skin, hair, hands, oral, feet, ears, and intimate hygiene).

Only two items had non-response rates that exceeded 10%. The test-retest showed

that, 84.1% of the items had between very good and moderate reliability.

12
 Damle, et. al ., (2014) has performed a comparative study on Effectiveness

of supervised tooth brushing and oral health education in improving

oral hygiene status and practices of urban and rural school children. The main aim

of the study was to appraise and compare the oral health status and the impact of

supervised tooth brushing and oral health education. A total number of samples

200 school children were chosen in the age group of between 12-15 years.

Stratified random sampling technique was used in this study. The group was

divided by lottery method into two groups (group A urban school and group B

rural school). The tooth brushing teaching program consist of 2 session on oral

health education, individual tooth brushing, instructions, and supervised tooth

brushing. CRQEDFK¶V DOSKD FKL- square test, paired µW¶ test and unpaired µW¶ test

were utilized for data analysis. The result shows that there was significance

difference in study group as compared to control group.

Ikeja, (1998) has conducted a study on attitude towards Knowledge and

Practice of Personal Hygiene among Secondary School Students between the age

group of 5-7. The researcher takes 150 samples and applied qusi experimental

study, with the duration 1 month. It was considered to be important, because the

WHO data on the burden of disease, the results shows that, the approximately 3.1

% of deaths and 3.7 % of disability -adjusted-life-years worldwide are attributable

to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. Mainly in Africa and developing

countries in South East Asia, 48 % of all disease burdens are attributable to these

factors. Consequently, this study is justifiable by the fact that, personal hygiene

is indeed a pressing problem and requires a lot of input as studies, research and

finances towards reducing the effects of improper hygiene and raising the

standard of living especially in sub-Saharan Africa.

13
 Smith, (1989) states that, the foremost work of every person in a fresh day

should be taking proper oral care. It is a must for brushing the teeth always in the

morning and before going to bed. One ought to make regular appointments with

dentist and get the teeth and gum check- up frequently.

Dan Peterson, 2008 states that, proper brushing is indispensable for

cleaning teeth and gums efficiently. Proper brushing was emphasized by

techniques akin to brush the outer tooth surface in vibrating circular motion,

maintain 45 degree angle with bristles contacting the tooth surface and gum line,

inner tooth should be brushed up and down and rolling motion, tilt the brush

vertically and make up and down strokes, for biting surface use gentle back and

forth scrubbing motion. This technique and importance of proper brushing has

been given from Family Gentle Dental Care.

Potter & Perry, (2005) states that, since people meet each other daily, and

their social interactions can be very embarrassing if they do not take care of their

personal hygiene. The foremost thing one should make a habit, is to take a bath

daily. Our skin releases the waste as toxins through pores which may get clot with

germs if we do not bathe regularly. Therefore, talking about the importance of

bathing is necessary and fundamental step in personal hygiene to maintain health.

Luxury Sky Villas, (2010) states that, bathing should be an activity which

must be done every day to cleanse the body, but some people are lazy to take bath.

If not taking bath regularly, the dirt on the skin will be thicker and inhibit

perspiration and also lead to cause itches, scabies and rashes. A survey has

conducted among 51 adolescent girls to know how many times a person can take

bath in a week, the results reveals that, 41.8 % voted for seven days for everyone

has to take bath and 15.69 % suggested for taking more than one bath or shower a

day.

14
 Ratna Majumdar & Ganguli, (2000) the assessment study has conducted

among adolescent girls in Rune district. The researcher takes 274 samples for his

study. To assess the each samples by using structure questionnaire, and the

duration of the study period one month. The result shows that, the hygienic

practices mainly on hair washing reveals that one hundred thirty two girls(54.3%)

washed their hair daily, 34.9 % twice a week and 10.7 % once a week. 135 girls

(55.5%) used shampoo, 40 (16.5 %) soap, 86 (35.4 %) shikakai and the rest besan

(powdered gram flour). Only 13 girls (5.5 %) reported the presence of lice in their

scalp.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2007) states that, hands are

one of the most active things that contain bacteria and may get used to spread

diseases and health issues. Hence, it is vital to wash hands with an anti-bacterial

soap especially after using the bathroom, before and after eating food, after

touching your pets and other animals, handling garbage and after sneezing or

coughing. Hand washing involves pouring water and a rubbing action then its

effectiveness increases considerably. The use of soap and/or larger quantities of

water show further improvements. Hand washing for hand hygiene is the act of

cleaning the hands with or without the use of water or another liquid, or with the

use of soap, for the purpose of removing oil, dirt, and microorganisms. It is well

documented that, one of the most important measures for preventing the spread of

pathogens is an effective hand washing technique.

Pinfold, (1998) states that, a hygiene based intervention study was

conducted in rural Northeast Thailand regarding promotion of hand-washing and

dish-washing behavior to progress their health. Interventions like songs about the
15
hygiene messages were recorded in the traditional folk music and tapes of this, as

well as the community-produced plays, were broadcast over village loudspeaker

towers and the results revealed that there was a significant improvement in hand

washing and dish washing behavior.

Zahir-ud-din, (1990) said that, nails ³should not be allowed to grow more

than forty days at a stretch¶. The glorious Prophet (SAW) and his pious

companions (RA) would clip their nails every week. Nail clipping every Friday is

desirable if it may be inconvenient, then once in a fortnight is advisable. Start

cutting the nails from pointer of the right hand and finish with the little finger.

Then start cutting the left hand beginning from the little finger and finish the

thumb and finally cut the nails of the right thumb. When clipping the nails of toes

it should begin with small toe of the right foot and end with the big toe of the left

foot and with the small toes of the same foot.

Skeleton, (2007) States that, the change clothes and socks every day, as

they are a primary source of contagious diseases and viruses. Clean clothes are

very important as sweat will be absorbed into clothing and turns it dirty. Cotton

dresses are best, as its natural fibers are less likely to smell or irritate. Changing

the inner wear daily and other clothes that may be sweaty, particularly after sport

or any activity is highly advisable.

Shivaramakrishna, Deepa & Saritha Reddy, (2011) states that, foot care is

important. To keep them clean, look after toe nails and soak the feet sporadically

is a great stress relieving therapy. Wearing Slippers whenever and wherever going

outside is advisable to prevent infections and worn infestation. A study has

conducted among the adolescent girls in rural area of Kolar district to assess their

nutritional status and hygienic practices reveals that anemia is mainly affecting

those who are not using slippers during defecation and whenever going outside.

16
 Susan Kohl Malone, (2011) states that, cognition, memory, safety, mental

health and states weight are all affected by inadequate sleep. This research

highlights mainly biological and social factors contributing to insufficient sleep in

adolescents and exploring several recommendations for sleep hygiene practices

and to stimulate sleep.

Potter & Perry, (2005) states that, proper rest and sleep are as an important

factor for good health as good nutrition and adequate exercise. Without proper

amounts of rest and sleep, the ability to concentrate, make judgments and

participate in daily activities is impossible and irritability increases.

2.2 Literature related to snake and ladder game

Deanna, (2010) has conducted a study on, Snakes and Ladders board game

concept was chosen because, it facilitates small group interactivity among

learners. Twenty-two multiple-choice and true-or-false questions were developed

from materials adapted from a nationally accredited educational workshop,

"Changing Dynamics of Stroke Prevention and Management." These questions

were read and discussed by each team of participants. Each game involved 3

teams (pairs) of physicians, and 1 trained moderator who facilitated the game,

NHSWWLPHDQGKDGWKHDQVZHUVWRWKHJDPH¶VTXHVWLRQV$WWKHFRQFOXVLRQRIWKH

CME session, and after completing the immediate post test of knowledge, all but

one of the participants completed the session-evaluation questionnaire. Game

based participants more frequently chose "strongly agree" (5 on the 5-point scale)

for many of the statements. A higher proportion of game-based versus case-based

participants strongly agreed that the event was enjoyable (94% vs. 53%; P = .02),

that their attention was high throughout the event (88% vs. 41%; P = .012), and

that they would register for a similar event in the future (82% vs.41%; P = .034).
17
The comments about the CME event were more strongly positive from the game-

based participants. An experimental study was conducted in Maharashtra,

DPRQJ VFKRRO FKLOGUHQ RQ µSURPRWLQJ KHDOWK LQ VFKRROV WKURXJK D ERDUG

JDPH¶ VFKRRO FKLOGUHQ DJHG -14yrs where selected randomly for the

experimental and control group. Pre and post test design was used. Board game

included the advantages and disadvantages of health practices. The study revealed

that there is a significant difference in the knowledge scores after administering

the intervention. They concluded that the educational interventions by using

games are very effective in school children.

Prasanthi, (2007) has conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of

snake and ladder game on knowledge of common ailments among 60 primary

school children of Assumption English School Bangalore, selected the purposive

sampling. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of snake and ladder game on

the knowledge of common ailments among primary schools. The duration of study

was one month. A pre-test and post-test was done and among them 75.3% had a

good knowledge regarding dental caries and 42.5% had knowledge on worm

infestation. The post-test score was more than the pre-test score by 5%. Regarding

the effectivenHVVRIVQDNHDQGODGGHURQµNQRZOHGJHRIFRPPRQDLOPHQWV¶LWZDV

found to be effective in terms of increasing the knowledge scores. The findings

showed that the post-test knowledge scores were higher than the pre-test

knowledge scores and the differences between the pre-test and post-test scores

was statistically significant at 5% level (µW¶ (59) = 19.16, p<0.05). This indicates

that the game was an effective method of imparting information to the children.

Azizan Nisha Khan, (2002) has conducted an experimental study to assess

the effectiveness of snake and ladder game on knowledge of common ailments

among school children in Bangalore. 60 school children were selected randomly

18
for the experimental and control group. The study revealed that there was a

significant difference in the knowledge scores after administering the intervention.

They concluded that games can be used as alternative teaching methods in school

children, it is effective in schoolchildren.

2.3 Literatures related to Personal Hygiene through snake and ladder

game.

Maheswari, Asoken and Kumar, (2014) has conducted a study on effect of

conventional vs. game based oral health education on children¶V oral health related

knowledge and oral hygiene status. A total of 120 children aged 5-10 years were

selected and divided into 2 groups. Each group had 30 children. The pre

experiment design through flash cards and play method, education was given on

personal hygiene daily for one month. Post test was done on last day of March.

Result shows that there was a momentous increase in good oral hygiene score and

significant decreases in fair and poor debris scores on post test. The study

concluded that the knowledge score of both the group of children augmented

considerably when the game based teaching intervention was used.

Angelopoulos M.V, Kavvadia. K, Taoufik. K, oulisc, (2013) has

conducted a comparative clinical study to test the effectiveness of school based

oral health education using experimental learning or traditional lecturing among

10 years old children. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of

experimental learning (EL), oral health education to traditional lecturing (TL)

open hanging oral health knowledge, attitude and behavior as well as oral hygiene,

gingival health care, and 84 ten year old children were recruited for the EL group,

19
100 for the TL group from 3 locations in Greece. The data was collected via

questionnaires. The clinical examination was assessed and post assessment done

after 6 and 18 months. The study shows that EL group had statistical significant,

better hygiene then the TL at 6 months (p<0.05) with in the same group.

Mahaske, et.al. (2013) has conducted a study to determine common health

problems and areas of personal hygiene status among primary school children. A

cross sectional study with 450 students was assessed for health problems. Chi

square test and Pearson¶V co efficiency was used, the result shows that about

65.1% have dental cavities 38.2% have ear wax and 10% have myopia

Saekar, (2013) has conducted a cross sectional observation study on

personal hygiene among primary school children living in a slum of Kolkata.

Samples of 104 primary school children were pre tested using structured

questionnaire. Data were analyzed statistically by simple proportions and

significance and the result showed that the female students had more knowledge

than the male students regarding the maintenance of personal hygiene.

The Hindu national news paper, (2012) SXEOLVKHGWKHDUWLFOHVLQµFKDQJHV

in personal hygiene habit trough FKLOGµV SOD\¶ Mr. Nesanon NGO director states

that making personal hygiene a part of curriculum will help in preventing the

spread of many diseases. The study was conducted on education on personal

hygiene through snake and ladder game, memory card game and other dice related

games. Nearly 20 village school children joint this joyfully participated in learning

earning, 25 active members aged between 5 -14 participated in near Sukkampatty

village from Namakal district. Only 2 children had the toilet in their homes. After

the learning, 23 parents applied for a lone of Rs 10,000 /-to construct a small toilet
20
in their home. The NGO launched the initiative in 5 villages and extended to 20

villages in 2011. After this the NGO survey shows that, 450 children have

changes in their personal hygiene. They share the information with their parents,

friends and family members. 90 % of them influenced the members of their

family. 87% of children discussed personal hygiene with their school friends from

other villages.

Grocholewice, (1999) has carried out a cross sectional study to assess the

effect of selected prophylactic educational programs on oral hygiene,

periodontium and caries among school children. 223 pupils were randomly

allocated with three test groups. One month of education was regarding oral

hygiene and dental caries were given by school dentist. The results showed a

distinct improvement of health awareness among examined children.

Biswas, (1990) the pre experimental study was conducted on the impact of
health education imparted to school children on their knowledge, attitude, and
practice with regards to personal hygiene. The aim of the study was to assess the
impact of health education on the knowledge, attitude, and practices of school
children. The study was carried out 150 FKLOGUHQ¶V in the age group of 10-14 years
from two secondary schools situated in Burdwan district of West Bengal. The
education on personal hygiene course was completed in 6 months. The
knowledge, attitude and practice status of the students was assessed before
imparting training, twice during the training period at an interval of 3 months and
finally after 39 months from the start of training. The result indicated that the
health knowledge, attitude, practice of the students, towards personal hygiene had
improved significantly.

21
 Rhiannon Older haw, (2001) an experimental study was conducted on
³JDPHVDVDQDOWHUQDWLYHIRUWHDFKLQJEDVLFKHDOWKFRQFHSWV´7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKH
study was to determine, the following for the teaching of basic concepts to school
children the effectiveness of an educational strategy based on traditional
FKLOGUHQ¶VJDPHLQWHUYHQWLRQVWXG\FDUULHd out in Mexico. The study was carried
RXW  FKLOGUHQ¶V EHWZHHQ WKH DJH JURXS RI  WR  \HDUV 7KH VWXG\ WDNHV RQH
month of duration. The children were randomly divided into two groups i.e.
experimental and control group. Experimental group children used modified snake
and ladder game that includes message on basic health concepts and control group
children did not play the game. There were no significant differences between the
two groups in the pre-test knowledge scores. After the educational intervention,
the post-test knowledge scores showed significant difference between two groups
i.e. out of 10, experimental group got 9.3 and control group got 7.5. They
concluded the using of game that includes health and hygiene messages can be
substitute for teaching basic health concepts.

22
 METHODOLOGY

The methodology employed in the present study comprises of the research

approach, design, setting, population, criteria for sample selection, sampling

technique, development and description of tools, procedure for data collection and

data analysis.

3.1 Research Approach

The present study aimed to determine the effect of snake and ladder game

on knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school children, where the

researcher manipulated the independent variable and measured the changes on the

dependent variable. Hence in view of the nature of the problem and to accomplish

the objectives, quantitative research approach was adopted for this study.

3.2 Research Design

Pre experimental one group pretest posttest design was adopted in the

study, as this design follows the basic principles of experimental design, but fails

to include control group and randomization.

3.3 Setting

The study was conducted at Sri Ramakrishna Matriculation School,

Coimbatore. This is located at 1.5 km from the college of nursing,

Sri Ramakrishna institute of paramedical sciences. It is a private institution with a

total strength of 1950 students studying from pre KG classes to XII standard. The

medium of instruction is English and it is a co-education school. Out of 1950

students, 386 students were between 8 to 10 years of age, studying in 3rd, 4th and

5th standard.

23
3.4 Population

The target population for the present study were children belonging to age

group of 8-10 years. The accessible population were children within the age group

of 8-10 years, studying at Sri Ramakrishna Matriculation School, Coimbatore.

3.5 Sample Size Determination

According to the pilot study report, about 17% of the school children had

poor knowledge on personal hygiene, which was considered as the p value for

sample size determination using Mahajan formula.

–ʹൈ’ሺͳെ’ሻ
n = ሺሻʹ

Where,

n = Sample size

t = Level of significance (90%) = 1.65

p = proportion of school children who had poor knowledge on

personal hygiene 17% or 0.17

ME = margin of error-0.1

Sample size

n = (1.65)2×0.17(1-0.17)
(0.1)2
= 38

n = 45

24
3.6 Sampling Technique

Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select the

samples. In the school, there were 386 students from the age group of 8-10 years.

The children were divided into 3 strata, as children studying 3rd, 4th and

5th standard, consisting of 129,128 and 129 students respectively. Out of them,

15 students from each strata were selected proportionately using lottery method.

ୗ୲୰ୟ୲ୟ
Proportionate stratified random sampling=୅ୡୡୣୱୱ୧ୠ୪ୣ୮୭୮୳୪ୟ୲୧୭୬ × sample size

Where,

Strata -

3rd standard =129 school children

4th standard =128 school children

5th standard =129 school children

Accessible population = 386

Sample size = 45

3rd standard = 129×45 = 15

386
4th standard = 128×45 = 14.92 = 15
386

5th standard = 129×45 = 15

386

25
 Figure 3.1

Diagrammatic Representation of Research Process

Target Population
School Children between 8-10 years of age.

Accessible Population
School children within the age group of 8-10 years studying at
Sri Ramakrishna Matriculation School, Coimbatore. (386)

Sampling Technique
Proportionate stratified random sampling.
n = 45

Pretest
Assessment of knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school children
by using structured questionnaire.

Intervention
Administered the snake and ladder game.

Posttest

Assessment of knowledge regarding personal hygiene after

implementation of snake and ladder among school children by using the
same structured questionnaire.

Evaluating the effect of snake and ladder game

26
3.7 Variables of the Study

The independent variable of the study was snake and ladder game.

Dependent variable was the knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school

children.

Figure 3.2

Schematic Representation of Variables

Independent variable Dependent variable

Knowledge regarding personal

Snake and Ladder game.
hygiene among school children.

3.8 Tools for data collection

The following tools were used for data collection

3.8.1 Questionnaire on demographic profile.

3.8.2 Questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding personal hygiene of

school children.

3.8.1 Questionnaire on Demographic Profile

Demographic profile consists of two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A

consist of sample number, age, gender, standard of study, educational status of

parents, religion, occupational status of parents, monthly income of the family and

number of siblings. Part B consists of 2 questions about previous knowledge

regarding personal hygiene.

27
3.8.2 Questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding personal

hygiene of school children.

A knowledge assessment questionnaire was constructed by the researcher

ZLWKWKHKHOSRIDYDLODEOHOLWHUDWXUHVDQGH[SHUW¶VJXLGDQFHWRDVVHVVWKHOHYHORI

knowledge regarding personal hygiene. The questionnaire consists of 45 multiple

choice questions described under ten aspects of personal hygiene which included

brushing, bathing, hair wash, nail cutting, hand washing, foot wears, cloth

hygiene, food and water hygiene, ear hygiene and sleep hygiene. Each question

consists of 4 options, in which one option is appropriate to the question and

remaining three options are inappropriate. The study participants have to read

each statement and put a tick mark on the appropriate answer. The total score was

calculated by adding the scores of individual answers. The maximum score is 45

and the minimum score is 0. The score was interpreted as follows

Score interpretation:-

0-14 - Poor Knowledge

15-24 - Fair Knowledge

25-34 - Average Knowledge

35-45 - Good Knowledge

3.9 Validity of the tool

The prepared tool, along with the problem statement, objectives,

operational definition and hypothesis was validated by five experts that included

four nursing faculty and one medical expert. The experts were requested to give

their opinion and suggestions regarding relevance, appropriateness, accuracy and

degree of agreement in each item of the tool. Suggestions and recommendations

given by the experts were accepted and necessary corrections were done.

28
3.10 Snake and ladder game

The conventional snake and ladder game was modified by incorporating

the concepts of personal hygiene which included oral hygiene, bathing, hair wash,

nail cutting, washing hands, washing clothes, wearing foot wear, sleep hygiene,

food and water hygiene and ear hygiene. This game consists of 100 square boxes,

with ten ladders which indicates knowledge regarding the advantages of personal

hygiene and nine snakes which indicates knowledge regarding the ill effects of

poor hygiene.

In each round of the game, five children were made to play. The first

square is the starting point. The children were asked to toss the dice and based on

the dice throw, the coins were moved. The explanation of each box regarding

personal hygiene was given by the researcher. When a child strikes the ladder,

three questions were asked and climbs up the ladder when answered correctly. In

addition, the explanation for the missed out boxes were given by the researcher. If

the responses were wrong, they were not allowed to climb the ladder and made to

play through the boxes again.

When a child strikes the snake, three questions were asked. If they give

the correct answer, they were asked to continue the game from the same box. In

case of wrong answers, they were bitten by the snake, descend down and made to

continue the game from the tail of the snake onwards. When a child reaches the

100th square box first, she/he was appreciated with a gift.

3.10.1 Procedure:

Step 1: A room was prepared and the snake and ladder game poster was spread.

Step 2: Five children were made to sit comfortably along with the researcher.
29
Step 3: The game was explained and the coins and dice were handed over to the

children.

Step 4: The children were made to play the snake and ladder game

Step 5: After completion, the articles were replaced

3.10 Pilot Study

Pilot study was conducted to check the feasibility, practicability, validity

and reliability of the study. The study was conducted at Siddha Naidu

Matriculation School, Coimbatore among children who were studying 3rd, 4th and

5th standard for a period of ten days. The research design used for the study was

one group pretest posttest design. The sampling technique adopted to recruit the

sample was purposive sampling technique and 132 children in the age group of

8-10 years were selected. A structured knowledge assessment questionnaire was

administered to assess the knowledge level of children regarding personal hygiene

and 22 children with poor knowledge were selected as samples. Education about

personal hygiene through Snake and Ladder game was administered for duration

of sixty minutes in a day for five consecutive days. On the 6th day knowledge was

reassessed with the same questionnaire. The data was tabulated and analyzed sing

descriptive and inferential statistical methods. 7KH FDOFXODWHG µW¶ YDOXH ZDV 15.4

which was greater than the table value at 0.001 level of significance. The results

revealed that snake and ladder game was effective in enhancing the knowledge

regarding personal hygiene among school children.

3.12 Ethical committee consideration

The proposed study and tool were presented to the ethical committee. The

study was approved by the committee members upon presentation , the ethical

committee has given a written consent to proceed the study .

30
3.13 Changes made after pilot study

According to the suggestions given by research committee, Initially the

researcher had 8 aspects of personal hygiene including oral hygiene, bathing, hair

wash, nail cutting, washing hands, washing clothes, wearing footwear and sleep

hygiene and added two more aspects, Food and water Hygiene and Ear hygiene

after ethical committee suggestions and purposive sampling technique was

changed to proportionate stratified random sampling technique for the main study.

3.14 Procedure for Data Collection

The main study was conducted for a period of one month at Sri

Ramakrishna Matriculation School, Coimbatore. The researcher got permission

from the school authority to conduct the study. Forty five samples, 15 in each

strata were selected using proportionate stratified sampling technique. A

structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of school children

regarding personal hygiene. The children were grouped into five each and made to

play the snake and ladder game along with the researcher for a period of one hour

for five consecutive days. Post test was done to assess the knowledge of the

school children regarding personal hygiene on the last day using the same

questionnaire. The collected data were analysed.

3.15 Technique of Data Analysis and Interpretation

Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used for data analysis.

Descriptive statistical method was applied for the analysis of demographic

variables. Inferential statistical methods were used to identify the effect of snake

and ladder game on knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school

children.

31
3.15.1 3DLUHGµW¶WHVW

Effect of snake and ladder game on knowledge regarding personal hygiene

among school children, was analysHGXVLQJSDLUHGµW¶WHVW

d
t = n
SD

d = Mean of difference

SD = Standard deviation

n = Number of samples

3.15.2. Chi-Square (with Yates correction) test

Chi-Square (with Yates correction) test was used to find out the

association between pretest knowledge level and selected demographic variables.

(O  E )  0.52
Ȥð = ¦ E

O = Observed value

E = Expected value in corresponding category

0.5 = Yates correction value

32
 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter enlightens the analysis and interpretation of the data collected

from forty five children from selected school at Coimbatore. The aim of the study

was to determine the effect of Snake and Ladder Game on Knowledge regarding

Personal Hygiene. Children between the age group of 8-10 years studying in

3rd, 4th and 5th standard were taken as a samples from Sri Ramakrishna

Matriculation Higher Secondary School in Coimbatore. The level of knowledge

regarding personal hygiene was assessed through questionnaire before and after

implementation of intervention.

The data gathered were analyzed and interpreted based on the objectives

and hypothesis of the study. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were

used to analyze the data. The frequency and percentage distribution was used to

present the sample characteristics and the level of knowledge regarding personal

hygiene was analyzed through Mean, Mean Difference and Standard Deviation.

Paired µW¶ test was used to analyze the effect of Snake and Ladder Game on

knowledge regarding Personal Hygiene among School Children. Chi Square test

was used to find the association between the pretest knowledge score regarding

personal hygiene with selected demographic variables among school children.

33
ORGANIZATION OF THE FINDINGS

The data obtained from the school children are organized, analyzed and

presented under the following sections.

Section I

Demographic Variables of the School Children.

Section II

Assessment on Previous Knowledge regarding Personal Hygiene among

School Children.

Section III

Assessment on the Level of Knowledge regarding Personal Hygiene

among school children before and after Snake and Ladder Game.

Section IV

Comparison of pretest and post test scores on Knowledge regarding

Personal Hygiene among school children before and after Snake and Ladder

Game.

Section V

Effect of Snake and Ladder Game on Knowledge regarding Personal

Hygiene among School Children.

Section VI

Association between the Pretest Level of Knowledge regarding Personal

Hygiene and selected Demographic Variables among School Children.

34
 Section I

4.1 Demographic Variables of the School Children

The demographic variables consist of age, sex, religion, educational status

of the father, educational status of the mother, occupational status of the father,

occupational status of the mother, family monthly income and number of siblings.

Collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and are summarized in

terms of frequency and percentage. Analyzed data were presented in the form of

tables and diagrams.

Table 4.1
Age of the School Children
(n=45)
Number of Participants
S. No Age in years
Frequency Percentage (%)

1 8 years 15 33
2 9 years 12 27
3 10 years 18 40

The above table 4.1 displayed the age distribution of the school children

and the result shows that, out of 45 samples 18(40%) children belong to 10 years

of age, 15(33%) children belong to 8 years of age and 12 (27%) children belong to

9 years of age. (Figure 4.1)

35
 Table 4.2
Sex of the School Children
(n=45)
Number of Participants
S.No Sex
Frequency Percentage (%)

1. Male 24 54
2. Female 21 46

The above table 4.2 depicts the sex distribution of school children and the

result shows that among 45 samples, 24 (54%) school children were males and

21 (46%) children were females. (Figure 4.2)

Table 4.3
Educational Status of the Fathers among School Children
(n=45)
Educational Status of the Number of Participants
S.No
Fathers Frequency Percentage (%)
1 Illiterate 1 2
2 Primary education 7 16
3 Higher Secondary 19 42
4 Graduate 14 31
5 Post graduate 4 9

The above table 4.3 explores the educational status of fathers among

school children and the result shows that , out of 45 samples, majority of the

FKLOGUHQ¶V19 (42%) fathers had higher secondary education, 14 (31%) FKLOGUHQ¶V

IDWKHUVZHUHJUDGXDWHVFKLOGUHQ¶VIDWKHUVKDGSULPDU\HGXFDWLRQ

FKLOGUHQ¶s fathers were post graduates and one (2%) FKLOG¶V IDWKHUZDV LOOLWHUDWH

(Figure 4.3)

36
 Figure 4.1
Age of the School Children

8 years

9years
33% 10years
40%

27%

Figure 4.2

Sex of the School Children

50
45
40
35
30
Number of participants

24
25 21
20
15
10
5
0
Male Female
Sex

37
 Table 4.4
Educational Status of the Mothers among School Children
(n=45)

Educational Status of the Number of Participants

S.No
Mothers Frequency Percentage (%)
1. Illiterate 0 0
2. Primary education 6 13
3. Higher Secondary 23 51
4. Graduate 12 27
5. Post graduate 4 9

The above table 4.4 shows the educational status of the mothers among

school children and the result reveals that, out of 45 children, the majority of

FKLOGUHQ¶V23 (51%) mothers had higher secondary educationFKLOGUHQ¶V

mothers were graduates, 6 (13%) FKLOGUHQ¶V mothers had primary education,

4  FKLOGUHQ¶VPRWKHUVZHUHSRVW JUDGXDWHVDQGQRQHRIWKHPZHUHLOOLWHUDWH.

(Figure 4.4)

Table 4.5
Religious Status of School Children
(n=45)
Number of Participants
S.No Religion
Frequency Percentage (%)
1. Hindu 40 89
2. Muslim 2 4
3. Christian 3 7

The above table explains the data on religion among school children and

the result reveals that, the majority of children 40 (89%) belonged to Hindu

religion, 3(7%) belonged to Christian religion and 2 (4%) belonged to Muslim

religion. (Figure 4.5)

38
 Figure 4.3

Educational Status of the Fathers

50
45
40
Number of participants

35
30
25 19
20 14
15
10 7
4
5 1
0
Illiterate Primary Higher Graduate Post
Education Secondary Graduate
Education
Educational status of fathers

Figure 4.4

Educational Status of the Mothers

50
45
Numnber of participants

40
35
30 23
25
20 12
15
10 6 4
5
0
Primary Higher Graduate Post
Education Secondary Graduate
Education
Educational status of mothers

39
 Figure 4.5
Religious Status of the School Children

Number of participants 50
45 40
40
35
30
25
20
15
10 2 3
5
0
Hindu Muslim Christian
Religion

40
 Table 4.6
Occupational Status of the Fathers
(n=45)
Occupational Status of the Number of Participants
S. No
Father Frequency Percentage (%)
1 Driver 7 16
2 Business Man 15 33
3 Engineer 5 11
4 Manager 1 2
5 Workshop 9 20
6 Officer 3 7
7 Electrician 5 11

The above table 4.6 describes the occupational status of the fathers and the

result shows that, the majority of fathers 15 (33%) are businessmen, 9 (20%)

fathers are working in a workshop, 7(16%) fathers are working as drivers, 3 (7%)

fathers are officers as officers and 1 (2FKLOG¶VIDWKHUare working as a manager

and 5 (11%) fathers were engineers and electricians respectively.

Figure 4.6
Occupational Status of the Fathers

50
45
Number of participants

40
35
30
25
20 15
15 9
10 7 5 5
5 1 3
0

Occuational status of fathers

41
 Table 4.7
Occupational Status of the Mothers
(n=45)
Occupational Status of the Number of Participants
S.No
Mothers Frequency Percentage (%)
1. House wife 27 60
2. Bank accountant 1 2
3. Tailor 3 7
4. Business 6 13
5. Clerk 4 9
6. Teacher 3 7
7. Pharmacist 1 2

The above table 4.7 exhibits the occupational status of the mothers and the

result shows that, the majority 27 (60%) of mothers are homemakers,

6 (13%) FKLOGUHQ¶V PRWKHUV are doing business, 4(9% FKLOGUHQ¶V mothers are

working as clerks, 3(7%FKLOGUHQ¶V mothers are teachers and tailors respectively

and RQH RI WKH FKLOG¶V PRWKHU (2%) was a bank accountant and pharmacist

respectively.

Figure 4.7
Occupational Status of the Mothers

50
45
40
35 27
30
25
20
15 6 4
10 1 3 3 1
5
0

Occupational status of mothers

42
 Table 4.8
Monthly Income of the Family among School Children
(n=45)
Number of participants
S.No Monthly Income in Rs
Frequency Percentage (%)
1. Below 5000 2 4

2. 5000-10000 8 18

3. 10000-15000 16 36

4. Above 15000 19 42

The above table 4.8 reveals the monthly income of families and the result

shows that, the majority of, 19 (42%) FKLOGUHQ¶V IDPLO\ PRQWKO\ LQFRPH ZDV

above Rs. 15, 000/-, sixteen (36%) FKLOGUHQ¶V IDPLO\ LQFRPH ranged between

Rs. 10000-15000/-, eight (18%) FKLOGUHQ¶V IDPLO\ LQFRPH UDQJHG EHWZHHQ

Rs. 5000-10000/- and 2 (4%) FKLOGUHQ¶V IDPLO\ PRQWKO\ LQFRPH ZDV below

Rs. 5000/-.

Figure 4.8
Monthly Income of the Family among School Children
50
Number of participants

45
40
35
30
25
19
20 16
15
10 8
5 2
0
Below 5000 5000-10000 10000-15000 Above 15000

Monthly Income in Rs

43
 Table 4.9
Number of Siblings among School Children
(n=45)
Number of Participants
S.No Number of Siblings
Frequency Percentage (%)

1. Single child 15 33
2. 1 Sibling 25 56

3. 2 Siblings 3 7

4. 3 Siblings 2 4

The above table 4.9 projects the number of siblings the school children

had, and the result depicts that, more than half of the samples 25 (56%) have one

sibling, 15 (33%) samples are single child, 3 (7%) children have 2 siblings and

2 (4%) children have 3 siblings.

Figure 4.9
School Children based on sibling
Number of participants

50
45
40
35
30 25
25
20 15
15
10
3 2
5
0
0 1 2 3

Number of sibilings

44
 Section II

Assessment on the Previous Knowledge regarding Personal Hygiene

Among School Children

This section deals with the previous knowledge regarding personal

hygiene among school children.

Table 4.10
Previous Knowledge regarding Personal Hygiene among School Children
(n=45)

Previous knowledge regarding No. of participants

S.No
personal hygiene Frequency Percentage (%)

1. Present 40 88.88
2. Absent 5 11.11

The above table 4.10 describes the previous knowledge of the school

children regarding personal hygiene. Result shows that, among 45 samples, the

majority of 40 (88.88%) children knew about personal hygiene earlier,

5 (11.11%) of FKLOGUHQ GLGQ¶W NQRZ regarding personal hygiene before

administration of education.

45
 Figure 4.10
Previous Knowledge regarding Personal Hygiene among School Children

50
45
40
40
35
Number of participants

30
25
20
15
10
5
5
0
Present Absent
Previous Knowledge regarding personal hygiene

46
 Table 4.11
Sources of Information Regarding Personal Hygiene among School Children
n=45

Source of No. of Participants

S.No
Information Frequency Percentage (%)

1. Mother 9 20
2. Father 5 11
3. Teacher 5 11
4. Grand parents 2 5
5. No previous knowledge 24 53

The above table 4.11 explains the source of information regarding personal

hygiene among school children and the result shows that, the majority 24 (53%) of

children GRHVQ¶W NQRZ DERXW SHUVRQDO K\JLHQH SUHYLRXVO\ 9 children (20%)

received information from their mothers, 5 children (11%) received information

regarding personal hygiene from their fathers and teachers respectively and 2

children (5%) received information regarding personal hygiene from their

grandparents.

47
 Figure 4.11
Sources of Information regarding Personal Hygiene

50
45
Number of participants

40
35
30
24
25
20
15
9
10
5 5
5 2
0
Mother Father Teacher Grant parents No Previous
knowledge
Source of
Information

48
 Section - III
Assessment on the Level of Knowledge regarding Personal Hygiene before
and after Snake and Ladder Game among School Children.

This section explains the assessment on level of knowledge regarding

personal hygiene before and after implementation of snake and ladder game

among school children. The level of knowledge among school children was

assessed by using pretested structured questionnaire. The knowledge score was

categorized as good score (35-45), average score (25-34), fair (15-24) and poor

(0-14) score. Collected data were organized and presented using descriptive and

inferential statistics.

Table 4.12
Level of Knowledge regarding Personal Hygiene before Snake and Ladder
Game among School Children.
(n=45)
Level of knowledge Number of participants
S. No. regarding personal
hygiene Frequency Percentage (%)
1. Poor 27 60
2. Fair 15 33
3. Average 3 7
4. Good 0 0

The above table 4.12 explains the level of knowledge regarding personal

hygiene among school children before the administration Snake and Ladder game.

Result shows that, more than half of the of children, 27 (60 %) had poor

knowledge regarding personal hygiene, 15 (33%) children had fair knowledge

regarding personal hygiene, 3 (7 %) children had average knowledge regarding

personal hygiene and none of the children had good knowledge regarding personal

hygiene. (Figure 4.12)

49
 Figure 4.12
Knowledge Level regarding Personal Hygiene before Snake and Ladder Game among School Children.

50
45
40
35
30 27
25
20
15
15

Number of participants
10
5 3
0
0
Poor Fair Average Good
Knowledge level regarding personal hygiene

50
 Table 4.13
Level of Knowledge regarding Personal Hygiene after
Snake and Ladder Game among School Children.
(n=45)

Level of knowledge Number of participants

S. No. regarding personal
hygiene Frequency Percentage (%)
1. Poor 0 0
2. Fair 4 8.89
3. Average 15 33.33
4. Good 26 57.78

This table 4.13 illustrates the level of knowledge regarding personal

hygiene among school children after the administration of Snake and Ladder

game. The majority of the Children 26(57.78%) had good knowledge regarding

personal hygiene, 15 (33.33%) children had average knowledge and 4 (8.89%)

children had fair level of knowledge regarding personal hygiene. None of the

children had poor knowledge regarding personal hygiene. Therefore, it proves the

effect of snake and ladder game regarding personal hygiene among school

children is one of the effective teaching methods. (Figure 4.13)

51
 Figure 4:13

Knowedegel Level regarding Personal Hygiene after Snake and Ladder game among school children
50
45
40
35
30
26
25
20
15
15

Number of participants
10
4
5
0
0
Poor Average Fair Good
Knowledge Level regarding Personal hygiene

52
 Table 4.14
Comparison on the Level of Knowledge regarding Personal Hygiene
Before and after Snack and Ladder Game among School Children

Level of Number of participants

Knowledge Pre test Post test
S.No.
regarding Percentage Percentage
personal hygiene Frequency Frequency
(%) (%)
1 Poor 27 60 0 0
2. Fair 15 33 4 8.89
3. Average 3 7 15 33.33
4. Good 0 0 26 57.78

The above table 4.14 describes the comparison of the level of knowledge

regarding personal hygiene before and after administration snake and ladder

game. Result shows that, during the pretest the majority of 27 (60%) children

scored poor knowledge, 15 children (33%) scored fair knowledge and 3 (7%)

children scored average knowledge regarding personal hygiene.

During the post test the majority of children 26 (57.78%) had shown

improved to good knowledge, 15 (33.33%) children had average knowledge and

4 (8.89%) children scored fair knowledge regarding personal hygiene.

The mean knowledge level was improved from 13.68 to 33.31 after the

administration of Snake and Ladder game regarding personal hygiene among

school children. (Figure 4.14)

53
 Section IV

Assessment on the Knowledge Score regarding Personal Hygiene before and

after Snake and Ladder game among School Children.

This section explains the assessment on the knowledge scores regarding

personal hygiene before and after the administration of snake and ladder game

among school children. The level of knowledge among school children was

assessed, using pretested structured questionnaire. The knowledge score was

categorized as good (35-45), average score (25-34), fair (15-24) and poor (0-14)

score. Collected data were organized and presented using descriptive and

inferential statistics.

Table 4.15
Knowledge Score regarding personal hygiene before
Snake and Ladder game among School Children.
(n= 45)
Number of participants
S. Knowledge Score regarding
No. personal hygiene Frequency Percentage (%)
1 0-14 27 60
2. 15-24 15 33
3. 25-34 3 7
4. 35-45 0 0

Table 4.15 point up the pretest knowledge score regarding personal

hygiene among school children. Result shows that, the majority, of children

27 (60%) scored between 1-14; fifteen (33%) children scored between 15-24 and

3 (7%) children scored between 25-34.

54
 Table 4.16
Knowledge Score regarding personal hygiene after
Snake and Ladder game among School Children.
(n= 45)
S. Knowledge Score on Post test
No. Personal Hygiene Frequency Percentage (%)
1 0-14 0 0
2 15-24 4 8.89
3 25-34 15 33.33
4 35-45 26 57.78

Table 4.16 presents the post test knowledge score regarding personal

hygiene among school children. In post test 26 (57.78%) of them scored between

35-45 (good knowledge score regarding personal hygiene), 15 (33.33%) of them

scored between 25-34 (average knowledge score regarding personal hygiene),

4(8.89%) of children scored between 15-24 (fair knowledge score regarding

personal hygiene) and none of them scored between 0-15 (poor knowledge score

regarding personal hygiene).

55
 Table 4.17

Comparison of Knowledge Score regarding personal hygiene before and after

Snake and Ladder game among School Children.
(n= 45)
No. of Participants
Knowledge
Pre test Post test
S.No. Score on
Personal Score Percentage Percentage
Frequency Frequency
(%) (%)

1 0-14 27 60 0 0
2 15-24 15 33 4 8.89
3 25-34 3 7 15 33.33

4 35-45 0 0 26 57.78

The above table 4.17 gives a picture on the comparison of pretest and post

test knowledge score regarding personal hygiene among school children. The

result shows that, during the pretest the majority of, children 27 (60%) scored

between 0-14, fifteen (33%) children scored between 15-24, 3 (7%) children

scored between 25-34. No one had scored between 35-45.

During the post test the majority of 26 (57.78%) children scored between

35-45, fifteen (33.33%) children scored between 25-34 and 4(8.89%) children

scored between 15-24 and none of them had scored between 0-14.

56
 Figure 4. 14
Comparison of knowledge Level

50
45 Pre test Post test
40
35
30 27 26
25

Numbr of participants
20
15 15
15
10
4 3
5
0 0
0
Poor Fair Average Good
Knowledge level

57
 Figure 4. 15
Comparison of individual knowledge score regarding personal hygiene pretest and
post test score

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15

Number of participants
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Individual knowlege score

post test pertest

58
 Section V
Effect of Snake and Ladder Game on Knowledge regarding Personal Hygiene

among School Children

This section describes the analysis and interpretation on the effect of snake

and ladder game on knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school

children. 3DLUHGµW¶ test was used for the analysis of pre and post test knowledge

level regarding personal hygiene among school children.

Table 4.1
Effect of Snake and Ladder Game regarding Personal Hygiene among

School Children

(n=45)
Standard Mean
S. No Test Mean µW¶YDOXH
deviation difference
1 Before intervention 13.68 5.61
19.63 19.62*
2 After intervention 33.31 6.62
*Significant at 0.05 level

Paired¶ test was used to analyze the effect of snake and ladder on

knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school children. The pretest and

posttest mean knowledge score was 13.68 and 33.31 respectively with the mean

difference of 19.63. Pretest and posttest standard deviation was 5.61 and 6.62

respectively. Calculated µW¶ value was 19.62. At the degree of freedom (n-1=44)

the calculated µW¶ value was greater than the table value at 0.05 level of

significance. Hence, thH K\SRWKHVLV µ7KHUH will be a significant difference in the

level of knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school children before and

after implementation of the snake and ladder game¶ was accepted.

59
 Section VI

Association between the pretest Level of Knowledge regarding Personal

Hygiene and Selected Demographic Variables among School Children

Chi Square test (with Yates correction) was used to find the association

between the pretest level of knowledge and selected demographic variables like,

age, sex, educational status of fathers and mothers, religion, occupational status

of fathers and mothers, family monthly income, number of siblings among school

children.

60
 Table 4.19
Association between the pretest level of Personal Hygiene and Selected Demographic Variables among School Children

Level of knowledge Degree of

S. F2 value
Demographic F2 table
Category (Yates freedom
No Variables Frequency Poor Fair Average Good value
correction) (r-1) (c-1)
8 Years 15 9 6 0 0
1 Age 9 Years 12 8 4 0 0 9.48 4 9.49
10 Years 18 12 4 2 0
Male 24 12 7 2 0
2 Sex 2.94 2 5.99
Female 21 15 8 1 0
Illiterate 1 0 1 0 0

Educational Primary Education 7 5 2 0 0

3 Status of Higher Secondary 19 11 5 3 0 44.05* 8 15.51
Father Graduate 14 10 4 0 0
Post Graduate 4 1 3 0 0

61
 Level of knowledge Degree of
F2 value F2
S. Demographic freedom
Category (Yates table
No Variables Frequency Poor Fair Average Good (r-1)
correction) value
(c-1)
Illiterate 0 0 0 0 0
Primary
6 4 2 0 0
Education
Educational
Higher
4 Status of 4.19 8 15.51
Secondary 23 14 8 1 0
Mother
Education
Graduate 12 7 4 1 0
Post Graduate 4 2 2 0 0
Hindu 40 24 13 3 0
5 Religion Muslim 2 2 0 0 0 8.54 4 11.07
Christian 3 1 2 0 0
Driver 7 6 1 0 0
Businessman 15 8 5 2 0
Engineer 5 1 4 0 0
)DWKHU¶V
6 Manager 1 1 0 0 0 36.12* 12 21.03
Occupation
Workshop 9 5 3 1 0
Officer 3 1 2 0 0
Electrician 5 5 0 0 0

62
S. Demographic Level of knowledge F2 value Degree of F2
Category (Yates freedom table
No Variables Frequency Poor Fair Average Good correction) (r-1) (c-1) value
Housewife 27 15 11 1 0
Bank
1 1 0 0 0
Accountant

0RWKHU¶V Tailor 3 2 1 0 0
7 23.79:* 12 21.03
Occupation Business 6 3 2 1 0
Clerk 4 4 0 0 0
Teacher 3 3 0 0 0
Pharmacists 1 1 0 0 0
Below
2 0 2 0 0
Rs.5000
Rs.5000 ±
8 6 2 0 0
Monthly 10000
8 15.07* 6 12.59
Income Rs.10000 ±
16 10 6 0 0
15000
Above
19 11 5 3 0
Rs.15000

63
 Level of knowledge Degree of
F2 value F2
S. Demographic freedom
Category (Yates table
No Variables Frequency Poor Fair Average Good (r-1)
correction) value
(c-1)
0 15 10 4 1 0
1 25 14 10 1 0
9 Siblings at Home 11.25 6 12.59
2 3 2 1 0 0
3 2 1 0 1 0
Previous Present 40 25 12 3 0
10 knowledge about 7.16* 2 5.99
Absent 5 2 3 0 0
personal hygiene
*Level of significant at 0.05 level

64
 It was found that F2 values for age (Fʹ ൌ Ǥሻ, sex (Fʹଶ ൌ ʹǤͻͶሻ,

religion (Fଶ ൌ ͺǤͷͶሻ, education status of mother (Fଶ ൌ ͶǤͳͻሻ, and the number of

sibling at home (F2ൌ ͳͳǤʹͷሻhad no association with the pretest level of

knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school children.

Also, it was found that, F2 value for educational status of father

(Fଶ ൌ ͶͶǤͲͷሻ SDUHQW¶V occupational status of father (Fʹ ൌ ͵͸Ǥͻʹሻand monthly

income (Fʹ ൌ ͳͷǤͲ͹ሻ mother occupation (Fଶ ൌ ʹ͵Ǥ͹ͻሻand previous knowledge

regarding personal hygiene (Fଶ ൌ ͹Ǥͳ͸ሻ, had association with the pretest level of

knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school children.

65
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter deals with the interpretation of the results and discussion of

the findings. The study was conducted at Sri Ramakrishna Matriculation Higher

Secondary School, Coimbatore for a period of 30 days. The main aim of the study

was to assess the effectiveness of snake and ladder game on knowledge regarding

personal hygiene among school children. One group pre test post test pre

experimental design was adopted for this study. There were 45 samples in this

study. Pre assessment was done by using structured questionnaire for school

children between the age group of 8-10 years. Snake and ladder game was

administered. The post test was done by using the same questionnaire on 6th day.

The post test scores were compared. The pretest and post test scores were

compared. The findings are discussed under the following headings.

5.1. Demographic Variables of school children

In the present study 45 sample were selected. Age distribution revealed

18 (40%) children were belong to 10 years of age, 15(33%) children belong to

8 years of age and 12 (27%) children belong to 9 years of age.

Data on sex of school children showed that, among 45 samples, 24 (54%)

school children were males and 21 (46%) children were females.

Data related to educational status of fathers reveals that, among 45 school

children   RI WKH FKLOGUHQ¶V IDWKHUV KDG KLJKHU VHFRQGDU\ HGXFDWLRQ

  FKLOGUHQ¶V IDWKHUV ZHUH JUDGXDWHV   FKLOGUHQ¶V IDWKHUV KDG

SULPDU\HGXFDWLRQ FKLOGUHQ¶V IDWKHUVZHUHSRVW JUDGXDWHVDQGRQH

FKLOG¶VIDWKHUZDVLOOLWHUDWH

66
 Data related to educational status of mothers reveals that, out of 45

children, more than half 23 (51%) of the FKLOGUHQ¶VPRWKHUVKDGKLJKHUVHFRQGDU\

HGXFDWLRQ   FKLOGUHQ¶V PRWKHUV ZHUH JUDGXDWHV   FKLOGUHQ¶V

PRWKHUV KDG SULPDU\ HGXFDWLRQ   FKLOGUHQ¶V PRWKHUV ZHUH SRVW JUDGXDWHV

and none of them were illiterate.

The majority of children 40 (89%) children belonged to Hindu religion,

3 (7%) belonged to Christian religion and 2 (4%) belonged to Muslim religion.

Regarding fathers occupational status, 15 (33%) FKLOGUHQ¶ IDWKHUV Dre

businessmen,   FKLOGUHQ¶V IDWKHUV Dre working in a workshop,

7 FKLOGUHQ¶V IDWKHUV Dre working as drivers,   FKLOGUHQ¶V IDWKHUV Dre

working as officers and 1 FKLOG¶V IDWKHU ZDV ZRUNLQJ as a manager and

5 (11%) FKLOGUHQ¶VIDWKHUVZHUHengineers and electricians respectively.

Regarding mother¶s occupational status 27 (60%) of FKLOGUHQ¶V PRWKHUV

are house wives, 6  FKLOGUHQ¶V PRWKHUV ZHUH doing business, 4 (9%)

FKLOGUHQ¶VPRWKHUVDre working as clerk, 3 (7%) mothers are teachers and tailors

respectively and one of the FKLOG¶V PRWKHU  ZDV a bank accountant and

pharmacist respectively

Data on the subject of the parents monthly income, 19 (42%) FKLOGUHQ¶V

family monthly income was above Rs.15, 000/-, sixteen (36%) FKLOGUHQ¶VIDPLO\

income ranged between Rs. 10000-15000/-, eight (18%FKLOGUHQ¶V family income

ranged between Rs. 5000-10000 and 2 (4% FKLOGUHQ¶V family monthly income

was below Rs.5000/-.

67
 Among 45 samples 25 (56%) have one sibling, 15 (33%) samples were

single child, 3 (7%) children had 2 siblings and 2 (4%) children had 3 siblings.

A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge and

practice regarding personal hygiene among school children from an urban area. A

total sample 512 was selected between the age group of 8 to 10 years. The study

shows that results of, demographic variables was 57% of them from 10 years old,

57% of them from males, 36% of the fathers had a primary education, 21% of the

mother from higher secondary and 70% of them from Hindu religion.

Ansari S.Y. (2014)

Data on previous knowledge of the school children regarding personal

hygiene. Result shows that among 45 samples, the majority of 40 (88.88%)

children knew about personal hygiene earlier and 5 (11.11%) of children GLGQ¶W

know regarding personal hygiene before the intervention.

5.2 Objectives 1:

To assess the knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school

children

Among 45 children, the children are classified as a group based on the age

group between 8 yrs to 10 yrs. Proportionate stratified random sampling was used

to select the sample. In pretest, 60% of school children had poor knowledge

regarding personal hygiene, 33.33% of children had fair knowledge regarding

personal hygiene, 7% of children had an average knowledge regarding personal

hygiene and no one had a good knowledge regarding personal hygiene.

68
 Damle .et.al ., (2014) had conducted a comparative study on Effectiveness

of supervised tooth brushing and oral health education in improving

oral hygiene status and practices of urban and rural school children .A total of 200

school children in the age group of between 12-15 years were selected by

stratified random sampling technique . The samples were selected from two

schools and further divided into two groups (group an urban school and group B

rural school).

5.3 Objective 2:

To evaluate the knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school

children after implementation of snake and ladder game.

Evaluation on level of knowledge regarding personal hygiene after

implementing the snake and ladder game among school children, among 45

children 57.78% of school children had a good knowledge regarding personal

hygiene, 33.33% of school children had an average knowledge regarding personal

hygiene, and 8.89% of school children had a fair knowledge regarding personal

hygiene no one from poor knowledge.

Paired¶ test was used to assess the level of knowledge regarding personal

hygiene among school children. It was identified that the mean score before and

after education regarding personal hygiene was found to be 13.68 and 33.31

respectively. Standard deviation was found to be 5.612 and 6.62 respectively with

the mean difference of 19.63. &DOFXODWHGµW value 14.84 was compared with the

table value and it showed WKDWWKHFDOFXODWHGµW¶YDOXHZDVJUHDWHUWKDQWKHWDEOH

value at 0.001 level of significance (1.684). Thus the research hypothesis, there

will be a highly significant different in knowledge regarding personal hygiene

69
before and after education through snake and ladder game was accepted. Hence

snake and ladder game was effective in the enhancement of knowledge regarding

personal hygiene among school children.

Prasanthi (2007) conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of

snake and ladder game on knowledge of common ailments among 60 primary

school children of Assumption English School Bangalore, selected the purposive

sampling. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of snake and ladder game on

the knowledge of common ailments among primary schools. The duration of study

was one month. A pre-test and post-test was done and among them 75.3% had a

good knowledge regarding dental caries and 42.5% had knowledge on worm

infestation. The post-test score was more than the pre-test score by 5%. Regarding

thHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIVQDNHDQGODGGHURQµNQRZOHGJHRIFRPPRQDLOPHQWV¶LWZDV

found to be effective in terms of increasing the knowledge scores. The findings

showed that the post-test knowledge scores were higher than the pre-test

knowledge scores and the differences between the pre-test and post-test scores

was statistically significant at 5% level (µW¶ (59) = 19.16, p<0.05). This indicates

that the game was an effective method of imparting information to the children.

5.4 Objective 3

Association between Personal Hygiene and Selected Demographic

Variables among School Children

Chi square test (with Yates correction) was used to find the association

between knowledge among school children and selected demographic variables

like, age, sex, education status of father and mother, religion, occupational status

of father and mother, parents monthly income, number of siblings at home and

previous knowledge regarding personal hygiene.

70
 It was found that F2 values for age (Fʹ ൌ ͻǤͶͺሻ, sex (Fʹଶ ൌ ʹǤͻͶሻ,

religion (Fଶ ൌ ͺǤͷͶሻ, education status of mother (Fଶ ൌ ͶǤͳͻሻ, and the number of

sibling at home (F2ൌ ͳͳǤʹͷሻhad no association with the pretest level of

knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school children.

Also it was found that, F2 value for educational status of father

(Fଶ ൌ ͶͶǤͲͷሻ SDUHQW¶V RFFXSDWLRQDO VWDWXV RI IDWKHU Fʹ ൌ ͵͸Ǥͻʹሻand monthly

income (Fʹ ൌ ͳͷǤͲ͹ሻ mother occupation (Fଶ ൌ ʹ͵Ǥ͹ͻሻ and previous knowledge

regarding personal hygiene (Fଶ ൌ ͹Ǥͳ͸ሻ, had association with the pretest level of

knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school children.

71
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This chapter summarizes the major findings, limitation, and implication in

the field of nursing education, nursing administration, nursing practice and nursing

research.

This study was conducted to recognize the effects of snake and ladder

game on knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school children at

selected school, Coimbatore. One group pre test post test pre experimental design

was used for the study. Using proportionate stratified random sampling

technique, 45 samples were selected for this study. Level of knowledge was

assessed using structured questionnaire. Snake and ladder game was administered

by the researcher to each group for a period of five days with the duration of 45 to

60 minutes. Post test was conducted on the 6th day, using the same structured

questionnaire. Paired µW¶ WHVW ZDV XVHG WR ILQG RXW WKH HIIHFW of snake and ladder

game among school children.

6.1 Major findings of the study

6.1.1 Out of 45 samples, 18 (40%) children belong to 10 years and more than half,

24 (53.33%) school children were males.

6.1.2 Out of 45, 19 (42.22%) fathers and 23 (51.11) mothers completed higher

secondary education.

6.1.3 The majority 40 (88.88%) school children belong to Hindu religion.

6.1.4 Out of 45, 15 (33.33%) fathers were doing Business and more than half

27(60%) mothers were Home makers

72
6.1.5 Monthly income of the family shows that, 19 (42.22%) samples had a family

monthly income higher than Rs.15, 000/-,

6.1.6 More than half, 25(55.55%) children were single child in their family.

6.1.7 In Pretest, more than half, 27(60%) school children had poor knowledge,

15 (33%) children had fair knowledge on personal hygiene, 3 (7%) children

had average knowledge on personal hygiene on personal hygiene. None of

the child had good knowledge.

6.1.8 Posttest shows that, more than half 26 (57.78%) school children had a good

knowledge on personal hygiene, 15(33.33%) children had average

knowledge and 4 (8.89%) children had fair level of knowledge on personal

hygiene. None of them were in poor knowledge.

6.1.9 The mean score of pretest and posttest scores was 13.68 and 33.31

respectively with a standard deviation of 5.61 and 6.62 respectively. The

mean difference of pretest and posttest score was 19.63.

6.1.10 The calculated µW¶ value 19.62 is greater than the table value at 0.001 level

of significance. Hence, the hypothesis ³There will be a significant difference

between the level of knowledge on personal hygiene among school children

before and after administration of snake and ladder game´ZDVDFFHSWHG

6.1.11 There was a significant association between level of knowledge on personal

hygiene and demographic variables like F2 value for educational

status of father (‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͶͶǤͲͷሻ, parent¶s occupational status of father

(‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͵͸Ǥͻʹሻ and monthly income (‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͳͷǤͲ͹ሻ previous knowledge

regarding personal hygiene. Variables like age (‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͻǤͶͺሻ, sex

(‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ʹǤͻͶሻ, religion (‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͺǤͷͶሻ, education status of mother (‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͶǤͳͻሻ,
73
 and the number of sibling at home (‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͳͳǤʹͷሻhad no association with

the pretest level of knowledge on personal hygiene among school children

no association with the knowledge on personal hygiene among school

children.

6.2 Limitations

1. The study was restricted to small number of subjects and shorter period

which limits generalization.

2. Snake and ladder game was not administered continuously due to the school

functions and holidays.

6.3 Suggestion for further study

1. The study can be repeated with large number of samples which will grant

more reliable results.

2. A similar study can be carried out with the control group

3. A comparative study can be conducted among hospitalized children to

diminish stress related to short term hospitalization.

4. The study can be conducted in community settings to uphold the school

health programme.

6.4 Recommendations

1. Nurses working in any set up can utilize this snake and ladder game as a

play way method to teach children about various healthy habits.

2. Teachers and special trainers in special schools can practice, snake and

ladder game as one of the routine teaching technique to teach the additional

health related information to school children.

74
6.5 Nursing Implications

The pediatric nurse have a most important role in providing compassionate

care to children. They have a immense accountability in promoting, preventing and

managing care to children as well as the family.

6.5.1 Nursing Education

Administration of snake and ladder game is an effective method of teaching

children to improve their knowledge on personal hygiene. Care-takers and teachers

can in addition utilize this method in teaching their children at home and school. It

can be conducted in community settings to endorse the school health programme in

order to improve the knowledge among school children. As per the current sWXG\¶V

report, this method of teaching is giving the impression to be a useful method to

instruct children on hygienic aspects. Therefore, Snake and ladder game can be

appended as one of the play therapy under pediatric nursing curriculum.

6.5.2 Nursing Administration

In future, the Nurse administrator can draw written policy to employ snake

and ladder game as a one of the intervention to teach the hospitalized children.

Based on the policies, the staff nurses possibly can use this play way technique to

teach about healthy habits to hospitalized children.

6.5.3 Nursing Practice

The nursing researches are giving more significance for interventional

studies on different aspects. The present study has tested the effect of snake and

ladder game on knowledge regarding personal hygiene among school children.

Teachers and school health nurses those who are all working in the special

education unit, can utilize this process for teaching the students in all health related

aspects along with other method of teaching.

75
6.5.4 Nursing Research

There is a great need of research to be conducted to progress the knowledge

of children on assorted aspects. The play therapy is considered as a valuable method

to teach children on health interconnected facet. Snake and ladder game is one of

the effective schemes to edify the school children. Effect of snake and ladder game

could be constructive for children with physically challenged, adjustment problem

and behavioral problem. The advance research can be conducted in future to review

the merits of snake and ladder game over other methods of health education to

improve knowledge of personal hygiene. Also, through snake and ladder game other

forms of health habits could be taught to children.

6.6 Conclusion

Modern lifestyle is becoming more complicated and people are given

magnitude based on their outward manifestation rather than their inner feelings.

Personal hygiene is a word to be taught and practiced RQ HYHU\RQH¶V GDLO\ OLIH,

because, it is incredibly imperative to maintain ones dignity in this materialistic

world. Especially for children who take more effort to shine best in this world.

Education through play therapy is an effective manner and gets more attention from

the children. Hence, the researcher adopted the unsurpassed method of education

through snake and ladder game. The result revealed that education through snake

and ladder game is effective in promoting their level of knowledge on personal

hygiene of school children.

76
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 ANNEXURE I
Analysis on Effect of Snake and Ladder game on Knowledge regarding
personal hygiene among school Children.

3DLUHGµW¶WHVWZDVDSSOLHGWRILQGRXWWKHSnake and Ladder game on Knowledge

regarding personal hygiene among school Children.

d
t =
SE

where,

SD
SE (Standard Error) =
n

మ
మ ିሺ೸ವሻ
SD (Standard Deviation) = ඨఀ஽ ೙
௡ିଵ

d = Mean difference between the pretest and post test level of

knowledge regarding personal hygiene

ȭ‫ܦ‬ = Sum of Mean difference between the pretest and post test

level of knowledge regarding personal hygiene

ȭ‫ܦ‬ଶ = Sum of square of Mean difference between the pretest and

post test level of knowledge regarding personal hygiene.

n = Number of samples
Pretest and Post Test Level Knowledge Regarding Personal Hygiene among
School Children.

Sample number Pre test (x1) Post test (x2) x1- x2= d d2

1 8 38 -30 900

2 16 38 -22 484

3 15 38 -23 529

4 12 26 -14 196

5 17 41 -24 576

6 15 22 -7 49

7 16 20 -4 16

8 24 27 -3 9

9 15 35 -20 400

10 11 25 -14 196

11 6 26 -20 400

12 8 36 -28 784

13 9 20 -11 121

14 9 26 -17 289

15 8 43 -35 1225

16 8 40 -32 1024

17 9 38 -29 841

18 9 41 -32 1024

19 7 37 -30 900

20 7 41 -34 1156

21 9 39 -30 900

22 19 35 -16 256

23 22 33 -11 121
Sample number Pre test (x1) Post test (x2) x1- x2= d d2

24 26 39 -13 169

25 16 25 -9 81

26 13 30 -17 289

27 14 25 -11 121

28 16 39 -23 529

29 15 32 -17 289

30 19 28 -9 81

31 9 29 -20 400

32 28 35 -7 49

33 9 36 -27 729

34 28 41 -13 169

35 12 41 -29 841

36 14 25 -11 121

37 13 26 -13 169

38 19 38 -19 361

39 21 33 -12 144

40 10 36 -26 676

41 12 23 -11 121

42 9 40 -31 961

43 12 38 -26 676

44 10 35 -25 625

45 12 40 -28 784

Total 616 1499 Ȉ' -883 Ȉ'2 =20781

X 1 (Mean knowledge level in pretest) =
¦X 1
=
଺ଵ଺
= 13.68
n ସହ

X 2 (Mean knowledge level in posttest) =

¦X 2
=
ଵସଽଽ
= 33.31
n ସହ

ሺ௫ଵି௫ଶሻଶ ଵସଵ଻Ǥ଺ହ ଵସଽଽ

Pretest SD = ට =ට = = 33.31
௡ ସହ ସହ

ሺ௫ଵି௫ଶሻଶ ଵଽ଻଻Ǥ଺ସ
Postest SD = ට =ට = ξͶ͵ǤͻͶ= 6.62
௡ ସହ
 µW¶WHVW

S.No x1 x2 x1- x2 x1- x2 (x1- x2)2 (x1- x2)2

1 8 38 -5.68 4.69 32.26 22.00

2 16 38 2.32 4.69 5.38 21.996

3 15 38 1.32 4.69 1.74 21.996

4 12 26 -1.68 -7.31 2.82 53.436

5 17 41 3.32 7.69 11.02 59.136

6 15 22 1.32 -11.31 1.74 127.916

7 16 20 2.32 -13.31 5.38 177.156

8 24 27 10.32 -6.31 106.50 39.816

9 15 35 1.32 1.69 1.74 2.856

10 11 25 -2.68 -8.31 7.18 69.056

11 6 26 -7.68 -7.31 58.98 53.436

12 8 36 -5.68 2.69 32.26 7.236

13 9 20 -4.68 -13.31 21.90 177.156

14 9 26 -4.68 -7.31 21.90 53.436

15 8 43 -5.68 9.69 32.26 93.896

16 8 40 -5.68 6.69 32.26 44.756

17 9 38 -4.68 4.69 21.90 21.996

18 9 41 -4.68 7.69 21.90 59.136

19 7 37 -6.68 3.69 44.62 13.616

20 7 41 -6.68 7.69 44.62 59.136

21 9 39 -4.68 5.69 21.90 32.376

22 19 35 5.32 1.69 28.30 2.856

23 22 33 8.32 -0.31 69.22 0.096

S.No x1 x2 x1- x2 x1- x2 (x1- x2)2 (x1- x2)2

24 26 39 12.32 5.69 151.78 32.376

25 16 25 2.32 -8.31 5.38 69.056

26 13 30 -0.68 -3.31 0.46 10.956

27 14 25 0.32 -8.31 0.10 69.056

28 16 39 2.32 5.69 5.38 32.376

29 15 32 1.32 -1.31 1.74 1.716

30 19 28 5.32 -5.31 28.30 28.196

31 9 29 -4.68 -4.31 21.90 18.576

32 28 35 14.32 1.69 205.06 2.856

33 9 36 -4.68 2.69 21.90 7.236

34 28 41 14.32 7.69 205.06 59.136

35 12 41 -1.68 7.69 2.82 59.136

36 14 25 0.32 -8.31 0.10 69.056

37 13 26 -0.68 -7.31 0.46 53.436

38 19 38 5.32 4.69 28.30 21.996

39 21 33 7.32 -0.31 53.58 0.096

40 10 36 -3.68 2.69 13.54 7.236

41 12 23 -1.68 -10.31 2.82 106.296

42 9 40 -4.68 6.69 21.90 44.756

43 12 38 -1.68 4.69 2.82 21.996

44 10 35 -3.68 1.69 13.54 2.856

45 12 40 -1.68 6.69 2.82 44.756

616 1499 1417.65 1977.64

Pretest SD = 5.61
Postest SD = 6.6
଼଼ଷ
Paired µ7¶7HVW D = ସହ
= 19.62

df = n-1
t= 19.62**
df= 45-1
df = 44
 LESSON PLAN ON PERSONAL HYGIENE

Education Regarding personal hygiene through snake and ladder game among school children

Topic : Personal hygiene

Samples : School children

Venue : Sri Ramakrishna Matriculation Higher Secondary School,Coimbator

Duration : 1 hour

Method of teaching : Lecture cum discussion

 Teacher/
Specific Evaluation
Time Contents learner A.V. Aids
Objectives Method
activity
1 mins The learner can Introduction Snake and ladder Evalauation
able to identify Hygiene is the science of perceiving and promoting the poster was
the topic health of both the individual and the community. The performed
word µhygiene¶ derives from the name of the ancient using
greek goddess of healthful living, deadliness and questionnaire
sanitation Hygiea.

5 mins The Snake and ladder game Snake and ladder

learner can poster
The conventional snake and ladder game was modified by
able to Explaining
incorporating the concepts of personal hygiene which
understand the and
snake and included oral hygiene, bathing, hair wash, nail cutting, listening
ladders game
washing hands, washing clothes, wearing foot wear, sleep

hygiene, food and water hygiene and ear hygiene. This

 Teacher/
Specific Evaluation
Time Contents learner A.V. Aids
Objectives Method
activity
game consists of 100 square boxes, with ten ladders

which indicates knowledge regarding the advantages of

personal hygiene and nine snakes which indicates

Explaining
knowledge regarding the ill effects of poor hygiene. and
listening
In each round of the game, five children were

made to play. The first square is the starting point. The

Snake and
children were asked to toss the dice and based on the dice ladder poster

throw, the coins were moved. The explanation of each

box regarding personal hygiene was given by the

researcher. When a child strikes the ladder, three

questions were asked and climbs up the ladder when

answered correctly. In addition, the explanation for the

 Teacher/
Specific Evaluation
Time Contents learner A.V. Aids
Objectives Method
activity
missed out boxes were given by the researcher. If the Snake and ladder
poster
responses were wrong, they were not allowed to climb the

ladder and made to play through the boxes again.

Explaining
When a child strikes the snake, three questions and
listening
were asked. If they give the correct answer, they were

asked to continue the game from the same box. In case of

wrong answers, they were bitten by the snake, descend

down and made to continue the game from the tail of the

snake onwards. When a child reaches the 100th square box

first, she/he was appreciated with a gift.

 Teacher/
Specific Evaluation
Time Contents learner A.V. Aids
Objectives Method
activity
45 The Procedure:
minutes learnersCan Snake and ladder
Step 1: A room was prepared and the snake and ladder
able to poster
game poster was spread.
undrstnad the
procedure Step 2:Five children were made to sit comfortably along Explaining
and
with the researcher.
listening
Step 3: The game was explained and the coins and dice

were handed over to the children.

Step 4: The children were made to play the snake and

ladder game

Step 5: After completion, the articles were replaced

 Teacher/
Specific Evaluation
Time Contents learner A.V. Aids
Objectives Method
activity
1 min The learners Definition The Snake and ladder Define
can able to Personal hygiene refers to taking care of oneself to researcher poster personal
define personal look and feel best. Personal hygiene includes regular defines the hygiene
hygiene bathing or showering, regular washing, regular hand
washing, brushing and flossing of teeth, basic manicure personal
and pedicure, feminine hygiene and healthy and sleeping. hygiene.
Learners
are
listening
1 min The learner can Types of Personal hygiene List out the
able to list out Keeping your body cleaned is a fundamental but Snake and ladder types
the types of not sole element of good personal hygiene. Good hygiene Explaining poster of personal
personal practices literally continue around the clock. and hygiene
hygiene 1. Brushing teeth twice a day Listening
2. Bathing
3. Regular hair wash
4. Nail cutting
 Teacher/
Specific Evaluation
Time Contents learner A.V. Aids
Objectives Method
activity
5. Washing hands at appropriate times
6. Washing clothes
7. Wearing foot wears
8. Getting an adequate amount of sleep
9. Food hygiene
10. Ear hygiene
2 min The learner can Oral hygiene Explaining Snake and ladder Explain the
able to explain Good oral hygiene includes brushing the teeth and poster techniques
the techniques twice a day and flossing at least once, according to the listening and
and importance American dental association. Keeping the teeth clean importance
of brushing and helps clear away food particles and plaque that may lead of brushing
rinsing mouth to the tooth decay and gum diseases. The ADA and rinsing
recommends regular dental checkups and cleanings to mouth
help keep teeth and gums healthy.
Hold tooth brush bristles at 45 degrees angle to gum
line.Be sure tips of bristles rest against and penetrate
under gum line. Brush inner and outer surfaces of upper
 Teacher/
Specific Evaluation
Time Contents learner A.V. Aids
Objectives Method
activity
and lower teeth by brushing from gum to crown of each
tooth, upward and downwards in the front teeth circular
maner , clean the biting surfaces of teeth by holding top
of bristles parallel with teeth and brushing gently back
and forth. Have the brush at 45 degree angle lightly brush
over surface and side of tongue from inside out. Allow
rinsing thoroughly and swishing water across all tooth
surfaces and spits rinsing mouth,swishing or rinsing
mouth after meals (or) after eating sweets or chocolates
which prevents the germs or organisms to be deposit in
teeth and causing tooth decay.
1 min The learner can Body Bath Explaining Snake and ladder Describe the
able to describe In several Hindu texts, such as the Manuscript and and poster various steps
the various Vishnu Purana, says bathing is one of the listening in bathing
steps in bathing Nityakarmasinsikkism, taking a bath daily orshowerusing
a mild soap and warm water helps wash away dirt and
bacteria that may lead to body odor- numerous medical
 Teacher/
Specific Evaluation
Time Contents learner A.V. Aids
Objectives Method
activity
conditions and diseases can be avoided or managed by
simply keeping our body clean, according to centers for
disease control and prevention.
Steps in Bathing Snake and ladder
Starting from the face, cleaning up if eyes, ears, poster
nose, neck, back of the neck. The upper and lower
extremities are cleansed from finger tips to axilla (or)
from toes towards thighs. The breast should be cleaned
and specials care should be taken to clean the perineal
area.
The learners HairWash Discuss
2 mins can able to Shampooing our hair and massaging our scalp will Snake and ladder techniques
wash away dirt, oil buildup and dead skin cells, explains
dicuss the poster and
by CYWHS.It may need to shampoo more or less atleast
techniques and once in a week, or often depending on our hair type. importance
importance of Make the hair to be separated into two halves, mix the of hair wash
hair washing shampoo in a small amount of water to reduce the
concentrated chemical action of the shampoo on hair
follicles. Massage from the scalp, root of the hair to tip of
hair. Wash thoroughly or four times and dry it nicely
 Teacher/
Specific Evaluation
Time Contents learner A.V. Aids
Objectives Method
activity
Pediculosis and dandruff can also get cleared on frequent
shampooing and makes the hair clean and tidy.
2mins The learners Hand wash Explaining Enumerate
can able to Washing our hands throughout the day with soap and Snake and ladder the
and water (or) atleast water can help removethe spread of
enumerate the listening poster importance
bacteria and viruses, according to the CYWHS.Always,
importance of cleanse our hands before and after food, before preparing of washing
washing hands a food and eating meals and after using bathroom, hands and
and feet toileting, coughing, sneezing and blowing our feet
nose.Washing thehands includes rubbing the palms,
finger tips, interlocking the hand back to cleanse the web
of fingers and wash it. Washing the feet atleast once in a
day it thoroughly especially in the bacteria- prone area
between the toes. If possible, make the feet to dip in warm
water for 15-20 mins with water mix with soap or
shampoo, which is useful for maintaining the moisture
and cleanse the sole of foot and prevents crackles.
2 mins The learner can Cutting the nails Explaining List down
able to list Cutting the nail with nail cutter is vital. Biting of and the steps in
nails which creates a bad opinion on us andalso it may
down the steps listening Snake and ladder cutting the
leads to bad habit. Biting of nails causes the dirt to travel
 Teacher/
Specific Evaluation
Time Contents learner A.V. Aids
Objectives Method
activity
in cutting the the micro-organisms to enter into stomach and causes poster nails
nails several disturbances.
Nail cutting, includes soak the finger nails or toe
nails in water for 10-20 minutes

1 min The learners Washing Clothes Explaining Explain the

can able to 2QFHZHDUFORWKHVVKRXOGEHZDVKHGEHFDXVHWKHSHUVRQ¶V and Snake and ladder method of
sweated and dead cells which cause bad odour and also
explain the Listening poster washing
aids for the spread of micro organisms. So we have to
methods of wash the clothes with soap and water and rinse clothes
washing thoroughly dry it under sunlight.
clothes
1 min The learners Wearing chappals Explaining Snake and ladder Describe the
can able to Foot care includes wearing chappals, whenever and poster importance
describe the going outside and also during to toilet or bathroom. It listening of wearing
importance of prevents infections transmitted from others saliva, many chappals
wearing skin diseases.
chappals
 Teacher/
Specific Evaluation
Time Contents learner A.V. Aids
Objectives Method
activity
1 min The learners Sleep Hygiene
Snake and ladder
can able to A person should sleep atleast 6-8 hours in the night
poster
discuss sleep especially the adolescent should maintain their bed
hygiene timings correctly in order to improve their memory power

1 min The learners Food hygiene List thesome

can able to Washing hands before preparing food it helps to keep Snake and ladder of diseases
discuss sleep germs out of our bodies. Washing hands before eating poster not
hygiene food helps stop germs getting into our bodies.a person maintaing
should dring 8 cup of water per day minimmum,the water the food
should clean it helps to prevent many diseases likes hygiene
cholera,typhoid,if the water contain the chemical it leds to
allergy skin rashes.

1 min The learners Ear hygiene List the

can able to Ear is one of the sensary organ and it help to maintain the Snake and ladder some of the
discuss sleep equlibrium of the body tembrature wile taking bath every poster problem in
 Teacher/
Specific Evaluation
Time Contents learner A.V. Aids
Objectives Method
activity
hygiene GD\FOHDQWKHH[WDQDOHDUDQGIROGLQJRIWKHHDUGRQ¶WXVH not
any pin and cotton puds to clean the ear wax. Ever year maintaing
getregulur check up to the ENT doctore to clean the ear the ear
wax and maintain the good hearing capacity. hygiene
Conclusion
Personal hygiene is not only maintance of cleanliness of
apart (or) organ but prevention of infection (or) diseases.
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 EFFECT OF EDUCATION ON PERSONAL HYGIENE THROUGH

SNAKE AND LADDER GAME TO SCHOOL CHILDREN AT SELECTED

SCHOOLS, COIMBATORE

TOOL

PART- A Sample no:

DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

1. Age (in years) :

2. Sex : M F

3. Educational status of parents

a) Father : i) Illiterate

ii) Primary education

iii) Higher Secondary

iv) Graduate

v) Post graduate

b) Mother i) Illiterate

ii) Primary education

iii) Higher secondary

iv) Graduate

v) Post graduate

4. Religion : Hindu Muslim Christia Others

5. Occupation status

A) Father :

B) Mother :
6. Monthly income :

Below Rs. 5000 :

Rs. 5000-10000 :

Rs. 10000-15000 :

Above Rs. 15000 :

7. No of sibling at home :

PART B

General question

1) Do you know what is personal hygiene ? yes No

2). Have you received /any information about personal hygiene before?

If yes, please specify

PART C

QUESTIONNAIRE

1) What do you mean by personal hygiene?

a) Personal hygiene refers to taking care of oneself to look and feel best.

b) Personal hygiene refers to taking bath and brushing.

c) Personal hygiene refers to washing the dress once you wear.

d) Personal hygiene refers to regular washing, brushing, and taking bath.

2) What are all the elements of personal hygiene?

a) Brushing/Bathing /Hair wash

b) Hand washing/Nail cutting/ wearing the footwear

c) Sleep hygiene / Cloth hygiene

d) All of the above

3) What are the benefits of brushing?

a) To promote blood supply

b) To Prevent tooth decay and cavity

c) To maintain healthy gum to clean the chewing surface and tongue

d) All of the above

4) How many times in a day a person should do brush the teeth?

a) Once in a day

b) Twice a day

c) Thrice a day

d) Whenever necessary

5) Which is the ideal time for brushing teeth?

a) After getting up from the bed

b) At night

c) After getting up in the morning and before going to bed at night

d) Each time after eating and drinking

6) How to brush the front teethes?

a) Circular manner

b) Upwards and downwards

c) Inside and outside manner

d) Zig zag manner

7) How to brush the side teethes?

a) Circular manner

b) Up and down manner

c) Inside and outside manner

d) Zigzag manner
8) How to brush the lower inner teethes?

a) Circular manner

b) Upward and downward

c) Inside and outside manner

d) Zigzag manner

9) How to brush the upper inner teethes?

a) Circular manner

b) Downwards to upwards

c) Inside and outside manner

d) Zigzag manner

10) What is the duration of brushing?

a) 1-3 seconds

b) 2 minutes

c) 4-5 minutes

d) 5-10 minutes

11) What is the ideal time to rinse the mouth?

a) After eating Meals

b) After drinking liquids

c) After waking up

d) All of the above

12) How often you change the brush?

a) Every month

b) 3 to 4 month

c) 4-6 months

d) Whenever necessary
13) What are the ill effects of not maintaining proper brushing?

a) Dental caries and cavities

b) Bad breath

c) Gum disease

d) All of the above

14) What are all the benefits of body bath?

a) Improve the blood circulation

b) Boost the immune system

c) Improve the activity and remove dirt

d) All of the above

15) How many times in a day a person is suggested to take bath?

a) Once in a day

b) Two times in a day

c) Three time in a day

d) Whenever necessary

16) What are all the ill effects of irregular bath?

a) Skin itching

b) Skin rashes

c) Bad smell

d) All of the above

17) What are all the benefits of hair wash?

a) To Prevent dandruff,

b) To improve blood circulation

c) To maintain cleanliness of the hair

d) All of the above

18) How often do you wash hair?

a) Daily

b) Weekly

c) Weekly twice

d) Weekly thrice

19) What are all the ill effects of not taking regular hair wash?

a) Scalp itching

b) Dandruff and pediculosis

c) Hair fall

d) All of the above

20) What are all the benefits of nail cutting?

a) To Prevent inward nail growth

b) To prevent bacterial fungal infection

c) To prevent accumulation of dirt

d) All of the above

21) The nails should be cut with?

a) Nail cutter

b) Blade

c) Knife

d) Others

22) What are all the techniques to cut short the nails?

a) Cut the nail from both sides

b) Soak the nails in water for few minutes and using nail cutter, cut from

one side to other side of the nails.

c) By keeping the nail cutter straight to the surface and cut

d) Cut the nail from upper surface and parallel to finger

23) What are all the ill effects of not cutting the nails regularly?

a) In ward nail growth

b) Infection through dirt under the nails

c) Skin scratches because of self-injury

d) All of the above

24) How many times in a day a person is recommend to do wash hands?

a) 2 times

b) 3 times

c) Often required

d) Whenever necessary

25) What is the duration for hand washing?

a) 5-10 sec

b) 10 -15 sec

c) 15-20 sec

d) 20-30 sec

26) How to wash the hands after voiding?

a) With water only

b) With soap and warm water

c) Wash hands with antiseptic lotion

d) With soap only

27) What are all the ill effects of not taking regular hand wash?

a) GI Track infection

b) Skin infection

c) Respiratory tract infection

d) All of the above

28) What are all the advantages of washing clothes?

a) To clean clothes

b) To remove bacteria and death cells.

c) To prevent skin rashes

d) All of the above

29) How to wash the cloths?

a) With water

b) With soap and water

c) With detergent

d) Dry wash

30) How to dry the washed cloth?

a) Under Sunlight

b) Under Shadow

c) Inside the home

d) Using Dryer

31) When to use foot wears?

a) While going out and toilet

b) Inside the home

c) While playing

d) Every where

32) What are all the ill effects of not wearing the foot wears?

a) Accidental injury in the feet

b) Fungal infection

c) Dry foot / warm infestation

d) All of the above

33) How many hours a person should sleep minimum in a day?

a) 5 hours

b) 8 hours

c) 10 hours

d) 12 hours

34) What are all the advantages of the normal sleeping?

a) Feel fresh

b) Better concentration

c) Ability to take better decision/alert and active

d) All of the above

35) What are all the ill effects of not maintaining normal sleeping?

a) Confusion

b) Head ache

c) Fatigue

d) All of the above

36) When do you wash your hands?

a) After playing in the soil

b) After voiding

c) Before eating

d) All of the above

37) What is the importance to maintain ear hygiene?

a) To prevent ear wax accumulation

b) To prevent infection

c) To prevent discharge

d) All of the above

38) How can you clean your ear?

a) With soft cloth

b) Every day while taking bath cleans the external ear

c) With pin

d) With cotton swab

39) How can maintain ear hygiene?

a) Regular check up to the ENT doctor

b) Every day while taking bath cleans the external ear

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d) All of the above

40) What are all the ill effects of not maintaining ear hygiene?

a) Ear wax

b) Fever, sever ear pain

c) Discharge from the ear

d) All of the above

41) What will happen if you not drink clean water?

a) Diarrhea

b) Cholera, typhoid

c) Allergy if the water having the chemical product, skin rashes

d) All of the above

42) How much water a person should take per day?

a) 200 ml

b) 800 ml

c) 1000 ml

d) 2000 ml
43) Advantage of maintaining food hygiene?

a) To prevent infection

b) To prevent diarrhea

c) To prevent food poisoning

d) All of the above

44) What are all the benefits of taking balanced diet?

a) To improve nutritional level

b) Limits of additional calories

c) Allow to eat healthy

d) All of the above

45) What are all the ill effects of not maintaining food hygiene?

a) Food poisoning

b) Diarrhea

c) Abdomen pain

d) All of the above

Scoring

Each response carries one mark

Maximum score ±45

Minimum score ±0

Interpretation

Good 35-45

Average 25 to less than 35

Fair 15 to less than 25

Poor less than 15