Basic Details of Cross Drainage Works
Basic Details of Cross Drainage Works
Basic Details of Cross Drainage Works
( )
• Indian Roads Congress (IRC) is the Apex Body of Highway Engineers in the
country. The IRC was set up in December, 1934 on the recommendations
of the Indian Road Development Committee best known as Jayakar
Committee set up by the Govt. of India with the objective
of Road Development in India.
• Indian Standard code (IS) meant for every aspect of Civil Engineering on
can think of. Indian Standards Institution (ISI) was established in year 1947
(now Bureau of Indian Standards) with the objective of harmonious
development of standardization activity in India.
• AP Detailed Standard Specifications(APDSS): Every contractor is to
execute the Govt works asper specifications of APDSS,Estimates are to be
prepared as per above specifications.
• The codes published by IRC and IS & APDSS are the manuals and just like
Bhagavthgeetha/Bible/Khuran for Civil Engineers.The specifications
useful for effective planning, designing, construction,& maintenance of
civil structures like roads ,Bridges buildings etc……
• IRC:SP:13 Design of Small bridges and Culverts
• IRC:122-2017 Precast Concrete Segmental Box Culverts
• IRC:SP:47-1998 “ Guidelines for Quality System for Road Bridges”
• IS 2911 Design and Construction of piles
• IRC -78 - 2014 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice
for Road &Bridges
• IRC-112-2011 Code of practice for Concrete bridges(Limit
State)
• IS; 516: Methods of tests of Concrete strength
• IS:34 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement And Detailing
• IS 1786:2008 Standard Code for steel reinforcement including Amendment
issued in 2012
• IRC:5-2015 Bridge code General Features
• IRC: 6-2014 Bridge Code Loads and Stresses
• IRC:SP:18-1995 Manual for Highway bridge inspections
• IS:1343-2012 Prestressed Concrete code of Practice
• Article 1 : General Aspects, Article 2 : Site Inspection
• Article 3 : Essential Design Data
• Article 4 : Empirical and Rational Formulae for Peak Run-off
from Catchment
• Article 5 : Estimating Flood Discharge from the Conveyance
Factor and Slope of the Stream
Article 6 :Design Discharge, Article 7 :Alluvial Streams Lacey’
• Article 8 :Linear Waterway, Article 9 :Normal Scour Depth,
• Article 11 :Depth of Foundations
• Article 12 :Span and Vertical Clearance
• Article 13 :Geometric Standards,Specifications QC
• Article 14 :Structural Details of Small Bridges and Culverts
• Article 15 :Elements of the Hydraulics of Flow through Bridges
• Article 18 :Overtopping ofthe Banks
• Article 19 :Pipes and Box Culverts
• When a natural drain crosses or intercepts an
irrigation canal /road it becomes necessary to
construct some suitable structure to carry
forward the canal safely. As these works are
constructed for crossing the drainage, they are
termed as Cross drainage(CD) work
Or
• Works which are constructed at crossing of
natural drain/stream/canal, so as to dispose off
the water with out interruption of flow are
known as Cross drainage(CD) work
Definitions in Cross Drainage(CD) Works & Bridges
• A Culvert is defined as a structure having a total length of
6.0m or less between the inner faces of Dirt walls(Backing
wall)
A) Pipe culvert: For small strams crossing roads/railway embankments
one or more pipes placed .
B) Slab Culvert: It consists RCC slab supported by CC walls on both
sides
• A Causeway is a structure constructed across a stream
which allows the normal flow of water through its vents and
allows the Flood waters at MFL Condition above it.
Normally Causeways are designed to take 30% of flood
water through vents and balance to overflow during MFL
Condition
• A Minor Bridge is a structure having a total length of 60.0m
or less between the inner faces of Dirt walls (Backing walls)
i.e. more than 6.0m and less than 60.0M
• A Major Bridge is a structure having a total length
of more than 60.0m between the inner faces of
Dirt walls (Backing walls)
• ROB Means a Road Over Bridge constructed
across a Railway line over the Rails. This means
the road traffic passes over the Railway line.
• RUB Means a Road Under Bridge constructed
across a Railway line under the Rails. This means
the road traffic passes under the Railway line.
This is less costlier, but causes stagnation of water
in rainy season and may cause submersion during
heavy rains.
• Fly Over(Over Pass) :A flyover is a structure which
carries one road over the top of another road.
1)Manufacturer’s test certificate to be maintained.
2)Min Cushion above pipe including road crust shall be 1.00 m
(Plate No.7.01 of IRC:SP:20:2002).When it is not possible
to ovide, the pipe shall be encased in M10 concrete
with cover of minimum 100 mm .
3)Length of Head wall : As per plate No: 7.01of SP:20.
Bedding for Pipe:
i) Type A(Concrete cradle) bedding:Shall be provided where
height of fill above pipe is more than 4m.
ii) Type B (First Class) bedding :Shall be
provided where height of fill above pipe
in between 0.6 m and 4 m,bedding Material:
sand,moorum,or granular material passing 5.6 mm
sieve.Thickness Not less than 75 mm Longitudinal
Slope : 1 in 1000 in plain.
3.Adulteration Test
Take a pinch of sand and taste it. If tasted salty then there exist some salt in sand.
4.Bulkage of sand
Take the sand into a container to 2/3rd height and measure its exact height (H1). Then
fill the container with water such that sand is completely immersed in water. Now
measure the height of sand in container (H2). Percentage of bulkage is (H1-H2)/H2 x
100.
Hand lump test for Concrete
Proper water content Excess water Less Water
• Steel:
• Lapping is not allowed for the steel bars having diameters
more than 36 mm.
• Chair spacing maximum spacing is 1.00 m (or) 1 No per
1m2.
• For dowels rod minimum of 12 mm diameter should be used.
• Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.
• Longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.8% and more than
6% of gross C/S.
• In steel reinforcement binding wire required is 8 kg per MT.
• Minimum bars for square column is 4 No’s and 6 No’s for
circular column.
• Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm (HYSD) or
10 mm (Plain bars) and the distributors not less than 8 mm
and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.
• Concrete:
• Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm.
• Dimension tolerance for cubes + 2 mm.
• Free fall of concrete is allowed maximum to 1.50m.
• Lap slices not be used for bar larger than 36 mm.
• Water:
• PH value of the water should not be less than 6.
• Bricks:
• Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N / mm2.
• Water absorption of bricks should not be more than 15
%.
• Soil:
• In soil filling as per IS code, 3 samples should be taken
for core cutting test for every 100m2.
Quality Assurance AND Quality
Control (QA & QC)
QA and QC are closely related concepts,
QC Results Depends on
• Man - (Persons Perfections) Methodolog
• Machine - (Equipment efficiency) y
Machine
1 10 N (Newton) 1 Kg ( Kilogram)
2 1 Kg 1000 gr(grams)
3 1 in (inch) 2.54 Cm (Centi meter)
4 1 ft 0.3048 m (Meter)
)
Capacity
-2 Units
-200 C ft(Cubic Feet)
-5.60 Cum( Cubic Meter)
-Sizes 4.45 x 2.25 x 0.6 m
Capacity
-5 Units
-500 C ft(Cubic Feet)
-14.2 Cum( Cubic Meter)
-Sizes(4.60x2.35x1.4 m)
Ordinary Medium Heavy
OPC – 53 Grade Cement
S.No Property Experimental
values
1. Fineness of cement 7%
2. Specific gravity 3.13
3. Standard Consistency 29%
4. Initial setting time 80 min.
5. Final setting time 230 min.
6. Compressive strength
3 days 27.4 N/mm2
7 days 37.9 N/mm2
28 days 53.7 N/mm2
De-Shuttering time of different RCC Members
No. of Sets
Quantity of
(3cubes/set)
Concrete
required
1 1 – 5 m3 1
2 3
6 0 15 m 2
3 3
16 – 30 m 3
4 3
31 – 50 m 4
5 3 3
Above 50 m 4 + 1 set for each 50 m
)
• The volume
increase of fine
aggregate due to
presence of moisture
content is known as
bulking. Fine sand
bulks more as
compared to coarse
sand. Extremely fine
sand particularly the
manufactured fine
aggregate bulks as
much as about 40%.
Specific Fineness Sieve
Gravity modulus analysis
2.60 2.27 Zone – III
1 Soil Earth
4 Fine Sand
Aggregate
Bridge loadings
IRC Class AA loading IRC class A, Class B loading
Shapes of Wells Shapes of Piers
Bridge with Raft
Bridge with well foundation
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