Tunnel Design
Tunnel Design
Tunnel Design
Tunnel Planning
Menu of Session1
1.1 About Tunnel
1.2 Flowchart of Tunnel Construction Project
1.3 Tunnel Planning
1.4 Selection of Road Structure Type
1.5 Geometric Design
1.6 Tunnel Portal
1.7 Tunnel Construction Plan
Contents
Construction
Construction based on design
Construction
Validity of support is evaluated during
construction stage
Earth pressure on tunnel is complicated and it is
explained only in concept not in quantity.
Measurement
Confirmation of safety and cost efficiency
Advantage of Tunnel
• Risk of road closure is low, as tunnel is constructed under the ground
thus impact of disaster (rock fall, heavy rain, typhoon, gust, snow, etc.)
can be reduced.
-> It is important to locate tunnel portals avoiding disaster-prone area.
Disadvantage of Tunnel
• Load acting on tunnel varies according to the geological condition which
is not homogeneous.
-> It is important to understand geological conditions correctly before
construction.
-> At the same time, it is quite important to understand the limitation of
investigation.
Investigation
Ground
Classification Design
Change
Structural design
Observation and
Maintenance and Execution
measurement
operation
Judgment of
Completion of Yes safety and cost
No
construction efficiency
* In tunnel project, design change is usually made according
to the investigation results in the design stage and also
actual geological conditions confirmed during construction.
Tunnel Planning Seminar, Jakarta, 16 September, 2019 9
1.3 Tunnel Planning
Contents
<Planning Stage>
• It is important to understand major issues of the project based on
the comprehensive surveys/investigations.
<Design Stage>
• Accuracy of design is increased by steps from preliminary design to
detailed design.
<Surveys/Investigations>
Analysis of existing data and Field investigations Field investigations
materials • Large scale landslide • Issues in earthwork section
• Topographic condition • Slope • Issues in tunnel section
• Geological condition • Conditions at tunnel portal Ground condition survey/Investigation
• Meteorological condition area • Ground stability
• Disaster • Existing structures • Small scale landslide
• Environment • Soft soil • Foundation ground for structures
• Landuse • Environment • Geological condition for tunnel
• Past Construction section
Geological investigation
• Elastic Wave Probing
Low <Accuracy Level> High • Boring survey
Tunnel Planning Seminar, Jakarta, 16 September, 2019 • Laboratory test 15
1.3.2 Tunnel Planning Flow (3/5)
1. Selection of Route
<Matters to be considered>
• Social needs
• Economic benefits
• Project scale
• Technical issues
ALT-E2
ALT-E3
<Survey/Investigation>
• Analysis of existing data ALT-E4
<Survey/Investigation>
• Field investigations
Total Bridge Length 0.9km (0.6km of large scale bridge) 1.8km (0.3km of large scale bridge)
Tunnel Portal
Vertical Grade in
Tunnel
Hydraulic conditions
rare species
heritage
Geological conditions
rock fall
Residential zone
Environmental
landslide slope failure conditions
infrastructure
Topographical conditions Urban conditions
1. Landslide 2. Fault
Fault
Tunnel Tunnel
Tunnel
Excavation Water inflow
Fault
22
Tunnel
Inflammable
Excavation gas
Evaporation
Well up
Reduce the
industrial water
Reduce the water
of river Reduce the
agricultural water
Tunnel Planning Seminar, Jakarta, 16 September, 2019 25
++ Vertical Alignment ++
Declining Outward to Both Declining Inward from
Declining One-side
Sides Both sides
Sketch
:Water flow
Long and
Short tunnel high bridge
Long tunnel
Environment
Construction Cost
Safety
Bridge
Safety Bridge
Tunnel
Tunnel
Embankment
Embankment
Cut
Cut
Land Land
Land acquisition Land
acquisition
acquisition acquisition
Tunnel class
Clearance
Cross section
Hot spring
Facility Park
Residential
area
Hot spring
School
Residential
area
Min. vertical
gradient
Contents
Cross-
section
③
②
④
⑤
Issue
Risk that soil flows into the tunnel
portal by landslide
Countermeasure
Making the soil flow above the tunnel
by extending tunnel
Issue
Risk of landslide and rockfall
Countermeasure
Providing auxiliary method for landslide and
prevention work for rockfall
Tunnel Planning Seminar, Jakarta, 16 September, 2019 41
1.6.3 Matters to be Considered in Tunnel Portal Position (3/4)
In case tunnel is constructed in thick soil/sand layer
Issue
Unstable tunnel facing during
tunnel excavation
Countermeasure
Issue
Imbalanced earth pressure to the tunnel
Countermeasure
Evaluating effect of imbalanced earth pressure to
the tunnel by numerical analysis
Decreasing earth pressure by auxiliary method
Tunnel Planning Seminar, Jakarta, 16 September, 2019 43
1.7 Tunnel Construction Plan
Contents
Tunnel portal
Cut
Construction road Cut
Construction road
Temporary bridge
Construction
road Valley
Disadvantage: Remaining section of earth work can not be commenced until the tunnel construction is
completed.
Tunnel
本線トンネル
Tunnel
本線トンネル 貫通側工事
Construction work
Constriction 1
工事① Constriction
工事➁ 2
Image
本線内導坑(全線施工)
Temporary tunnel
Temporary
作業横坑
tunnel
本線内導坑(部分施工)
Temporary tunnel
■Small size temporary tunnel(NATM / New Austrian Tunnel Method) Ultimate size
Temporary
■Small size temporary tunnel(TBM / Tunnel Boring Machine)
Countermeasure
Construction road is planned in consideration of geometric condition, traffic
Temp. soil deposit site
condition, environment, etc. of the existing road. Countermeasure such as
widening is made, if necessary.
Advantage Disadvantage Countermeasure
• Reduction of cost • Traffic congestion • Widening
• Shortening of • Traffic accident • Passing bay
construction period • Noise and vibration • Specific pavement
Issue
Construction schedule of the mountain tunnel depends on geological condition and environmental
condition in addition to construction road plan.
Countermeasure
Geological condition and environmental condition are fully considered before the construction.