A Progressive Pharmaceutical Review On Sneha Kalpana
A Progressive Pharmaceutical Review On Sneha Kalpana
A Progressive Pharmaceutical Review On Sneha Kalpana
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ABSTRACT
Sneha Kalpana is a group of products of medicated taila and ghrita. This class of formulations is reported to
treat a very wide range of diseases among patients of all age groups. Sneha Kalpas manufactured in Ayurvedic
pharmaceutics are used extensively for medicinal as well as cosmetic purposes. It is one of the widely used
techniques in Ayurvedic drug industry to achieve solubility of both fat-soluble and water-soluble extractives into
the oil medium. It is the only Kalpana which is used through all four modes of administration of such formulations,
i.e. pana, abhyanga, nasaya, and basti.
S
neha Kalpana is one of the widely used sthavara sneha, respectively.[5-7]
and preferred dosage forms of Ayurvedic 4. Based on the types of utility: Pana, Anuvasana,
system of medicine. It is a pharmaceutical Abhyanga, Shirobasti, Uttarbasti, Nasya, Karnapurana,
procedure which is followed to produce an and Dharana.[2-4,7]
oleaginous medicament from the substances
such as kalka, kwatha, and drava dravyas, in
specific proportions by subjecting them to a CHRONICLED APPRAISAL OF SNEHA
specified heating pattern and duration. By this KALPANA
process, one can ensure transformation of the
active therapeutic properties of the ingredients Vedas are the source of knowledge and Ayurveda is a part of
to the solvents, and hence, one can recover it. Atharvaveda mentioned about pivas paka and taila paka,
fat-soluble as well as water-soluble chemical where visha dravyas are used in the processing. In Yajurveda,
constituents.[1,2] also Havi and Ajya are mentioned for Ghrita.[8]
Samhita Period
CLASSIFICATION OF SNEHA
KALPANA Samhita kala is considered as the golden period for Sneha
Kalpana. In Brihtrayee, Sneha Kalpana flourished due to its
Sneha Kalpana is classified into various immense use for different purposes ranging from external
categories based on different parameters. Those applications to internal administration through different routes.
includes as follows -
1. Based on the stage of paka: Ama Paka,
Mridu Paka, Madhya Paka, Khara Paka, Address for correspondence:
and Dagdha Paka.[2] Dileep Singh Baghel, Department of Ayurvedic Pharmacy,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional
2. Based on the origin yonies (sources):
University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
Sthavar (plant origin) and Jangam (fish,
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
quadruped animals, and birds come under
this group).[3]
Received: 19-04-2017
3. Based on the nature of media: Ghrita
Revised: 22-08-2017
Kalpa, Taila Kalpa, Vasa Kalpa, and Majja
Accepted: 26-10-2017
Kalpa.[4]
Tila taila properties and its importance are mentioned under CONCEPT REGARDING THE
Taila vassa varga. In 2nd and 4th chapter, the procedure of taila PROPORTION[3,22]
paka and types of paka with their lakshans are explained in
detail. He also mentioned time duration for paka of ghrita If the quantity of the ingredients is not mentioned, then
and taila as 7 and 15 days, respectively. the kalka, sneha, and dravadravya should be used in the
proportion of 1:4:16, respectively. The ratio of kalka, sneha,
Bhel Samhita[15] and dravadravya mentioned in different classics is given in
Table 1.
Taila is mentioned for mardan and ushnodak as anupana for
Chaturvidha sneha. In Vimansthana under Rasavimanadhyay,
taila is referred as the vehicle of choice. PROPERTIES OF SNEHA DRAVYA[23,24]:
Before subjecting the drugs to Sneha paka, Sneha is • Stoppage of bubbling sounds (Sneha).
supposed to undergo one particular procedure called as • Disappearance of bubbles in ghrita and appearance of
SnehaMurchhana. It is applied for both Taila and Ghrita. It bubbles in taila.
is considered as one of the Samskaras of Sneha and helps the • Appearance of clarity in taila.
Sneha to acquire specific pharmaceutical as well as therapeutic • Kalka does not adhere to the fingers.
property. In Brihattrayee, no reference can be traced regarding • Kalka attains perfect wick shape when rolled between
SnehaMurchhana. BhaishajyaRatnavali is the first text, which thumb and index.
described the importance and method of Murchhana process. • Kalkais neither very hard nor very soft.
Murchhana alters the solubility pattern and absorbability,
which is desired to get maximum medicinal properties.
The preparation of sneha is mainly divided into
three stages (paka)[28]
Objectives of murchhana process
• Mridupaka
• Amadoshaharatwa - removal of “Ama” which can • Madhyampaka
be correlated to the “moisture content” which can be • Kharapaka
directly related to rancidity problems.
• Removal of bad odor of crude Taila or Ghrita. AcharyaVagbhatt and Acharya Sharangadhara have
• Sneha will acquire the capability to receive more active mentioned two more stages proceeding and succeeding
principles. to above three stages, respectively. The Amapaka
• Stability of the Sneha is also supposed to increase. and Dagdhpaka are not suitable for therapeutic uses.
• Impart appealing color to the Taila. AcharyaHarita mentioned one more stage of Snehapaka by
• May alter the solubility and absorption of the finished the name of Viseshapaka which succeeds Kharapaka. The
product. characters of various Snehapakas and their therapeutic uses
are given in Tables 3 and 4.
Snehapaka[7,26]
Table 1: General and specific ratio of kalka, dravadravya, and sneha dravya
Ratio Kalka Dravya (Part) Drava Dravya (Part) Sneha Dravya (Part) Reference
General 1/4 th
4 1 Chakradatta
Specific 1/4th 4(Water) 1 Sharangadhara samhita
1/6 th
4 (Kwatha) 1 Sharangadhara samhita
1/8 th
4 (Swarasa, Mansarasa, Dadhi, 1 Sharangadhara samhita
Ksheera, Takra)
1/4th Up to 4 1 Sharangadhara samhita
1/4 th
More than four, all equal to Sneha 1 Sharangadhara samhita
• Tailapatra should be wide-mouthed and of suitable • If Sarjarasa, Madhu, and Wax have to be added,
size. Size of Snehapatra depends on the batch then it should be added after Sneha is filtered in the
quantity and nature. vessel in which the Sneha is to be filtrated.
2. During the process • The containers utilized for storage or packing should
• Madhyamagni should be maintained throughout the be free from moisture.
process.
• The mixture should be stirred in the initial stage for
facilitation of homogenous mixing and stirring in a DOSE[2]
later stage to avoid sticking of kalka to the vessel
resulting in carbonization. Acharya Sharangadhara has mentioned a common dose for
• Care should be taken to determine the proper stage medicated Sneha for internal use as one tola (12 g).
of Snehapaka.
• If SaindhavaLavana and KsharaDravya have to be
added to Sneha, it has to be added to Siddha Sneha
Kalpaand then filtered.
MODERN APPROACH TO SNEHA
• If Sarkara is mentioned in the formula, then it should KALPANA
be added to the final product after complete cooling.
3. After the process In the modern era, various dosage form utilized by the
• To obtain maximum yield, the finished Sneha should customer can be devolve as novel drug delivery system
be filtered in hot condition itself. (NDDS) for the sneha kalpana. Semisolid preparations
• If Sugandhadravya has to be added, then it should intended for application to the skin with or without energy.
be added gently and carefully when the Sneha is in They may be oleaginous or entirely free from oleaginous
a lukewarm condition. substances or may be emulsion of fatty/wax. Ointments are
composed of fluid hydrocarbons embedded in a matrix of
high melting solid hydrocarbons or the preparations in which
Table 2: Duration of Snehapaka in different liquid
the medicinal agent dispersed in a fatty base.[31,32] Creams are
media[29,30]
the semisolid preparations consist of two phases in which
Liquid Media Time duration (days) one is aqueous or the other is oily/fatty base.[32] Gels are the
Mamsa, Vasa, Vrihi, dhanya 1 semisolid preparations in which the high degree of physical
Dugdha 2 cross-linking occurs between the liquid phases constrained
Swarasa 3 with a three-dimensional polymer matrix.[32] Liposomes are
the spherical vehicle consists of phospholipids in an aqueous
Kwatha, Arnala, Takra 5
environment. The amphiphilic phospholipids molecules form
Valli, Mula 12 a cloned bilayer sphere to shield the hydrophobic group
Kalpana (Paka) vis-a-vis liposome. Ayu 2011;32:103-8. Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan; 2006. p. 228.
22. Sen G. Vaidya, Paribhasha Pradipa. Varanasi: 30. Shukla G. Bhela Samhita, Bhela. Varanasi: Chaukhambha
Chaukhamba Publication; 1999. p. 135, 43. Vidya Bhavan; 1959.
23. Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita, Madhyam 31. Seth AK. Pharmaceutics-II (Dispensing and
Khand 7/194. 6th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia; Formulations). Jalandhar, Punjab: S.Vikas & Company
2005. p. 213, 212. (Medical Publishers); 1999.
24. Rai P. Concept of Medicated oil and ghrita in ayurvedic 32. Lachman L, The Theory Practice of Industrial Pharmacy.
pharmaceutics-a literary review. Int J Pharm Life Sci 3rd edition. Varghese Publishing House Hind, Rajasthan;
2015;6:4620-2. 1976
33. Vyas SP. Target and Controlled Drug Delivery Novel
25. Shastri H, Vaidya P. Astanga Hrdyam. 9th ed. Varanasi:
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Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2005. p. 243.
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26. Shastri AD, Kaviraj Govind Das Sen’s, Bhaishjya
34. Verma P, Pathak K, Therapeutic and cosmeceutical
Ratnavali. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Prakashan; 2014.
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p. 185. Technol Res 2010;3:274-82.
27. Siddhi NM. Bhaishjya Ratnavali of Kaviraj Govind. 35. Jain N, Gupta BP, Thakur N, Jain R, Banweer J, Jain DK,
5th ed. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan; 2005. p. 206. Jain S. Phytosome: A novel drug delivery system for
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Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan; 2008.
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29. Siddhi NM. Bhaishajya Kalpana-Vigyan. Varanasi: Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.