CE 204 Lecture Chapter 1 2
CE 204 Lecture Chapter 1 2
CE 204 Lecture Chapter 1 2
Spring 2013
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• Structure is detached from supports and • In addition to the complete structure, each
the loads and reaction forces are indicated component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
M C 0 Ax 0.6 m 30 kN 0.8 m
Ax 40 kN M B 0 Ay 0.8 m
Ay 0
Fx 0 Ax C x
C x Ax 40 kN substitute into the structure
equilibrium equation
Fy 0 Ay C y 30 kN 0 C 30 kN
y
Ay C y 30 kN
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d
4A
4 500 10 6 m 2 2.52 102 m 25.2 mm P ave A dF dA
A
• The detailed distribution of stress is statically
indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is
alone.
adequate
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STRESS ANALYSIS & DESIGN EXAMPLE ROD & BOOM NORMAL STRESSES
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
• Would like to determine the
stresses in the members and • At the rod center, the average normal stress in
connections of the structure the circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is
shown. BC = +159 MPa.
• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-
• From a statics analysis: sectional area occurs at the pin centerline,
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
A 20 mm 40 mm 25 mm 300106 m 2
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
P 50 103 N
• Must consider maximum BC,end 167 MPa
A 300106 m 2
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress • The boom is in compression with an axial force of
and bearing stress at each 40 kN and average normal stress of –26.7 MPa.
pinned connection
• The minimum area sections at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom is in compression.
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• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B, • Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
and C, the section with the largest shear force,
PE 15 kN
2
25 mm 6 2
A r2 49110 m
2
PG 25 kN (largest)
• The force on the pin at C is equal to the
force exerted by the rod BC, • Evaluate the corresponding average
shearing stress,
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P 50 10 N
C , ave 102 MPa
A 491106 m 2 PG 25 kN
B, ave 50.9 MPa
A 491106 m 2
• The pin at A is in double shear with a
total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
P 20 kN
A, ave 40.7 MPa
A 491106 m 2
P 40 kN
b 32.0 MPa • Will show that either axial or
td 50 mm 25 mm
transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
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FACTOR OF SAFETY
In-class Activities
Factor of safety considerations:
Structural members or • uncertainty in material properties 1. Check homework, if any
machines must be designed • uncertainty of loadings 2. Reading Quiz
such that the working stresses • uncertainty of analyses 3. Applications
are less than the ultimate
• number of loading cycles 4. Normal Stress
strength of the material.
• types of failure 5. Shear Stress
• maintenance requirements and 6. Concept Quiz
deterioration effects
• importance of member to
structures integrity
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function
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V
A
allow
CONCEPT QUIZ
1) The thrust bearing is subjected to the loads
as shown. Determine the order of average
normal stress developed on cross section
through BC and D.
a) C>B>D
b) C>D>B
c) B>C>D
d) D>B>C
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