Biology investigatory project

Topic: - “TO STUDY LIFE CYCLE OF

DROSOPHILIA MELANOGASTER”

Name: - aritra kundu

Class: - 12 science
Roll no. : - 12
Session: - 2019-2020
Guide teacher: - Mr R.n.ghorai
-: BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT:-

TOPIC: - “TO STUDY LIFE CYCLE OF

DROSOPHILIA MELANOGASTER”

A Project work submitted to

K.V.SANTRAGACHI, in partial fulfillment
for the AISSC Examination 2019-2020.

GUIDED BY: - PREPARED BY:-

MR R.N.GHORAI ARITRA KUNDU

(PGT BIOLOGY XII TH (SCIENCE)

KV SANTRAGACHI) ROLL NO: - 12

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks and deep

sense of gratitude to Mr.R.N.GHORAI (PGT
BIOLOGY, K.V.SANTRAGACHI) for his wise and
worthy guidance, valuable counselling and
encouragement for bringing out this humble piece of
work to light.
I am extremely thankful to our Lab Attendant, for
his kind co-operation, suggestion and facilities
extended for the conduct of experiment for the same
project.
I am very thankful to Mr R.C.PANDEY, Principal
K.V.SANTRAGACHI for his help, co-operation and
encouragement for my project.
Finally I express thanks to one and all who have
directly or indirectly assisted for the completion of
this project work.

NAME: - ARITRA KUNDU

XII TH (SCIENCE).

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANTRAGACHI

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project “TO STUDY LIFE

CYCLE OF DROSOPHILIA MELANOGASTER ”

was conducted by Master ARITRA KUNDU of

class XII TH –Sc ,for AISSC Examination 2019-2020
under my guidance and supervision and it is fully
Original .

Signature of Principal Signature. (PGT BIO)

K.V SANTRAGACHI
K.V.SANTRAGACHI
 DECLARATION

I DO HERE BY DECLARE THAT THE PROJECT

WORK ENTITLED “ TO STUDY LIFE CYCLE OF
drosophila melanogaster ” WHICH I AM HERE BY
SUBMITTING IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
AISSC EXAMINATION IS THE RESULT OF
WORK CARRIED OUT BY ME UNDER THE
SUPERVISION OF THE GUIDANCE OF
Mr.R.N.GHORAI (PGT BIOLOGY, KENDRIYA
VIDYALAYA SANTRAGACHI)

Name :- ARITRA KUNDU

XIITH SCIENCE
 INTRODUCTION
Fruit flies of the genus Drosophila have been an
attractive and effective genetic model organism.
Work with Drosophila has enabled dramatic
advances in cell and developmental biology,
neurobiology and molecular biology, evolutionary
and population genetics, and other fields. With more
tissue types and observable behaviours than in
other short-generation model organisms, and with
vast genome data available for many species within
the genus, the fly’s tractable complexity will
continue to enable exciting opportunities to explore
mechanisms of complex developmental programs,
behaviours, and broader evolutionary questions.

Drosophila melanogaster is typically used in

research because it can be readily reared in the
laboratory, has only four pairs of chromosomes,
breeds quickly and lays many eggs.

They exhibit sexual dimorphism. Females are about

2.5mm long and males are slightly smaller than
females having darker backs. They also show
various colour differences.
 Working model for genetics
Drosophila is chosen as a model organism to study
genetics for the following reasons :-

 Its care and culture require little equipment,

space, and also less expensive.
 Its morphology is easy to understand.
 Males and females are readily distinguished from
each other.
 It has only four pairs of chromosomes - three pair
autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes.
 The fly genome is of lower redundancy than in
higher organisms, i.e. only one or very few genes
often code for members of one protein class. In
contrast, higher organisms tend to have more
paralogous genes encoding closely related
proteins that tend to display functional effects.
 Males do not show meiotic recombination,
facilitating genetic studies.
 Culture medium of drosophila is easy to
manufacture.
 The development of this organism, from
fertilized egg to mature adult is well understood.
 It has a high fecundity (females lay up to 100 eggs
per day, and perhaps 2000 in a lifetime).
 Has a short generation time (about 10 days at
room temperature), so several generations can
be studied within a few week.
 Fruit flies are easy and cheap to keep in various
fly stocks .
Necessary things required for studying
the life cycle :-

Stock keeping :-

It is usually done at 18°C (generation time of about 1 month). It

is good practice to keep one young and one two week older, a
routine of stock keeping allows us to spot any problems on
time, such as infections (mites, mould, bacteria, viral infections)
,the need to add water (if the food is too dry and coming away
from the wall) or to reduce humidity . Infections can become a
big problem that occurs suddenly and unexpected, but are
more likely to occur when flies are not well cared for. Infections
can diminish fly populations in affected flies within a single
generation. Sometimes simple treatments, such as sticking filter
paper soaked in vinegar into the food at the bottom of fresh
flies (to fight bacterial infections) can help. Hence, keeping
stock in top condition is the best way to save time to perform a
cross.
Experimental conditions:-

 Experimental conditions are carried out at sterile

conditions and at temperature around 18 (degree Celsius).
 The person who will carry out the cross must wash his/her
hands with alcohol to secure sterilisation.
 On keeping the drosophila melanogaster in the fly
incubator temperature and air pressure must be
maintained in the incubator.
 The stock keeping container initially must be placed in the
dry sterilisation machine and it must be taken before 1hr
of carrying out the experiment.

Materials Required for the experiment

 Maize Powder.
 Sucrose.
 Dextrose.
 Agar.
 Yeast.
 Orthophosphoric acid.
 Propionic acid.
 Distilled water.
 A 250 ml. conical flask.
 A stirrer.
 A pressure cooker.
 Some aluminium foils.
  A glass bottle.
 A cotton plug.

-: Procedure: -
 All the dry elements were added to the conical flask.
 100 ml. of distilled water was taken into the flask and
was stirred well.
 Care was taken that there were no lumped formed.
 Then, ¼ th part of the pressure cooker was filled with
water heated and then the conical flask was placed
inside it with it’s lid opened.
 After 5 min of heating it was taken out and
observation was made that there were no lump formed,
if so occurred then it must be brokened with a stirrer.
 Then a cotton plug was inserted to the top of the flask
and it was covered with a thin aluminium foil.
 Then it was again placed inside the pressure cooker
and with cover lid of the cooker, it was heated for
about 10 min.
 Then after 10 min. it was taken out of the cooker and
was allowed to cool.
 When it was cooled then orthophosphoric acid and
propionic acid was added.
 Then slowly it was poured into a glass bottle.
 Then mature flies present in another glass bottle was
made to conjoin the newly prepared medium of the
glass bottle.
 After 10 minute, glass bottles were placed into the
flies incubator.
 Then, observations were made through periodic
interval of time through microscope.

-: Observations: -
The major stages of fruit
fly as observed are:-

 Embryo.
 Larva.
 pupa.
 Adult.

 Fertilised females store

sperm in their receptaculum
seminis for the fertilisation of
hundreds of eggs to be laid
over several days. At 25°C
embryonic development lasts
for ~21hr. The hatched larvae
(1st instar) take 2 days to molt
into 2nd then 3rd instar larvae.
3rd instar larvae continue feeding for one more day (foraging
stage) before they leave their food source and migrate away
(wandering stage) and eventually pupariate (prepupa then pupa).
During the pupal stages, all organs degenerate (histolysis) and
restructure into their adult shapes (metamorphosis). 10days after
egg-lay, adult flies emerge from the pupal case. Fruit fly adults
develop in this pupal stage. Twenty-four hours before the adult
emerges, the pigmentation of the eyes and the folded wings are
already visible through the pupal case, called the puparium. The
pupa darkens just before the adult fly emerges. When
metamorphosis is complete, the adult fruit fly pushes its way
through the anterior end of the puparium , known as the
operculum. Initially, the fruit fly is light in coloration, with
expanded wings and an elongated abdomen. Within a few hours,
the fruit fly darkens, extends its wings and expands its abdomen.
Approximately 48 hours after emerging from the puparia, female
fruit flies are sexually mature and can begin breeding and laying
eggs. Adult fruit flies are fertile for the entirety of their life spans.
Female fruit flies can store sperm from multiple inseminations for
use in future egg productions.

-: Precautions: -
1. During preparation of the culture medium
care must be taken that no lump was formed.

2.Good sterile condition of the environment must

be maintained.

3.we must heat the pressure cooker slowly.

-: Some new words /terms associated with

my experiment: -
foraging stage: - Both herbivores and
carnivores employ specific strategies to bring
them to their food. Generally, foraging animal
exhibits several stages in its search for food.
wandering stage: - a period of increased
locomotor activity referred to
as wandering stage

pupariate: - prepupa stage then pupa stage is

combinedly known as pupariate.

Metamorphosis: - Metamorphosis is a biological

process by which an animal physically develops
after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous
and relatively abrupt change in the animal's
body structure through cell growth and
differentiation

Puparium:- the hardened last larval skin which

encloses the pupa in some insects, especially
higher diptera.