Basic method of statics

Consider the structure

shown, which was
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designed to support a 30
kN load. It consists of a
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boom AB with a 30 x 50
mm rectangular cross
section and a rod BC with
a 20 mm diameter circular
cross section. These are
connected by a pin at B
and are supported by pins
and brackets at A and C,
respectively.

Stress analysis & design example 1

 Free body diagram
Responses at points A & C
are unknown
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(representation is done by
X & y components)
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Stress analysis & design example 2

 • If the load is perpendicular (normal) to the area
concerned.
σave = P/A
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Units:
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 SI Unit: N/m2 (Pa), kPa, MPa, Gpa

 English: lb/in2 (psi), ksi

Normal stresses 3
 • The normal stresses can be either tensile or compressive
whether the stresses acts of the area or into the area.
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Sign Convention:
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Tensile: +ive
Compressive: -ive

Tensile & compressive 4

 • A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the
resultant of the internal forces passes
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through the centroid of the section

• A uniform distribution of stress is only
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possible if the concentrated loads on the

end sections of two-force members are
applied at the section centroids. This is
referred to as centric loading.
• If a two-force member is eccentrically
loaded, then the resultant of the stress
distribution in a section must yield an axial
force and a moment
• The stress distributions in eccentrically
loaded members cannot be uniform or
symmetric
Centric & eccentric loading 5
 • When the cross-sectional area is subjected to a
distribution of forces which are parallel, rather than
normal, to the area concerned.
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• Such forces are referred to as shear forces and resulting

stresses are known as shear stresses.
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τ = F/A

Shear stresses 6
 • Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the member AB
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of section C and
are called shearing forces.
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Shearing stresses 7
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Single Shear

Shearing stress examples

Double Shear

8
 • The stress (resulting stress) at any point in a body is
basically resolved into two components σ and τ
• One act perpendicular and other parallel to the area
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concerned, as it is clearly defined in the following figure

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Two components of stress 9

 • Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
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members they connect

• The resultant of the force
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distribution on the surface is

equal and opposite to the
force exerted on the pin
• Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b  
A td

Bearing stress in connections 10

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11
 • Would like to
determine the stresses
in the members and
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connections of the
structure shown
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•From a statics analysis:

FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
•Must consider
maximum normal
stresses in AB and BC,
and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at
each pinned
connection

Stress analysis & design example 12

 • The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50
kN.
• At the rod center, the average normal stress
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in the circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2)

is sBC = +159 MPa.
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• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-

sectional area occurs at the pin centerline,
A  20 mm 40 mm  25 mm   300 10 6 m 2

P 50 103 N
 BC ,end    167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2

• The boom is in compression with an axial

force of 40 kN and average normal stress of
–26.7 MPa.
• The minimum area sections at the boom
ends are unstressed since the boom is in
compression.
Rod and Boom normal stresses 13
 • The cross-sectional area for pins at A,
B, and C,
2
 25 mm 
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6 2
A  r  
2
  49110 m
 2 
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• The force on the pin at C is equal to

the force exerted by the rod BC,

P 50 103 N
 C , ave    102 MPa
A 491106 m 2

• The pin at A is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted
by the boom AB,
P 20 kN
 A, ave    6 2
 40.7 MPa
A 49110 m

Pin shearing stresses 14

 • Divide the pin at B into sections to
determine the section with the largest
shear force,
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PE  15 kN
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PG  25 kN (largest)

• Evaluate the corresponding average

shearing stress,
PG 25 kN
 B, ave    50.9 MPa
A 491106 m 2

Pin shearing stresses 15

 • To determine the bearing stress at A in the
boom AB, we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
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P 40 kN
b    53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm 
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• To determine the bearing stress at A in the

bracket, we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d
= 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm 

Pin Bearing Stresses 16

 http://www.mdsolids.com/
http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/index.html
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Normal, Shear & Bearing Stress 17

 • Axial forces on a two force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
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perpendicular to the member

axis.
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• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to
bolt or pin axis.
• Will show that either axial or
transverse forces may produce
both normal and shear stresses
with respect to a plane other
than one cut perpendicular to
the member axis.

Stress in two force members 18

 • Pass a section through the member
forming an angle θ with the normal
plane.
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• From equilibrium conditions, the

distributed forces (stresses) on the
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plane must be equivalent to the force

P.
• Resolve P into components normal
and tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cos V  P sin 
• The average normal and shear stresses
on the oblique plane are
F P cos P
   cos2 
A A0 A0
cos
V P sin  P
   sin  cos
A A0 A0
cos
Stress on an oblique plane 19
 • Normal and shearing stresses on an
oblique plane
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P P
 cos2   sin  cos
A0 A0
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• The maximum normal stress occurs when

the reference plane is perpendicular to
the member axis,
P
m    0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a

plane at + 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m  sin 45 cos 45  
A0 2 A0

Maximum stresses 20
 • A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into two
segments by a plane passing through Q
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• The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
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F x
 x  lim
A 0 A

V yx Vzx
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A  0 A  A  0 A

• For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and
stress distribution must be
exerted on the other segment
of the member.

Stress under general loadings 21

 • Stress components are defined for the
planes cut parallel to the x, y and z
axes. For equilibrium, equal and
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opposite stresses are exerted on the

hidden planes.
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• The combination of forces generated

by the stresses must satisfy the
conditions for equilibrium:
 Fx   Fy   Fz  0
Mx  My  Mz  0
• Consider the moments about the z
axis:  M z  0   xy Aa   yx Aa
 xy   yx
similarly,  yz   zy and  xz   zx

• It follows that only 6 components of

stress are required to define the
State of stress complete state of stress 22
 Structural members or Factor of safety considerations:
machines must be designed • uncertainty in material
such that the working stresses properties
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are less than the ultimate • uncertainty of loadings

strength of the material. • uncertainty of analyses
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• number of loading cycles

• types of failure
• maintenance requirements
FS  Factor of safety and deterioration effects
u ultimate stress • risk to life and property
FS  
 all allowable stress • influence on machine function

Factor of safety 23