Physics Investigatory Project Class 12 Cbse
Physics Investigatory Project Class 12 Cbse
Physics Investigatory Project Class 12 Cbse
1. Introduction................................page 3
2. Objective.......................................page 5
3. Theory...........................................page 6
4. Apparatus..................................page 11
5. Circuit Diagram.......................page 13
6. Procedure..................................page 14
7. Uses..............................................page 15
8. Conclusion.................................page 16
9. Bibliography.............................page 18
1
INTRODUCTION
2
without the use of moving parts. A transformer
which increases the voltages is called a step up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the
A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
3
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-made transformer.
4
THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus
if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils
of the transformer and:
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in
each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
And
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
5
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
6
Hence equation 3 can be written as:
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
7
IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER:
8
IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER:
9
Apparatus required
Iron Rod:
Copper Wire:
Voltmeter:
10
Ammeter:
11
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
12
PROCEDURE
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper
and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire
on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary
coil of the transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20)
of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and
ammeter respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1and s2.
Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step up transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers
by changing number of turns in primary and
secondary coil.
13
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations:
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, etc.
A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
A step up transformer is used for the production of
X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.
over long distances.
Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.
14
SOURCES OF ERROR
Values of current can be changed due to heating
effect.
Eddy current can change the readings.
CONCLUSION
The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np)
with respect to the input voltage
The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p)
with respect to the input voltage
There is a loss of power between input and output
coil of a transformer.
15
PRECAUTIONS
16
BIBLIOGRAPHY
17