Assignment 1 Measurelab 3 Final

T EMPERATURE M EASUREMENT
Assignment:1
Course title: ERGY 311 Measurements Lab
Instructor: Dr.Tamer
Group no: 2 Section : 3
Pre- Junior Energy & Renewable Energy
Abstract:
How can I measure temperature? Temperature can be measured via a
diverse array of sensors. All of them infer temperature by sensing some
change in a physical characteristic. Six types with which the engineer is likely
to come into contact are: thermocouples, resistive temperature devices
(RTDs and thermistors), infrared radiators, bimetallic devices, liquid
expansion devices, and change-of-state devices.
Names:
1.Mostafa Ahmed Zein ID:12P5115
2.Islam Mohamed Ibrahim ID:12P5018
3.Ahmed Ismail Tawfik ID:12P5041
4.Mostafa Sherif Mohamed ID:12P5032
5.Mostafa Ahmed Abourehab ID:12P1174
February 2015
QUESTION 1
R 0 = 24 , 𝑇 = 0° ∁ , 𝑅𝜃 = 68 Ω , 𝛼 = 0.0038/℃
𝑅𝜃 = R 0 ( 1 + 𝛼 𝜃 ) ⇒ 68 = 24 (1 + 0.0038 𝜃)
𝜃 = 𝑇℃ = 482.4561404℃ ≈ 483℃
QUESTION 2
a- Pyrometer  Optical pyrometer
b- Thermometer  Liquid-In-Glass Thermometer
c- Resistance thermometer  Wheatstone bridge Circuit
Or Thermocouples
d- Thermocouples T-type
1
QUESTION 3
a) Mercury-In-Glass thermometer:
Principle of Operation: All thermometers work on the principle
that warm fluids occupy more space than cold fluids.
Since we know how much space a fluid such as mercury will fill at
any given temperature, we are therefore able to determine the
temperature of that fluid by measuring how much space it takes up.
The total internal volume of the thermometer tube is precisely

engineered, and the thermometer casing carries a series of markers
- which indicate the temperature of the liquid to the person using
the apparatus.
Range of temperatures: Mercury has a freezing point of −39 °C
and cannot be used in a thermometer below this temperature. Its
boiling point is 357 °C but before this temperature is reached some
distillation of the mercury occurs if the space above the mercury is
a vacuum. To prevent this, and to extend the upper temperature
limits to over 500 °C, an inert gas such as nitrogen under pressure
is used to fill the remainder of the capillary tube.
2
 Thermocouple
Principle of Operation: At the junction between two
different metals, say, copper and constantan, there exists a
difference in electrical potential, which varies with the
temperature of the junction. This is known as the
‘thermoelectric effect’. If the circuit is completed with a
second junction at a different temperature, a current will
flow round the circuit.
Range of temperatures:
 A copper (+) – constantan(-) thermocouple (T-Type)
can measure temperature from −250 °C up to about
400 °C
 An iron-constantan thermocouple (J- Type) can
measure temperature from −200 °C to about 850 °C
 A chromel-alumel thermocouple (K- Type) can measure
temperatures from −200 °C to about 1100 °C
 thermocouples made of platinum/ rhodium - platinum
(S- Type), capable of measuring temperatures up to
1400 °C, or tungsten-molybdenum (G- Type) which can
measure up to 2600 °C.
3
 Platinum Resistance Thermometer
Principle of Operation: With most metals a rise in
temperature causes an increase in electrical resistance, and
since resistance can be measured accurately this property
can be used to measure temperature. If the resistance of a
length of wire at 0°C is R0, and its resistance at θ °C is Rθ,
then Rθ = R0(1 + αθ), where α is the temperature coefficient
of resistance of the material.
Values of R0 and α may be determined experimentally or

obtained from existing data. Thus, if Rθ can be measured,
temperature θ can be calculated. This is the principle of
operation of a resistance thermometer.
 Platinum resistance thermometers are capable of

measuring with greater accuracy temperatures in the
range −200 °C to about 800 °C.
4
 Pyrometer:
Principle of Operation: A pyrometer is a device for measuring
very high temperatures and uses the principle that all substances
emit radiant energy when hot, the rate of emission depending on
their temperature. The measurement of thermal radiation is
therefore a convenient method of determining the temperature
of hot sources and is particularly useful in industrial processes.
There are two main types of pyrometer, namely the total
radiation pyrometer and the optical pyrometer.
 Total radiation pyrometers are used to measure

temperature in the range 700 °C to 2000 °C.
 Optical Pyrometer  Temperature ranges can be
measured between approximately 1300 to 5800°F (700
to 3200°C)
5
 Temperature sensitive Crayons:
Principle of Operation:
consist of fusible solids compressed into the form of a stick. The
melting point of such crayons is used to determine when a given
temperature has been reached. The crayons are simple to use but
indicate a single temperature only, i.e. its melting point
temperature. There are over 100 different crayons available, each
covering a particular range of temperature.
Crayons are available for temperatures within the range of 50 °C to
1400 °C.
6
 Bimetallic Thermometer:
The physical phenomenon employed in a bimetallic temperature
sensor is the differential thermal expansion of two metals. The
working principle of a bimetallic thermometer is illustrated in
figure below. “One end of a straight bimetallic strip is fixed in
place. As the strip is heated, the other end tends to curve away
from the side that has the greater coefficient of linear expansion.
The physical basis for the relationship between the radius of

𝑑
curvature and temperature is given as: rc ∝
[(Cα)A− (Cα)B](T2−T1)
The normal upper limit of temperature measurement by this
thermometer is about 200 °C, although with special metals the
range can be extended to about 400 °C.
7
 Mercury-in-Steel Thermometer:
The mercury-in-steel thermometer is an extension of the principle
of the mercury-in-glass thermometer ( based on mercury expansion
principle). Mercury in a steel bulb expands via a small bore
capillary tube into a pressure indicating device; say a Bourdon
gauge, the position of the pointer indicating the amount of
expansion and thus the temperature.
Such thermometers may be used to measure temperatures up to
600 °C
8
 Gas Thermometer
The gas thermometer consists of a flexible U-tube of mercury
connected by a capillary tube to a vessel containing gas. The
change in the volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure,
or the change in pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant
volume, may be used to measure temperature.
With pure hydrogen the range of the instrument extends from
−240 °C to 1500 °C and measurements can be made with extreme
accuracy.
9
QUESTION 4
1. (c) thermistor
2. (b) temperature
o
3. (d) 215 C
o
4. (b) 520 C
QUESTION 5
7.5×103
Temperature difference = = 1250℃
6
Temperature at hot junction= Temperature of Cold

junction + Temperature difference
Temperature at hot junction = 20℃ + 1250℃ = 1270℃
10
QUESTION 6
R 0 = 100Ω , 𝑅𝜃 = 177 Ω , 𝛼 = 0.0038/℃

𝑅𝜃 = R 0 ( 1 + 𝛼 𝜃 )
𝑅𝜃 − R 0 177 − 100
𝜃= = = 202.63℃ ≈ 203℃
𝛼R 0 0.0038 × 100
QUESTION 7
𝑅 = 𝑅0 [ 1 + 𝛼 ( 𝑇 − 𝑇0 ) ]
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝐷 = 37 Ω , 𝑅 = 37Ω , 𝛼 = 0.003925/℃ ,
𝑅0 = 25Ω , 𝑇0 = 0℃
37 = 25 [1 + 0.003925 ( 𝑇 − 0℃)]
𝑇 = 122.3℃ ≈ 122℃
11

Assignment 1 Measurelab 3 Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Assignment 1 Measurelab 3 Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Assignment 1 Measurelab 3 Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

T EMPERATURE M EASUREMENT

Course title: ERGY 311 Measurements Lab

Group no: 2 Section : 3

Pre- Junior Energy & Renewable Energy

The total internal volume of the thermometer tube is precisely

Values of R0 and α may be determined experimentally or

 Platinum resistance thermometers are capable of

 Total radiation pyrometers are used to measure

The physical basis for the relationship between the radius of

Temperature at hot junction= Temperature of Cold

Temperature at hot junction = 20℃ + 1250℃ = 1270℃

R 0 = 100Ω , 𝑅𝜃 = 177 Ω , 𝛼 = 0.0038/℃

You might also like