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LI FE S CI ENCES G R O UP

ISSN: 2455-815X DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ijasft

Melkamu Enyew1*, Tiegist Dejene2,

Berhane Lakew3 and Fisseha Worede4 Research Article
1
Debremarkos University, Burie Campus, Department
of Plant Science, Burie, Ethiopia
Clustering and principal component
2
Bahir Dar University, Biotechnology Research
Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia analysis of Barley (Hordeum volugare L.)
3
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holleta
Research Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
4
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Fogera
Landraces for major morphological traits
Rice Research and Training Center, Bahir Dar,
Ethiopia from North Western Ethiopia
Received: 20 June, 2019
Accepted: 30 July, 2019
Published: 31 July, 2019
Abstract
*Corresponding author: Melkamu Enyew,
Debremarkos University, Burie Campus, Department Huge collections of barley landrace genotypes in Ethiopian are not studied for the magnitude of
of Plant Science, Burie, Ethiopia, genetic distances from each other. Though knowing the contribution of individual traits is crucial to focus
E-mail: on particular traits in cultivar development; the traits of these genotypes are not yet studied. Hence, this
experiment was conducted on 48 barley landrace accessions which were not studied yet and four standard
Keywords: Barley; Landraces; Clustering and principal checks to estimate the magnitude of genetic diversity among the genotypes and to identify the major
component analysis morphological traits contributing for the observed variations. The experiment was laid in Augmented
https://www.peertechz.com Randomized Complete Block Design in six blocks at Adet in 2016/17 cropping season. The traits used for
analysis were days to 50% heading, days to maturity, plant height, total number of tillers/plant, effective
number of tillers/plant, number of spikes/plant, spike length, average number of grains/plant, biomass
yield/ha, thousand grain weight/gm, grain yield tones/ha and harvest index tones/ha. The 52 genotypes
were grouped into six clusters where 65.39% of the genotypes (34) fall in cluster I, III and IV. Early matured
genotypes were grouped in cluster III, late matured in cluster VI and high yielding and tall genotypes in
cluster IV. The highest intra cluster distance was 22.513 for cluster III and IV. The highest inter cluster
distance was 57.00 between cluster V and IV. The first three principal components contributed 74.20% of
the total variations observed among the genotypes. Principal component one (Pc1) alone had contributed
49.96%.% of the total variations mainly due to grain yield, biomass yield, thousand grain weight and plant
height in their respective order. Principal component two (Pc2) contributed 15.98% of the total variations
mainly through total number of tillers per plant, number of effective tillers per plant and number of spikes
per plant in their descending order. Principal component three (Pc3) had contributed 8.25% of the total
variations through days to maturity, days to 50% heading and number of grains per plant. The result
ensures the existence of high genetic divergence among the studied genotypes.

Introduction based on morphological characters enables breeder to exploit

existed genetic resources for further breeding programs. It is
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) belongs to the tribe Triticeae real that knowing relationship among the existed landraces
and the grass family Poaceae. It is a diploid self-pollinating enables breeders to develop extreme phenotypes for cultivar
cereal crop having seven pairs of chromosomes (2n=2x=14) development. It is also important to knowing the major traits
and genome size of about 5.1 GB [1]. Ethiopia is considered contributing for the total observed variations among the
as one of the Vaviloves center of diversity for barley endowed landraces. This entails breeders to focus on specific characters
with diverse agro-ecologies and wide altitudinal ranges from to develop varieties for specific environmental conditions
110m.b.s.l to 4620m.a.s.l. Long-term mutations, hybridization, allowing answering priority community problems. Therefore
gene recombination and natural and human selection in this study was organized to estimate the magnitude of genetic
heterogeneous environments inconsistent with edaphic factors distance and to identify the major traits contributing for the
create diverse barley landraces in the country. As a result there observed variations among the studied genotypes.
are over 15 thousand barley landrace accessions collected in
the gene bank of Ethiopian biodiversity institute [2]. Though
Materials and Methods
the collections are numerous witwh diverse characters which Description of the study area
may be different or inter related, the magnitude of variation
is not yet studied. Therefore grouping the existed genotypes The study was conducted at Adet Agricultural Research

058

Citation: Enyew M, Dejene T, Lakew B, Worede F (2019) Clustering and principal component analysis of Barley (Hordeum volugare L.) Landraces for major
morphological traits from North Western Ethiopia. Int J Agric Sc Food Technol 5(1): 058-063. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-815X.000043
 Center (AARC). Adet is located 11016’N latitude and 37029’E taken. For plant based traits i.e. plant height, total number of
longitude with an altitude of 2240m.a.s.l. The mean annual tillers per plant, number of effective tillers per plant, number
rainfall of AARC is 1250mm ranging between 860mm and of spikes per plant, spike length and average number of grains
1771mm [3]. The average annual maximum temperature of per plant. Five randomly selected plants were tagged at the
the center is 25.5 °C and the average minimum temperature is early stage and measured timely according to the traits used.
9.2 °C. The soil type of Adet from which this experiment was The averages were used for the analysis. Plot based traits i.e.
conducted is red Nitosol with slight clay nature. thousand grain weight, biomass yield and grain yield were
taken from the whole plot and converted into hectare bases
Treatments and experimental design for the analysis. Harvest index were estimated by dividing
The study was conducted on 48 barley landrace accessions grain yield by biomass yield multiplied by hundred. In addition
which were not studied yet (obtained from Ethiopian Biodiversity days to 50% heading and days to maturity were counted from
Institute) and four standard checks (Abay, Tilla, Setegn and emergence to 50% heading and 90% maturity respectively.
Mulu gained from Adet Agricultural Research Center).The
Data analysis
treatments were coded from one to fifty two in which one
up to four corresponds for checks and the rest belonging for The seed for the landrace accessions collected from
the landrace accessions following their ascending order from Ethiopian biodiversity institute were not enough to use
the passport code. The landraces are indicated in table 1. The replicated designs and it was obligatory to use augmented
experiment was laid in augmented randomized complete block designs in such circumstances. As a result the checks were
design in six blocks with 2.5m x 4.8m size each. The numbers replicated in each block and the landraces were not. The row
of blocks were fixed by using the formula applied to determine data were adjusted to mean of zero and variance of one by
the minimum number of blocks in augmented block design using the means of checks in each block and the overall mean of
with respect to the replications of checks. The formula used to
checks in the whole plot. This was to minimize errors brought
determine the number of blocks was as follows [4].
due to unreplicated treatments. The formula used for the data
adjustment was as follows [4].
b≥ [(10/r-1)]+1

Where r-number of checks=4, b-number of blocks. b≥ ýij =yij –x-i –x=

[(10/4-1)]+1, b≥4.3. Accordingly block number for this study
where ýij –adjusted mean of each observation, yij –original
should be greater than or equal to five. In this study as number
observation of each genotype, x-i –mean of checks in each
of new treatments were 48 and not equally divisible by five,
block and x= - grand mean of checks in all blocks.
it was better to make block number as six. The block to block
distance was 1m and each block contains eight landraces and Cluster analysis: The 52 genotypes were clustered into six
four checks. The checks were replicated in each block and the by hierarchical clustering with average linkage method, using
landraces were assigned to plots randomly. The rows were standardized values of 12 traits at mean of zero and variance
considered as plots with 2.5mx0.4m length and row to row of one by SAS 2008 (version 9.2) software. The numbers
distance respectively. The total experimental area was 4.8m X of clusters were decided by using pseudo f and t-test. The
20m. distance between and within clusters were also estimated.
Finally, clustered genotypes were displayed with dendrogram
Data collection
in different colors.
In this study both plant based and plot based traits were
Principal component analysis (Pca): It is important to
estimate the contribution of each trait for the total observed
Table 1: Experimental materials and the entry codes. variations in the genotypes. This enables to identify the major
Genotype Code Genotype Code Genotype Code Genotype Code traits accounting the greater share in the observed variations.
This enables breeder to focus on specific traits of interest for
C-1(Abay) 1 IC-4374 14 IC-4402 27 IC-64197 40
crop improvement. Therefore principal component analysis is
C-2(Mulu) 2 Link: IC-4375 15 IC-4403 28 IC-202595 41
important to estimate the contribution of each trait in percent
C-3(Setegn) 3 IC-4376 16 IC-4404 29 IC-202596 42
bases. The analysis was computed by using SAS 2008 (version
C-4(Tilla) 4 IC-4377 17 IC-4405 30 IC-202609 43 9.2) up to twelve principal components. The first four principal
IC-1276 5 IC-4393 18 IC-4406 31 IC-202610 44 components for the 12 characters were taken as they account
IC-1479 6 IC-4394 19 IC-4407 32 IC-219772 45 the highest share for the total variations. The values were taken
interns of Eigen vectors and Eigen values from correlation
IC-3472 7 IC-4395 20 IC-4408 33 IC-219773 46
matrix. The genotypes were categorized in bi-plot figure and
IC-3474 8 IC-4396 21 IC-4392 34 IC-219774 47
compared with the cluster analysis.
IC-3483 9 IC-4397 22 IC-4639 35 IC-219775 48

IC-3484 10 IC-4398 23 IC-4640 36 IC-219776 49 Results and Discussion

IC-3485 11 IC-4399 24 IC-64194 37 IC-219777 50
Cluster analysis
IC-3507 12 IC-4400 25 IC-64195 38 IC-223952 51

IC-4372 13 IC-4401 26 IC-64196 39 IC-223953 52 The data were standardized to the mean of zero and variance

059

Citation: Enyew M, Dejene T, Lakew B, Worede F (2019) Clustering and principal component analysis of Barley (Hordeum volugare L.) Landraces for major
morphological traits from North Western Ethiopia. Int J Agric Sc Food Technol 5(1): 058-063. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-815X.000043
 of one with SAS 2008 prior to analysis. Then, the 52 genotypes Cluster III contains on average base early mature (79.64
were clustered hierarchically with average linkage clustering days), moderately yielding (0.82 tones/ ha), medium height
method into six clusters. In the analysis 12 genotypes (23.08%) (93.95cm) landraces. Cluster IV contains high yielding (1tones/
were grouped in cluster IV, 12 genotypes (23.08%) in cluster ha), high thousand grain weight (34.85gm), moderate maturity
III, seven genotypes (13.46%) in VI, ten genotypes (19.23%) in date (93.02 days), tall plant height (100.45cm) and medium
cluster I, three genotypes (5.77%) in cluster V and the rest seven number of grains (23.17 grains) per plant. Cluster II contains
genotypes (13.46%) into cluster II. The analysis showed that landraces that are moderately yielding (0.73tones/ha), high
the genotypes were distributed in different clusters indicating number of grain (36.41 grains) per plant and high harvest
existence of variations among the studied genotypes, showing index (0.31%). Cluster VI contains landrace that are late mature
high probability of recombination. The lists of genotypes in (108.68 days), low yielding (0.20 tones/ha) and low harvesting
each cluster are displayed in table 2. index (0.16%). Whereas the genotypes grouped in cluster I and
V performed lower than genotypes in other clusters.
In consistent with this result Bedasa Mekonnon et al., [1],
studied other 102 Ethiopian barley landraces accessions and In agreement with the results in this study Zeynu Tahar
five standard checks (this landraces are not parts of this study) et al., [5], reported that genotypes which are early heading
and grouped these genotypes into five clusters. They found ( 66.1 days), have high number productive tillers and less
maximum genotype (44 genotypes) in cluster I and minimum amount of kernel number per spike were grouped in cluster I.
genotypes (two genotypes) in cluster V. The rest of the Genotypes with small number of productive tillers, grain yield
genotypes were distributed in the remaining clusters ensuring and thousand kernel weight were grouped in cluster II. He also
the availability of genotypic variability among the landraces. reported that genotypes with tall plant height (111.2cm) were
grouped in cluster V.
Likewise Zeynu Tahar et al., [5], studied other 36 Ethiopian
barley genotypes and the report indicated that the genotypes Similarly a study by Kemelew Muhe and Alemayehu
were clustered into seven clusters. The number of genotypes in Assefa [7], on another 181 Ethiopian barley landraces had
the report ranged from two in cluster I & III to eight genotypes grouped the genotypes into ten clusters. The report showed
in cluster IV. They also stated that the distribution pattern that high yielding (2.634, 1.898, 2.242, 2.063 and 1.728 tones/
of the genotypes into various clusters showed the presence ha) genotypes were grouped in cluster I, II, III, IX and X in
of considerable genetic divergence among the genotypes for their respective order. They also indicated that landraces with
days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, low yielding (1.28, 1.05, 0.833 and 0.662 tones/ha) and low
number of productive tillers per plant, number of kernels per thousand grain weights (37.12, 36.09, 33.93, 33.20gm) were
spike, biomass yield per hectare, harvest index and thousand grouped in VI, IV, VIII and VII respectively.
grain weight.
A study conducted on another 102 Ethiopian barley landrace
Addisu Fekadu et al., [6], also studied 36 barley landrace accessions by Bedasa Mekonnon1 et al., [1], also indicated that
accessions in southern Ethiopia and categorized them into genotypes with high plant height (106.53cm) on average bases
four clusters. According to their study the maximum numbers grouped in cluster II. The report showed that the mean thousand
of genotypes (11) were grouped in cluster II and IV and the seed weight of the clusters ranged from 46.62, 43.06, 46.96
minimum number were four in cluster II. These studies confirm and 42.30 for cluster I, II, III and IV respectively confirming
that Ethiopian barley landraces have great genetic variability. existence of genotyping variability. According to the study
the highest mean cluster value for 50% days to heading and
maturity were 84.12 and 130.34 accordingly in cluster IV (Table
Table 2: Clustering pattern of 52 barley genotypes based on 12 traits.
3).
Cluster Number of genotype percentage Entries code

I 10 19.23% 1,19,20,30,32,45,46,47,49,51
DF-Days to 50% flowering, DM-Days to Maturity, PH-
Plant Height/cm, TTN/plant-Total Tiller Number Per Plant,
II 7 13.46% 2,8,10,21,22,27,29
ETN/plant-Effective Tiller Number Per Plant, NS/plant-
III 12 23.08% 3,25,26,28,36,37,39,40,41,42,43,48 Number of Spikes Per Plant, SL-Spike Length(cm), NG/plant-
IV 12 23.08% 4,7,13,14,15,16,17,34,35,38,44,52 Average Number of Grains Per Plant, BM-Biomass Yield(t/ha),
V 3 5.77% 5,24,50 Thousand Grain Weight(gm), GY– Grain Yield(t/ha) and HI-
VI 7 13.46% 9,11,12,18,23,31,33 harvest index on hectare bases.

Table 3: Mean values of six clusters for the 12 quantitative traits.

Cluster DF DM PH TTN ETN NS SL NG BM TGW GY HI

I 74.72 92.14 77.31 3.82 2.41 3.58 7.27 17.93 1.00 26.15 0.22 0.25

II 66.47 94.28 80.40 5.63 5.32 5.88 8.49 36.41 2.21 27.83 0.73 0.31

III 50.02 79.64 93.95 5.11 4.30 4.94 8.59 19.12 2.53 30.82 0.82 0.30

IV 57.56 93.02 100.45 5.74 4.73 5.44 9.55 23.17 3.03 34.85 1.00 0.33

V 60.21 83.25 55.01 7.43 5.65 6.08 6.43 7.88 2.03 5.98 0.41 0.20

VI 90.80 108.68 70.35 5.69 2.87 3.35 5.21 11.80 1.29 10.64 0.20 0.16

060

Citation: Enyew M, Dejene T, Lakew B, Worede F (2019) Clustering and principal component analysis of Barley (Hordeum volugare L.) Landraces for major
morphological traits from North Western Ethiopia. Int J Agric Sc Food Technol 5(1): 058-063. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-815X.000043
 On average the highest intra cluster distance (distance result ensures that the graphical display is consistent with
within clusters) was 22.51for cluster III and IV. This indicated estimated numerical values within and among clusters.
that genotypes in the same cluster (in cluster III and IV) had
sufficient distances with each other for recombination in Genotypes within the same cluster are marked with similar
cultivar development. The lowest intra cluster distance was color and genotypes from different cluster are distinguished
3.2475 for genotypes within cluster V indicating the genotypes with different color. Closely related genotypes are marked with
within this cluster are more similar. similar symbol prior to the treatment code in the graph. The
numbers in the graph shows genotype codes each corresponding
The highest inter cluster distances were 59.5163 between to accessions which were described in table 2.1 above. Example
clusters III & VI, 56.9996 between cluster IV and V; and 54.7799 1 is for C-1(Abay), 2 is for C-2 (Mulu), 3 is for C-3 (Setegn),
between Cluster IV and VI. The lowest inter cluster distances 4 is for C-4(Tilla), ………… 52 is for accession IC-223953.The
were 17.6859 between cluster III and IV; 26.6721 between genotypes with their represented codes are displayed in figure
cluster II and IV; and 30.0017 between cluster II and III. The 1.
results of inter cluster analysis revealed that the genotypes had
wide genetic divergence with each other indicating existence Principal component analysis
of high probability for recombination. Results from cluster
The data of 52 barley genotypes were prepared as correlation
analysis also strengthen the availability of genotypic variability
even within clusters.
1
49

20 I
In line with this finding Zeynu Tahir reported that the 6
19 V
highest inter cluster distance as 205.82 between clusters I & V 30
VI
and the lowest inter cluster distance as 20.43 between cluster
32
45

47
46
II
VII and VIII. He confirmed that there is the existence of wide 51
IV
5
50

genetic divergence among the landraces expected to manifest 24

III
maximum heterosis in crossing and wide genetic variability. 9
11

12
31

33

Align with this study Shegaw Derbew et al., [8], also studied 18
23

on 225 landraces and reported that highest inter cluster distance 2

21

as 47.0 between Cluster III and VIII and as 42.4 between cluster 27
29

VII and IX. The study indicated that the lowest inter cluster
10

4
22

distance was 12.3 between cluster V and II (Table 4). 7

34

44

The dendrogram assures that the highest numbers of

13
17

15
14

genotypes (12 in each cluster) were grouped in cluster III and 52

IV and the lowest number of genotypes (3) were grouped in

16
35

38

cluster V. It also revealed that the genotypes were classified into 3

43

two wider groups’ group one containing cluster I, V & VI and

26
40

28

the other group containing cluster II, III &IV. Genotypes within 37
48

these two wider groups indicate that there is a wide variability

39

25
42

among genotypes between the wider clusters to undertake 36

41

crossing. The genotypes within cluster IV and cluster III were

classified into many sub categories showing availability of high
variability with in clusters. The classifications within cluster Figure 1: Dendrogram of 48 landraces accessions and four standard checks in 6
clusters.
V are small as compared to the rest of the clusters indicating
availability of low genotype variability within this cluster. The
dendrogram indicated that the lowest inter cluster distance matrix for the 12 traits (12*52) and analyzed by SAS 2008
were between cluster III and IV which are putted side by side. (version 9.2) software. The first four principal components that
The highest was between cluster III and IV. The dendrogram had better contributions for the observed variations were taken
from the 12 principal components. These principal components
had contributed 80.79% of the total variation for the 12
Table 4: Average intra (Bold) and inter cluster (off diagonal) distances among six
clusters. characters under study. Principal component one (PC1) alone
had contributed 49.96% of the total variation. For principal
Cluster I II III IV V VI
component one grain yield, biomass yield, thousand grain
I 21.1232
weight and plant height had contributed 0.3679, 0.3494, 0.3352
II 21.0469 16.6267 and 0.3156 in their respective order. Total number of tillers per
III 32.8239 30.0017 22.5129 plant had low contribution for the observed variations in PC1.
IV 30.9130 26.6721 17.6859 22.5129 However days to 50% heading and days to maturity had no
V 36.4152 45.2488 48.8851 56.9996 3.2475 contribution for PC1 rather they counter balance the observed
variations. There for most of the variations among genotypes
VI 29.4455 43.8311 59.5163 54.7799 43.3115 14.3726
061

Citation: Enyew M, Dejene T, Lakew B, Worede F (2019) Clustering and principal component analysis of Barley (Hordeum volugare L.) Landraces for major
morphological traits from North Western Ethiopia. Int J Agric Sc Food Technol 5(1): 058-063. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-815X.000043
in principal component one was brought due to the four major Table 5: Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the first three principal components
(pcs).
traits indicated above.
Trait PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4
Principal component two (PC2) had contributed 15.98% Eigen value 5.9947 1.9172 0.9900 0.7933
of the total variation. The observed variations in PC2 were
Difference 4.0776 0.9271 0.1968 0.1209
mainly brought by total number of tillers per plant, number
of effective tillers per plant and number of spikes per plant Proportion 0.4996 0.1598 0.0825 0.0661
contributing 0.6277, 0.4464 and 0.393 in their descending Cumulative 0.4996 0.6593 0.7418 0.8079
order. Principal component three (PC3) accounts 8.25% share
Eigen Vectors
of the total variations which were mainly contributed by days to
Days to 50% Flowering -0.3258 0.2131 0.4242 -0.0724
maturity, number of grains per plant and days to 50% heading
accounting 0.6578, 0.4997 and 0.4242 in their respective order. Days to Maturity -0.2164 0.2311 0.6578 0.3322
Principal Component four (PC4) accounts 6.61% of the total Plant Height(cm) 0.3156 -0.2044 -0.0021 -0.0085
variations observed among the studied genotypes for the 12
Total Number of Tillers/Plant 0.1449 0.6277 -0.092 -0.1314
characters. The variations for PC4 were majorly brought by
grain yield, days to maturity, harvest index and biomass yield Number of Effective Tillers/plant 0.2799 0.4464 -0.0723 -0.126

sharing 0.3984, 0.3322, 0.3248 and 0.3113 respectively. Number of Spikes/plant 0.2452 0.393 -0.0664 -0.0894

Spike Length (cm) 0.2875 -0.1868 0.1450 -0.3665

In agreement with this study Seid Ebrahim et al., [9], studied
other 20 Ethiopian barley varieties from Wollo highlands and Average Number of Grains/plant 0.2182 -0.0778 0.4997 -0.5891
reported that the first three principal components together Biomass Yield(t/ha) 0.3494 0.1084 0.0407 0.3113
exerted 84.22% of the total variations observed among the
1000Grain Weight(gm) 0.3352 -0.1996 0.1780 0.0284
barley genotypes through kernel number per spike, kernel
weight per spike, number of spikelet per spike, thousand seed Grain Yield(t/ha) 0.3679 0.0306 0.0958 0.3984

weight, spike length, grain yield per plot, days to heading and Harvest Index 0.2965 -0.1346 0.236 0.3248
maturity.
12
A study by Kiflu Tarekegn [10], on another 20 Ethiopian 0

D TT N
barley landraces also reported that the first three principal 4 5.
8
3
0
DF
100 11 5
components contributed 73.14% of the total variations 9
0 PH
TG
0 3 SL
contributed through productive tillers per plant, grain yield 8
10 5. 3
6
36 82 03 4
1 11
0
B3.
G5
3 9 0
0 2 2 10 4 HI
and thousand grain weight, spike length and awn length from 323
1 4 7
1
5281 5 3. 4 1 NS
70 0 5 0.3
10 1.0
1 1 9 6 52
04 4 0 4 2 3 5 ET
0
the total genotypic variations observed (Table 5). 1 2
2
1 99 5. 2.5 3
64350.3
4 3 77 2
2 0 290.7 0 3 8
40 0 00
13 6 005
8 2 2231 2
4 4 1
433 5
1 2. 2
2 5 6
The biplot graph below in figure 2 also indicated the 9 4 0.2 0
0.5 5
3 8 0 0 9 44
0 05
8
5. 5 8 1 1
1. 2 5 8
0
variability of genotypes for the 12 traits under study. The graph 0.2
0.2
0 6
5 0
1
2 1 0 4 7
6
3
PC-2 (15.98%)

5
5
was plotted by scaling each trait independently to separate 0.1
0.0
1.
0
7
0 4 7
5 1 5. 0
0 7
genotypes. Those genotypes close to the center are more closely 0.
5
6
0
1
0
- 4 0 5
related with each other and the distant genotypes are more 02
0.
0
0
6
0
0 5 4.
divergent. Accordingly genotype 5 and 45 are more divergent 0 8
PC-1(49.96%)
with each other for total tiller number per plant and number
of grains per plant. Genotype 19, 22, 30 and 6 are more close Figure 2: Biplot graph of the first two principal components.
to the center of the biplot graph indicating less divergence for
the studied 12 traits. The genotype 33, 9, 31, 24 and 11 had high
distances from genotypes 48, 25, 14, 28 and 41 indicating the various unique traits. However the magnitude of these genetic
possible distant genotypes for crossing. divergences is not quantified yet. As a result the country is not
befitted from its own genetic resources. Therefore this study
DF-Days to 50% flowering, DM-Days to Maturity, PH- was organized to estimate the genetic distance among the
Plant Height(cm), TTN/plant-Total Tiller Number Per Plant, studied genotypes. The studied 52 genotypes were distributed
ETN/plant-Effective Tiller Number Per Plant, NS/plant- into six clusters. On average the maximum genetic distances
Number of Spikes Per Plant, SL-Spike Length(cm), NG/plant- among the studied barley landraces were 59.5163. The result
Average Number of Grains Per Plant, BM-Biomass Yield(t/ha), ensures that there is a high genetic divergence among the
Thousand Grain Weight(gm), GY– Grain Yield(t/ha) and HI- studied genotypes. The major traits contributing for these
observed variations among the studied genotypes were grain
harvest index on hectare bases [11-13].
yield, biomass yield; thousands grain weight and plant height
Conclusion contributing 49.96%. As a result the landraces could be used
as contrasting parents for further breeding programs. Yield
Ethiopia is endowed with hug barley landraces genetic of these landraces could be improved by either crossing these
resources enabling it as the centers of origin and diversity. These divergent landraces with each other or by selection focusing on
large collections of barley landraces are divergent and rich with major traits.

062

Citation: Enyew M, Dejene T, Lakew B, Worede F (2019) Clustering and principal component analysis of Barley (Hordeum volugare L.) Landraces for major
morphological traits from North Western Ethiopia. Int J Agric Sc Food Technol 5(1): 058-063. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-815X.000043
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Copyright: © 2019 Enyew M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Citation: Enyew M, Dejene T, Lakew B, Worede F (2019) Clustering and principal component analysis of Barley (Hordeum volugare L.) Landraces for major
morphological traits from North Western Ethiopia. Int J Agric Sc Food Technol 5(1): 058-063. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-815X.000043