2/13/2014

MALAYSIA CHAPTER

How GBI derives BEI, PUE & EUI

[& Maximum Demand Limiting]
(Day 3)

13th to 15th Feb 2014

Ir TL Chen FASHRAE, PEng, CEng

BEI

Building Energy Intensity is used to gauge the

energy efficiency of a building based on the
building floor space.
It is a measurement of the building’s annual energy
consumption (kWh/yr) divided by it’s gross floor
area (GFA in m2).
GFA to follow the definition by DBKL.

BEI FORMULA
Building Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)
BEI =
Gross Floor Area (m2)
Building energy consumption shall include all landlord
and tenants usage including installations that serve the
whole building except car parks and Data Centre
Equipment.
Gross Floor Area (GFA) shall exclude car park areas and
Data Centre Room.

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(TBEC – CPEC – DCEC) x 52

BEI =
GFA excl. carpark – DCA – GLA x FVR WOH

This formula is to be applied for office buildings only where

the operating hours is based on 52 hours per week.
The term 52/WOH is used to normalise the operating hours for
buildings with different operating hours to ensure an ‘apple-to-
apple’ comparison.
However, normalisation should be only for operating office
hours within 8.00am to 6.00pm daily. Outside of these ‘solar-
affected’ hours, the actual energy use should be measured and
excluded from the BEI computation.

Examples A:
1) Office operating 55 hours/wk
2) Office operating 48 hours/wk

1) WOH = 55. Then WOHnorm = 52 = 0.945

55
52 = 1.083
2) WOH = 48. Then WOHnorm = 48

WOH shall be during “solar hours”

And within 38 to 62 hours/wk
WHY SO ?

FVR is the weighted floor vacancy rate of a building’s

GLA. The FVR (%) of GLA is equal to the non-occupied
lettable area divided by the GLA
The FVR in the BEI formula is applied at the CVA stage
to take into account the actual reading affected by
vacancy.
At Design Assessment stage, full occupancy (i.e. FVR =
0%) is to be assumed.

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The operational hours for other type of

buildings are as follows:

Office: 52 hours/wk
Retail / Mall: 84 hours/wk
Hotel: 24/7 operation
Resort: 24/7 operation
Hospital: 24/7 operation

• The BEI for different category of buildings differs as their usage

(installed systems) and operating hours differ.
• The benchmark for BEI credit points is therefore provided for
different categories of buildings.
BEI values and credit points for different building category
(FAQ 3.12 and #Bespoke Tools)
EE5 pts Office Retail* Hotel# Resort# Hospital
2 150 240/350 200/290 245 200
3 140 225/325 190/270 230 190
5 130 210/300 175/250 212 175
8 120 195/280 160/233 196 160
10 110 180/255 150/212 181 150
12 100 160/235 135/195 165 135
15 90 145/210 120/175 148 120

Incorrect ‘Design’ BEI/WOH computation

1. Do not mix-n-match BEI requirements

Example:
Hospital Consultation New Extension Wing that operates 52
hrs/wk (2700hrs/yr)
Computed BEI = 600
‘Classified’ as hospital i.e. operating 24/7, hence
WOHnorm = 2700/8760 = 0.31 !!
BEInorm = 600 x 0.31 = 186 !!

Then look up FAQ 3.12 table ………………….

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BEI values and credit points

(FAQ 3.12)
EE5 pts Office Hospital
2 150 200
3 140 190
5 130 175
8 120 160
10 110 150
12 100 135
15 90 120

Incorrect ‘Design’ BEI/WOH computation

2. Applying DF on top of DF &
3. No consideration of base loads …………….
Item Description Gross kWh/yr DF Nett kWh/yr
1 HVAC 600 0.85 510
2 Electrical Lighting 200 0.90 180
3 Electrical Plug Loads 100 0.5 50
4 Hydraulics 50 0.4 20
5 Lifts 50 0.5 25
6 Fire 0.0 0
TOTAL 1,000 785

THE MISSING ART

EE5: Understanding BASE LOADS

in both ‘design’ and ‘actual’
computation of BEI, PUE & EUI

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Energy Loads
Typical loads in a building are:
• Lighting Power
• Plug Load
• Air Conditioning and Ventilation
• Elevators and Escalators
• Pumping Energy (incl rainwater, recycling etc)

However for buildings other than offices, there may

be other systems that consume energy and these
have to be taken into account:

• Swimming Pool Equipment

• Hot Water System
• etc etc

ENERGY USE INCLUDES USE DURING

OPERATING HOURS AND NON OPERATING
HOURS AKA BASE LOADS

What is Base Building Load?

• For large buildings, there is security activities
requiring lighting (internal & external), CCTVs,
EMS, Emergency & Exit signs, Plant room
ventilation system, sump pumps, etc.
• For high rise buildings, security activities include lift
operation, etc.
• Then there is façade lighting, periodic testing of fire
related systems, jockey pumps, and so on.

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Other Hidden ‘Base’ Loads?

• PHANTOM LOAD – what is that ?
• aka Standby Power aka Vampire Power aka Leaking
Electricity
• refers to the electric power consumed by electronic
and electrical appliances while they are switched off
(but are designed to draw some power) or in
a standby mode
• can account for 8 to 22% of the appliance load!

How much can Phantom Loads add up to?

Assume a 1,000m2 office floor with full (diversified)

plug load use @5W/m2.
Operates 2,704 hours/yr = 13,520 kWh.
Phantom load remains switched on for the remaining
(8,760 – 2,704 =) 6,056 hr/yr.

Phantom Plug Phantom Plug Load % of Productive

Load % kWh/year Plug Load
8 2,422 18
22 6,662 49

The reality of Base Building Loads

50 Storey Office
Building

Load profile before

Load profile after
Base Load before = 38%
Base Load after = 28/25%

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Weekday Load Profile of a very tall Office Building

Current Load profile

Target Load profile

Current Base
Load 40%

Target Base
Load 22/16%

Weekday Load Profile of a large Office Building

Current Load profile

Target Load profile

Current Base
Load >50%

Target Base
Load 40/25%

What about Base Building Loads for other Building

Typologies?

• <5 storey shoplot offices ?

• Hotels ?
• Hospitals ?
• Retail/Malls ?
• Resorts ?
• Institutional Buildings ?
• Factories ?

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Base Load incl Phantom Load = 26%

Base Load incl Phantom Load = 17%

Base Load incl Phantom Load = 11%

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How are different BEI values derived?

1. Office – based on industry data (PTM now MGTC) etc and
GBI targetted EE standard
2. Retail/Mall – initially based on NUS data & later on fine
tuned with local data collated in collaboration with PPK
(Malaysia High-rise & Shopping Complex Association) and
(for the time being) excludes non-electricity energy use based
on operating hours of 84/week or 4368 hours/annum
3. Hotel – initially based on NUS data & later on fine tuned in
collaboration with MAH and excludes non-electricity energy
use (for the time being) based on 24/7 operation
4. Resort – based upon collaboration with MAH and industry
and excludes non-electricity use based on 24/7 operation

How are different BEI values derived?

5. Hospital – based on NUS & now undergoing fine-tuning with
local data and exclude non-electricity energy use based on
24/7 operation
6. Airport, Data Centre, etc ? – based on BEI and/or EUI for
similar facilities and adjusted to Office BEI equivalent

Derivation of EE5 points for different BEI categories

EE5 pts Office Retail Hotel

Base 250 400 333

0 200 320 267

2 150 240 200

3 140 225 190

5 130 210 175

8 120 195 160

10 110 180 150

12 100 160 135

15 90 145 120

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Derivation of EE5 points for different BEI categories

EE5 pts Office Retail Hotel

Base 250 400 333

0 200 320 267

2 150 240 200

3 140 225 190

5 130 210 175

8 120 150/250
195 x 160

10 110 400 =180? 150

12 100 160 135

15 90 145 120

PUE Derivation for Data Centre

Space Office Data/Telco
Centre
Area (m2) 3,500 11,500
kWh/annum 500,000 36,000,000
Operating hours/week 50 168
BEI 149 969
WOH 140
Adjusted BEI 904 X

PUE for Data Centre cont’d

• Alternative to BEI is PUE for IT Industry
• Where Power Usage Effectiveness is defined as:
PUE = Total Facilities Power / IT Equipment Power

International PUE Benchmark

PUE Level of Efficiency
3.0 Very Inefficient
2.5 Inefficient
2.0 Average
1.5 Efficient
1.2 Very Efficient

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PUE for Data Centre cont’d

Local data on PUE

Data Centre Area (m2) PUE

A 24,500 2.29
B 9,000 2.29
C 1,200 1.81
D 22,300 2.04
E 300 1.86
F 7,700 2.18
Mean PUE 2.18

Data Centre Example cont’d

PUE equivalent to BEI (factored for non-seasonal climate)

EE5 points BEI PUE equiv PUE International

Base 250 (3.1) 3.0 = Very Inefficient
0 200 (2.5) 2.5 = Inefficient
2 150 1.9 2.18 = Local Mean
3 140 1.8 2.0 = Average
5 130 1.7
8 120 1.6 1.5 = Efficient
10 110 1.5
12 100 1.4
15 90 1.3 1.2 = Very efficient

Derivation of EUI for Industries

• Demonstrate that Energy Efficiency (EE) performance exceeds
the baseline minimum to reduce energy consumption in the
building and/or the industrial plant process.
• For building, improve Building Energy Intensity (BEI) as
defined by GBI.
• For industrial plant process, use Energy Use Intensity (EUI) to
compare against baseline data for similar plant process
[baseline EUI shall be furnished by applicant for GBI
acceptance].
• Use BEI or EUI if either building or industrial plant process
energy use constitutes more than 75% of the total energy use.
• Otherwise, calculate both BEI and EUI with the lower point
score being applicable.

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Maximum Demand Limiting

(MDL)

Maximum Demand Limiting (MDL)

1. Applicable only if the electricity billing is based on tariff C1,
C2, E1, E2 or E3 where Maximum Demand charge applies
2. MDL program is readily available in all BAS
3. MDL can only be meaningfully programmed when there is
sufficient building loads and is optimal at full building load
condition
4. Hence, GBI requires CVA to be conducted only when the
building occupancy has reached at least 50%
5. Before the advent of GBI, 99% of building BAS were never
‘fully’ commissioned as buildings were handed over to the
owner as ‘vacant possession’.

MDL cont’d
1. How to carry out MDL?
2. Is MDL applicable if there are no chillers?
3. Who should be in charge of, or lead MDL?

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MDL with Chillers

Chillers
600
550
500
450
400
kW

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

HOURS

MDL with Chillers

Chillers
600
550 Lighting
500
450
400
kW

350 Airside Plugs

300
250
200
150
100 Misc
50
0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

HOURS

1600 kW
MDL with Chillers MD
1500 kW
MDL
kW

HOURS

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MDL with Chillers

1500 kW
MDL

Restrict
kW

Misc Loads

HOURS

MDL with Chillers

1500 kW
MDL

Restrict
kW

Misc Loads

HOURS

MALAYSIA CHAPTER

THANK YOU

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