New Urbanism, Tourism and Urban Regeneration in Western Lisbon
New Urbanism, Tourism and Urban Regeneration in Western Lisbon
New Urbanism, Tourism and Urban Regeneration in Western Lisbon
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Jose A. Torres
was recently awarded a PhD in Geography by the University of Connecticut, where he is a part-time lecturer. His research
interests include mega-events and tourism strategies as tools for urban regeneration.
© Henry Stewart Publications 1752-9638 (2016) Vol. 9, 3, 283-294 Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal 283
Torres
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Park of Nations and its surrounding area case-study method, taking observations
(Figure 1) have become what has been made by the author in the Park of Nations
identified by visitlisboa.com as a 'tourism zone and information obtained from
zone' 1 (Figure 2) . academic journals and online editions of
The traditional tourism zones in printed media, and evaluating the
Lisbon, the central/ historical part of the observations and information within the
city, and the collection of monuments in context of the Charter of New Urbanism's
the Lisbon parish of Belem are now main practices and the Charter's 'Canons
complemented by a new tourism zone of sustainable architecture and urbanism'
which, instead of being a tou~ism enclave, in order to determine the effects that ideas
blends tourism with activities for locals similar to those of New Urbanism have
that are linked to leisure, recreation, had on the recently-developed Park of
entertainment and ordinary urban Nations and its surrounding area in
activities. Tourism is only one of many Lisbon.
functions that are carried out in this new
tourist zone. This blending of functions in
an urban space comprises the core of the THEORY AND DEFINITION OF NEW
New Urbanism movement. While there is URBANISM
no evidence that plann·e rs in Lisbon were New Urbanism is a movement that
using New Urbanism to guide their provides guidelines for the redevelopment
decision making, this study uses the of urban and suburban land. With 'roots in
284 Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal Vol. 9, 3, 283-294 © Henry Stewart Publications 1752-9638 (2016)
New urbanism and the park nations zone in Lisbon
Source: Author
© Henry Stewart Publications 1752-9638 (2016) Vol. 9, 3, 283-294 Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal 285
levels. The public and private sectors • Redevelopment of b~ownfields,
should be present in these including decontamination (canons, the
neighbourhoods. neighbourhood, town and city,
• 'Designs that facilitate pedestrian traffic principle 6).
and public transportation as well as • Sustainable practices should be
automobile traffic':These designs encouraged, such as the protection of
account for many walkable areas that bodies of water (canons, the
are served by convenient access to neighbourhood, town and city, regions,
public transportation stops and facilities principle 7) and the use of renewable
that help to connect residents, energy sources (canons, building and
employees, shoppers and visitors with infrastructure, principle 7).
their residences, businesses and service
providers, institutions, and open spaces The fact that not all principles and canons
and parks. are listed here confirms this study does not
• 'Neighborhoods should include public mean to state that the legacy of the
spaces and public institutions': Leisure mega-event which was the Expo '98
and entertainment are among the uses World's Fair and the resulting Park of
that should be given to land in the Nations and its surrounding area -
neighbourhood, and public green and labelled in this study as the Park of
park spaces should be available and Nations zone - is the result of
placed within a walkable distance implementing all of the principles and
and/ or within easy reach of public canons from the Charter for New
transportation. Urbanism. What this study seeks to do,
• 'Architecture and landscape designs that using the case-study method, is to
reflect local history, climate, ecology, demonstrate that some New Urbanism
and building practice'. ideas, or ideas that are identical to them,
were indeed taken into account in the
The Charter also includes principles and planning process of what be.came the Park
canons6 that help to provide more of Nations zone and the implementation
guidelines for the main practices in the of these ideas has resulted in the
Charter, and they provide other types of emergence of a successful new downtown
guidelines as well. Below are the ones that as well as a successful new tourism zone in
are relevant to this study which are not Lisbon.
directly linked to practices.
286 Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal Vol. 9, 3, 283-294 @ Henry Stewart Publications 1752-9638 (2016)
New urbanism and the park nations zone in Lisbon
anniversary ofVasco da Gama's discovery the area around the perimeter of the Park
of a sea route to India'. 11 By seeking to of Nations would develop. Even before
host the ocean-themed Expo, 11 planners the Expo took place, it was expected that
sought to redevelop the eastern part of the this area would develop buildings, facilities
city, 12- 14 in order 'to strengthen the image and infrastructure that would facilitate a
and competitiveness of the city' (p. 71), 13 multitude of uses within the zone, such as
'to integrate the eastern part of the city residences, hotels, shopping and restaurant
into the Lisbon Metro area' (p. 74), 13 to facilities, leisure spaces, parks, offices,
'alleviate the shortage of office and hotel hospitals, government facilities and
space' (p. 35) 12 and ' to re-establish a facilities in support of the tourism
relationship between the city and the "dustry. 15·171924-?S
m · · - The expectat10ns · came
river' (p. 183) 15 by incorporating the true as the Park of Nations, as well as the
waterfront into the redevelopment plan. 14 surrounding newly-developed area, termed
The idea to organise Expo '98 first the Park of Nations zone, developed to
emerged in 1989. In 1991 a bid become what has been described as a 'new
committee was formed, and Lisbon was city', 'new city core', 'new centre' and
awarded the hosting of the Expo in 'new downtown', in terms of the new
1992. 16 After the city was awarded the economic activity and foot traffic that has
mega-event, a brownfield site in developed. 14·20·26 ·29·30 Bacon stated that
north-eastern Lisbon, 17 which had been the area has been described as an invented
frequently described as a run-down city, which went from being an industrial
·
mdustnal ·
zone, J?-,13
· · 15·18-?0
- was chosen as wasteland to being a futuristic
the site to decontaminate and redevelop, neighbourhood with spectacular
first as the venue for the World's Fair, architecture. 19 It should be noted that, in
Expo '98, and then as an urban park and the literature and in the commentary
tourist attraction, now known as the Park which discusses Lisbon's new downtown,
of Nations, with, around the perimeter of there is no mention of the emergence of
the park, a new neighbourhood in Lisbon. this new downtown as having come at the
The redevelopment was done by a expense of more-established city centres
public-private partnership operated by the elsewhere in Lisbon; however, the
Parque Expo2O corporation. This Expo-related redevelopment was not
corporation operated as a private without controversy. Pereira and Nofre
enterprise, 16 but its stakeholders were 100 make reference to the approximately
per cent public (Republic of Portugal, 1,000 residents who were displaced in
99.78 per cent, and Camara Municipal de order to redevelop this land. 20 The
Lisboa, 0.22 per cent). 21 After Expo '98, residents in this run-down area lived in
Parque Expo organised events throughout low-cost housing. The forced relocation of
Portugal, as well as in places such as these residents was controversial, even in
southern Europe, the Balkan states, spite of the fact that the cost of the
Maghreb and Portuguese-speaking African relocation was covered entirely by the
nations. 22 More recently, in 2014, it was Portuguese Government, which
announced that, as planned earlier, no later guaranteed that those who lived in
than 2016 the corporation would be government-subsidised housing would
dissolved because of accumulated deficits keep their housing subsidies.
and because the goal of redevelopment of Although Lisbon is located along the
the Park of Nations zone had been northern bank of the Tagus River,
. . - 21 ?3
ac hieved m its entirety. ·- historically the city had very limited open
There were high expectations for how views of the river, mostly a stretch that in
© Henry Stewart Publications 1752-9638 (2016) Vol. 9, 3 , 283-294 Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal 287
Torres
length roughly equalled the width of as being the product of urban marketing
Comercio Square. One of the aims of the and the production of culture. 32 Mendes
development of the Park of Nations zone sees it as a post-modern city which is
was to open up the Tagus River frontage identified by the importance of the service
. permanently. 141· s' 19Th.1s
an d preserve 1t sector over the manufacturing sector,
type of river frontage creation is an where leisure and tourism activities make
integral part of the Park of Nations as it Lisbon competitive globally. 26 Others see
dominates the views in the park. More this zone as a city of make-believe, like a
recently, the opening up of river frontage movie or television show. The
has continued, specifically in central discontinuity of the architecture with the
Lisbon where the river frontage was rest of the city has been criticised and seen
expanded from Comercio Square as taking value away from the
westward. 31 newly-developed zone. 26 Pereira and
The 1990s marked the beginning of a Nofre explain that adjectives such as
'new urbanistic' mentality in Lisbon29 that 'Disneyised', 'McDonaldised' and 'fantasy
sought to create 'for lack of a better term, city' have been used to describe the
a post-modern type of city' (p. 87). 26 In development in and around the Park of
the 1990s the Park of Nations zone was in Nations. 20 The maritime/ naval theme,
its planning stages and its development with futuristic overtones, is very obvious
was indeed an example of infill, TOD in the architecture and place names. This
rather than suburban TND. Accessibility to type of thematic architecture helps to
public transport was guaranteed through a provide an interpretation of the landscape,
well-developed transport system, with the but also helps to differentiate from other
intermodal Oriente station included, and waterfront developments elsewhere. The
planning for walk.ability was also an zone is seen by some as a collection of
integral part of the development of the 'entertainment and cultural venues,
Park of Nations zone. 14 • 15 •24 •26-28 Along businesses, stores and services take
the river, the Park of Nations is a advantage of this common rheme and
pedestrian-only strip. The first street that adapt it to their purposes to attract visitors
runs parallel to the river which allows for and most of all consumers' (p. 672). 20
automobile traffic has four lanes, and the The Park of Nations zone is not the
next street over has eight lanes, 14· I ~- but only manifestation of the type of urban
space for pedestrians is always available redevelopment that has been studied.
regardless of the number of automobile Taggart discusses urban regeneration along
lanes that are available, making the Park of the George Waterway in Victoria, British
Nations zone pedestrian-friendly. Two Columbia, Canada.33 For the overall
studies28•29 have observed foot traffic in development, Taggart explains that this
and near the Park of Nations. Both studies redevelopment 'seems destined to become
.point to significant pedestrian activity the kind of vibrant post-industrial
throughout the day that seems to include community which will draw people back
all age groups and all sectors of the to the city' (p. 24). 33 Waterfront
population, including locals and probably redevelopment is described by Taggart as
tourists who make the Park of Nations being 'devoted to public uses, with retail
zone their home. and recreational interspersed with public
The literature and commentary on the parks' (p. 26),33 reflecting the multi-use
Park of Nations zone includes impressions development encouraged by the New
and interpretations of the architecture and Urbanism movement, which has taken
the zone in general. Santos sees this space place in Lisbon mo~ recently. Taggart
288 Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal Vol. 9, 3, 283-294 © Henry Stewart Publications 1752-9638 (2016)
New urbanism and the park nations zone in Lisbon
describes the architecture along the shops, restaurants and bars, hospitals,
George Waterway in a way that could also schools, government buildings such as a
be used to describe the architecture in the campus for Lisbon's court system, a casino,
Park of Nations zone.33 Rather than using an arena, exhibition halls, a museum, an
traditional ways of design, this aquarium, an intermodal transportation
development in Victoria, BC has embraced hub, parks and green spaces, and spaces for
modern architectural features, shunning leisure and walking/running activities.
the imitation of history or the New Urbanism guidelines call for a
embellishment of features. This is an diversity of functionalities within a
expression of 'humane modernity' neighbourhood that facilitate the
(p. 26) .33 transformation of that neighbourhood into
Chang and Huang provide a different a micro-city within a city. This diversity of
interpretation of riverside redevelopment functionalities is present in the Park of
and the architecture that was used along Nations zone and accounts for its vibrancy
the Singapore River. 34 According to them, and its status of new downtown in an area
development along the Singapore River which, less than 20 years ago, was derelict
shuns local history and provides more of a and run down.
global appeal. They conclude that 'worldly Part of the success of the Park of
themes, not local history, enchant the Nations zone as a new city centre is
masses' who visit this redeveloped zone (p. explained by its walkability and TOD, as
2093). 34 Locals love it, but visitors point witnessed by the author's fieldwork. The
out that waterfronts are starting to look all area along the river, the Park of Nations
alike with their cafes and shops, and itself, is pedestrian-only. Running parallel
attention-grabbing architecture. to the river and the Park of Nations, the
first street that is open to automobile
traffic forces traffic to move at a slow pace
DISCUSSION by placing either steel poles on both sides
of the traffic lane, or steel poles on one
Similarities with New Urbanism side and tall concrete blocks on the other.
Lisbon's Park of N ations is the anchor of a This slow movement of automobile traffic
zone which has gone from being an makes street crossings by pedestrians an
industrial wasteland to being a thriving easy and safe endeavour. Something else
new downtown and also a new tourism that can be seen is bicycle lanes that are of
zone. Although there is a limited number the same width as automobile lanes. In
of references that link the development of portions of the four-lane street, two of the
the Park of Nations and its surrounding four lanes are restricted to bicycle traffic
area - the Park of N ations zone - to only. In the closest parking spaces to the
N ew Urbanism ideas specifically, it is park, only automobiles with electric
evident that the development of the zone engines are allowed to park, and these
has taken place utilising planning and parking spaces are equipped with electric
actions that reflect similarities with the engine-charging stations. Pedestrians walk
practices and canons which are part of the short distances to find public
C harter for N ew Urbanism and its transportation stops and the intermodal
companion 'Canons of sustainable transportation hub at Oriente station. This
architecture and urbanism' . The mixed- use hub connects nationwide and
nature of the Park of N ations zone is its international rail services, the commuter
most o utstanding feature. In the zone rail service for the Lisbon region (three
there are residential spaces, offices, hotels, stations in the Park of Nations zone3 5 ) ,
© Henry Stewart Publications 1752-9638 (2016) Vol. 9, 3, 283-294 Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal 289
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Torres
Source: Author
nationwide and international bus services, design. The park includes green spaces
the bus service serving metropolitan which are part of the space designed
Lisbon (19 stops serving 13 different exclusively for pedestrians, runners and
routes 35), the Lisbon metro (three stops leisure bicycle riders. Space that provides
serving one metro line35 ) which, as ofJuly uninterrupted river frontage and views is
2012, connected to Lisbon International part of the design that incorporates and
Airport, providing the public with five enhances the existing local ecology and
different modes of public transportation, helps to protect the environment,
and a taxi stand, in addition to including the body of water that has
underground automobile parking spaces. helped to define and shape the city of
The Park of Nations zone is walkable and Lisbon.
has access to public transportation within The Park of Nations, along with its
the zone itself, but it is not just a feature surrounding neighbourhood, also has
within an enclave. The zone is well become a new tourism zone, a fact that is
connected through public transportation acknowledged by Turismo de Portugal. 1
to the rest of the city of Lisbon and to Lisbon's two traditional tourism zones are
points beyond both near and far. This type central Lisbon, where the city's oldest
ofTOD has made the Park of Nations neighbourhoods are located, and the
zone a success story not only as a parish of Belem, where there is a cluster of
self- contained neighbo~rhood, but also as monuments and museums. The Park of
a point that links to other parts of the city Nations has become Lisbon's third tourism
and to the rest of Portugal. zone, and New Urbanism ideas have
The Park of Nations itself, as the heart helped to shape the park and its
of the zone, also reflects the New surrounding area, and may account for its
Urbanism guidelines for public spaces that high level of popularity. The park,
include parklands, as well as landscape including its oceanarium (Figure 3) and
290 Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal Vol. 9, 3, 283- 294 © Henry Stewart Publications 1752-9638 (2016)
New urbanism and the park nations zone in Lisbon
Source: Author
science and knowledge museum, is among • tourist attractions within the park, and
Lisbon's highest-ranked attractions for • tourist infrastructure around the park.
those who participate in website forums
such as Trip Advisor. The intermodal
Oriente station (Figure 4) has been Digressions from New Urbanism
identified as a well-regarded tourist guidelines
attraction, even though it was never The residential spaces in the Park of
intended to be one. By following New Nations zone were never meant to be a
Urbanism guidelines, such as building a set of options for all income levels. Free
zone which, instead of being an urban market forces were allowed to prevail, and
tourist enclave, combines different the residents in the zone are
functions for locals and tourists alike and upper-middle class. This important
allows for the interaction of tourists and departure from New Urbanism guidelines
locals, the Park of Nations zone has been was planned from the very beginning of
able to become an important tourist the planning process which led to the
magnet, which has become very popular redevelopment of the Park of Nations
due to its: zone. The architecture that was developed
for the zone helped to achieve the goal of
• ample and safe space for walking a redevelopment which would appeal to
• being within walking distance of upper- middle- class people. In May 2014,
multiple modes of public transport it was reported that the Park of Nations
• green spaces and ample views of the was among the top three zones in Lisbon
nver in terms of rental costs per square metre
• shops and leisure and entertainment for residential units 36 and, in September
spaces that are easily accessible on foot 2014, it was reported that the zone had
and by public transport the most expensive real estate for sale in
"' Henry Stewart Publications 1752-9638 (2016) Vol. 9, 3, 283- 294 Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal 291
- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - -- -
Torres
the city, also in terms of cost per square its freguesias (city parishes or districts) from
metre. 37 53 to 24 through a process of
The development of architecture in the consolidation, the Park of Nations zone
zone is also a departure from New became its own freguesia by separating the
Urbanism goals. The labels of 'Disneyised' , zone from an existingfreguesia and
'McDonaldised' and 'fantasy city', which incorporating land from the neighbouring
have been bestowed on the Park of municipality of Loures. 38 This recognition
Nations zone, are not meant to be was unforeseen by planners in Lisbon and
flattering. They are meant to reflect is not stated as a goal of New Urbanism.
opinions of this zone which see it as
contrived, manufactured for the purpose
of consumption, and having low aesthetic CONCLUSION
and social value, where street names, such Not all mega-events are the same, and not
as Alameda dos Oceanos, Rua Caribe and all have the same kind of impact on host
Avenida do Pacifico, also reflect the cities. Recent Olympic events, such as the
architectural theme. New Urbanism values 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia39
would require the new development and the Summer Olympics in 2008 in
around the Park of Nations to be either Beijing40 and 2004 in Athens, 4 1•42 have led
an architectural extension of central to a legacy of facilities which have been
Lisbon, at least with the facades of the abandoned and now may be in ruins. The
buildings, with which the Park of Nations case of Lisbon's Park of Nations zone
does not have proximity or continuity, or presents a more favourable legacy for an
for the architecture to reflect the event like a World's Fair in terms of the
traditional architecture of the zone before post-event state and use of the grounds
it was redeveloped. The latter would mean and structures. Although the development
an integrated, multi-purpose zone in of Lisbon's Park of Nations and its
which the architecture would resemble surrounding area never claimed to be the
the dominant type of architecture before product of putting into praqice all of
the zone was redeveloped, ie that of the New Urbanism's practices and canons, it is
rundown industrial facilities which were evident that many of these practices and
torn down. The zone does have two canons were put into practice when that
themes: maritime and post-modernist area was targeted for redevelopment for
architecture. While some see this as a Expo '98 and beyond. The
manufactured identity meant for implementation of these ideas that are
consumption, the author interprets this similar to those of New Urbanism has
type of themed architecture as a tool for provided the Park of Nations zone with
zonal cohesion and identity, which would certain landscape, multi-use, social, and
help to achieve the New Urbanism goal pedestrian and transit-friendly
of an integrated neighbourhood. This type characteristics which have turned the zone
of architecture and zonal cohesion, while into a new downtown and a new tourism
going against the designs of New zone in Lisbon without affecting
Urbanism, does facilitate the visualisation negatively other downtowns and other
of the neighbourhood as a· zone which, tourist zones. This zone has developed not
among its many functions, is meant to only because of its inherent characteristics,
attract tourists. but also because of its connectivity and
The Park of Nations zone's importance integration with the rest of Lisbon and the
was recognised when, in a time when the rest of Portugal, something which was
city of Lisbon was reducing the number of made possible by the .;idoption of these
292 Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal Vol. 9, 3, 283-294 © Henry Stewart Publications 1752-9638 (2016)
New urbanism and the park nations zone in Lisbon
ideas in the planning process and in the development of the Park of Nations zone
redevelopment of the neighbourhood. may provide guidelines for future urban
These policies have helped to create spaces redevelopment projects as well as for
and zones that are lively, attractive, future plans for development or growth in
accessible, useful and convenient for the the urban tourism sector in all kinds of
needs and preferences of all types of cities. The designation of the Park of
individuals and groups. These Nations zone as a new freguesia
neighbourhoods are vibrant and successful demonstrates the success and the impact
because of what they have to offer to that this type of urban renewal can have in
residents, to the private and public sectors, a city that is aggressively seeking to
and to tourists. regenerate its neighbourhoods.
The case study of the Park of Nations
zone in Lisbon shows the effects of the
implementation of New Urbanism References
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© Henry Stewart Publications 1752-9638 (2016) Vol. 9, 3, 283- 294 Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal 293
Torres
294 Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal Vol. 9, 3, 283-294 © Henry Stewart Publications 1752-9638 (2016)
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