IoT assignment

Table of content:-

1. Introduction
2. Categories
3. Vision of IoT
4. Characteristics
 Interconnectivity
 Things-related services
 Heterogeneity
 Dynamic changes
 Enormous scale
 Safety
 Connectivity
5. Architecture of IoT
 Smart device / sensor layer
 Gateways and Networks
 Management Service Layer
 Application Layer
6. Future technological developments for IoT
7. FUTURE CHALLANGES FOR IOT
 Privacy and security
 Cost versus Usability
 Interoperability
 Data Management
8. APPLICATION AREAS
 IOsL (Internet of smart living)
 IOsC (Internet of smart cities)
 IOsE (Internet of smart environment)
 IOsI (Internet of smart industry)
 IOsH (Internet of smart health)
 IOsE (Internet of smart energy)
 IOsA (Internet of smart agriculture)

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IoT assignment

1. INTRODUCTION:-
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the use of intelligently connected devices and systems to
leverage data gathered by embedded sensors and actuators in machines and other physical
objects. It refer to the general idea of things, especially everyday objects, that are readable,
recognizable, locatable, addressable through information sensing device and/or controllable via
the Internet, irrespective of the communication means (whether via RFID, wireless LAN, wide
area networks, or other means). Everyday objects include not only the electronic devices we
encounter or the products of higher technological development such as vehicles and equipment
but things that we do not ordinarily think of as electronic at all - such as food , clothing ,chair,
animal, tree, water etc.

Internet of things common definition is defining as: Internet of things (IOT) is a network of
physical objects: network of device of all type and sizes, vehicles, smart phones, home
appliances, toys, cameras, medical instruments and industrial systems, animals, people, buildings
etc.

2. CATEGORIES:-
We define IOT into three categories as below:

 People to people,
 People to machine /things,
 Things /machine to things /machine, interacting through internet.

3. VISION OF IOT:-
Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept and a paradigm that considers pervasive presence in the
environment of a variety of things/objects that through wireless and wired connections and
unique addressing schemes are able to interact with each other and cooperate with other
things/objects to create new applications/services and reach common goals. In this context the
research and development challenges to create a smart world are enormous. A world where the
real, digital and the virtual are converging to create smart environments that make energy,
transport, cities and many other areas more intelligent.

4. CHARACTERISTICS:-
The fundamental characteristics of the IoT are as follows;

Interconnectivity:
With regard to the IoT, anything can be interconnected with the global information and
communication infrastructure.

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IoT assignment

Things-related services:
The IoT is capable of providing thing-related services within the constraints of things, such as
privacy protection and semantic consistency between physical things and their associated virtual
things. In order to provide thing-related services within the constraints of things, both the
technologies in physical world and information world will change.

Heterogeneity:
The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware platforms and
networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through different networks.

Dynamic changes:
The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up, connected and/or
disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed. Moreover, the
number of devices can change dynamically.

Enormous scale:
The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be at
least an order of magnitude larger than the devices connected to the current Internet.

Even more critical will be the management of the data generated and their interpretation for
application purposes. This relates to semantics of data, as well as efficient data handling.

Safety:
As we gain benefits from the IoT, we must not forget about safety. As both the creators and
recipients of the IoT, we must design for safety. This includes the safety of our personal data and
the safety of our physical well-being. Securing the endpoints, the networks, and the data moving
across all of it means creating a security paradigm that will scale.

Connectivity:
Connectivity enables network accessibility and compatibility. Accessibility is getting on a
network while compatibility provides the common ability to consume and produce data.

5. ARCHITECTURE OF IOT:-
IOT architecture consists of different layers of technologies supporting IOT. It serves to illustrate
how various technologies relate to each other and to communicate the scalability, modularity and
configuration of IOT deployments in different scenarios. The functionality of each layer is
described below;

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IoT assignment

A. smart device / sensor layer:

The lowest layer is made up of smart objects integrated with sensors. The sensors enable the
interconnection of the physical and digital worlds allowing real-time information to be collected
and processed. The sensors have the capacity to take measurements such as temperature, air
quality, speed, humidity, pressure, flow, movement and electricity etc. A sensor can measure the
physical property and convert it into signal that can be understood by an instrument. Sensors are
grouped according to their unique purpose such as environmental sensors, body sensors, home
appliance sensors and vehicle telematics sensors, etc.

Sensors require connectivity to the sensor gateways in the form of following networks;

Local Area Network (LAN) such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi connections,

Personal Area Network (PAN) such as ZigBee, Bluetooth and Ultra Wideband (UWB)

For sensors that do not require connectivity to sensor aggregators, their

connectivity to backend servers/applications can be provided using Wide Area Network
(WAN) such as GSM, GPRS and LTE. Sensors that use low power and low data rate
connectivity, they typically form networks commonly known as wireless sensor networks
(WSNs). WSNs are gaining popularity as they can accommodate far more sensor nodes
while retaining adequate battery life and covering large areas.

B. Gateways and Networks;

Massive volume of data will be produced by these tiny sensors and this requires a robust and
high performance wired or wireless network infrastructure as a transport medium. These
networks can be in the form of a private, public or hybrid models and are built to support the
communication requirements for latency, bandwidth or security. Various gateways are;
microcontroller, microprocessor... & gateway networks are; WI-FI, GSM, GPRS…

C. Management Service Layer

The management service renders the processing of information possible through analytics,
security controls, process modeling and management of devices.

One of the important features of the management service layer is the business and process rule
engines. IOT brings connection and interaction of objects and systems together providing
information in the form of events such as temperature of goods, current location and traffic data.

In the area of analytics, various analytics tools are used to extract relevant information from
massive amount of raw data and to be processed at a much faster rate. Analytics such as in
memory analytics allows large volumes of data to be cached in random access memory (RAM)
rather than stored in physical disks.

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IoT assignment

Data management is the ability to manage data information flow. With data management in the
management service layer, information can be accessed, integrated and controlled.

Security must be enforced across the whole dimension of the IOT architecture right from the
smart object layer all the way to the application layer. Security of the system prevents system
hacking and compromises by unauthorized personnel, thus reducing the possibility of risks.

D. Application Layer
The IoT application covers “smart” environments/spaces in domains such as: Transportation,
Building, City, Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain, Emergency, Healthcare,
User interaction, Culture and tourism, Environment and Energy.

6. FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR IOT:-

The development of enabling technologies such as semiconductor electronics, communications,
sensors, smart phones, embedded systems, cloud networking, network virtualization and
software will be essential to allow physical devices to operate in changing environments & to be
connected all the time everywhere. The technologies have been categorized into three groups;

 The first group of technologies impacts the devices, microprocessor chips,

 The second group comprises technologies that support network sharing and address
capacity and latency issues,
 The third group impacts the management services that support the IOT applications.

7. FUTURE CHALLANGES FOR IOT:-

There are key challenges and implications today that need to be addressed before mass adoption
of IOT can occur;

Privacy and security;

Internet of Things for large-scale creates the need to address trust and security functions
adequately. New challenges identified for privacy, trust and reliability are:

• providing trust and quality of-information in shared information

• Providing secure exchange of data between IoT devices

• Providing protection mechanisms for vulnerable devices

Cost versus Usability;

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IoT assignment

IOT uses technology to connect physical objects to the Internet. For IOT adoption to grow, the
cost of components that are needed to support capabilities such as sensing, tracking and control
mechanisms need to be relatively inexpensive in the coming years.

Interoperability;
In the traditional Internet, interoperability is the most basic core value; the first requirement of
Internet connectivity is that “connected” systems be able to “talk the same language” of
protocols and encodings.

*interoperability

Data management;
Data management is a crucial aspect in the Internet of Things. When considering a world of
objects interconnected and constantly exchanging all types of information, the volume of the
generated data and the processes involved in the handling of those data become critical.

8. APPLICATION AREAS:-
Potential applications of the IoT are numerous and diverse, permeating into practically all areas
of every-day life of individuals, enterprises, and society as a whole. The IoT application covers
“smart” environments/spaces in domains such as: Transportation, Building, City, Lifestyle,
Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain, Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction, Culture and
tourism, Environment and Energy. Below are some of the IOT applications;

IOsL (Internet of smart living);

 Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid accidents
and save energy,
 Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity, temperature etc
 Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s inside, food that’s
about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with all the information available on a
Smartphone app
 Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems
 Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and
 Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain
advice on how to save cost and resources, & many more…

IOsC (Internet of smart cities);

 Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges
etc

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IoT assignment

 Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights,

 Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public announcement
systems, Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with warning messages,
unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams,
 Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces etc.

IOsE (Internet of smart environment);

 Air Pollution monitoring: Control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution emitted by
cars
 Forest Fire Detection: Monitoring of combustion gases and preemptive fire conditions to
define alert zones,
 Weather monitoring: weather conditions monitoring such as humidity, temperature etc
Earthquake Early Detection,
 Water Quality: Study of water suitability in rivers and the sea for eligibility in drinkable
use,
 River Floods: Monitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and reservoirs during
rainy days, protecting wildlife: Tracking collars utilizing GPS/GSM modules to locate
and track wild animals etc.

IOsI (Internet of smart industry);

 Explosive and Hazardous Gases: Detection of gas levels and leakages, Monitoring of
toxic gas and oxygen levels inside chemical plants to ensure workers and goods safety,
Monitoring of water, oil and gas levels in storage tanks and Cisterns,
 Maintenance and repair: Early predictions on equipment malfunctions and service
maintenance can be automatically schedule by installing sensors inside equipment to
monitor and send reports.

IOsH (Internet of smart health);

 Patients Surveillance: Monitoring of conditions of patients inside hospitals and in old
people’s home, Medical Fridges: Control of conditions inside freezers storing vaccines,
 Fall Detection: Assistance for elderly or disabled people living independent,
 Physical Activity Monitoring: Wireless sensors placed across the mattress sensing small
motions, like breathing and heart rate and large motions caused by tossing and turning
during sleep, providing data available through an app on the Smartphone.
 Dental: Bluetooth connected toothbrush with Smartphone app analyzes the brushing uses
and gives information on the brushing habits on the Smartphone for private information
or for showing statistics to the dentist.

IOsE (internet of smart energy);

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IoT assignment

 Smart Grid: Energy consumption monitoring and management,

 Wind Turbines/ Power house: Monitoring and analyzing the flow of energy
 Power Supply Controllers: Controller for AC-DC power supplies that determines required
energy, and improve energy efficiency
 Photovoltaic Installations: Monitoring and optimization of performance in solar energy
plants.

IOsA (internet of smart agriculture);

 Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and
vegetables and its quality,
 Compost: Control of humidity and temperature to prevent fungus etc,
 Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals grazing in open pastures
 Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms to ensure
its survival and health,
 Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better monitoring, and
management of the agriculture fields, including better control of fertilizing, electricity
and water.

The IoT application area is very diverse and IoT applications serve different users. Different user
categories have different driving needs. From the IoT perspective there are three important user
categories: (1) The individual citizens, (2) Community of citizens (citizens of a city, a region,
country or society as a whole), (3) The enterprises.