Reduced Instruction Set Computer 1 PDF
Reduced Instruction Set Computer 1 PDF
Reduced Instruction Set Computer 1 PDF
16 bit Processors are Microprocessors which processes 16 bit data. Its architecture
is 16 bit i.e. internal registers are 16 bit registers and ALU is also designed to
perform arithmetic and logic operations on 16 bit data. Its data bus is 16 bit and
address bus may be larger than 16 bits which depend on its memory addressing
capacity e.g. 8086 Microprocessor is known as 16 bit Microprocessor of which
address bus is 20 bits, addressing 1 MB (220 Byte) memory. 8088, 80186 and
80286 are other 16 bit Microprocessors. Similarly 32 bit Processors are
Microprocessors which processes 32 bit data. Its architecture is 32 bit which
includes internal Registers, ALU, Data bus etc. 80386, 80486 are the examples of
32 bit Microprocessors.
An important aspect of computer architecture is the design of the instruction set for
the processor. The instruction set chosen for a particular computer determines the
way that machine language programs are constructed. Early computers had small
and simple instruction sets, forced mainly by the need to minimize the hardware
used to implement them. As digital hardware became cheaper with the advent of
integrated circuits, computer instructions tended to increase both in number and
complexity. Many computers have instruction sets that include more than 100 and
sometimes even more than 200 instructions. These computers also employ a
variety of data types and a large number of addressing modes. The trend into
computer hardware complexity was influenced by various factors, such as
upgrading existing models to provide more customer applications, adding
instructions that facilitate the translation from high-level language into machine
language programs, and striving to develop machines that move functions from
software implementation into hardware implementation. A computer with a large
number of instructions is classified as a complex instruction set computer,
abbreviated CISC.
CISC Characteristics
The design of an instruction set for a computer must take into consideration not
only machine language constructs, but also the requirements imposed on the use of
high level programming languages. The translation from high level to machine
language programs is done by means of a compiler program. One reason for the
trend to provide a complex instruction set is the desire to simplify the compilation
to improve the overall computer performance. The task of a compiler is to generate
a sequence of machine instructions for each high level language statement. The
task is simplified if there are machine instructions that implement the statements
directly. The essential goal of a CISC architecture is to attempt to provide a single
machine instruction for each statement that is written in a high level language.
RISC Characteristics
The concept of RISC architecture involves an attempt to reduce execution time by
simplifying the instruction set of the computer. The major characteristics of a RISC
processor are:
1. Relatively few instructions
2. Relatively few addressing modes
3. Memory access limited to load and store instructions
4. Almost all operations done within the registers of the CPU.
5. Fixed length, easily decoded instruction format
6. Single cycle instruction execution
A large number of registers is useful for storing intermediate results and for
optimizing operand references. The advantage of register storage as opposed to
memory storage is that registers can transfer information to other registers much
faster than the transfer of information to and from memory. Thus register to
memory operations can be minimized by keeping the most frequent accessed
operands in registers.
Point of
Comparison Harvard Architecture Von Neumann Architecture
In Harvard architecture,
the CPU is connected with In Von-Neumann architecture,
both the data memory there is no separate data and
(RAM) and program program memory. Instead, a
memory (ROM), single memory connection is
separately. given to the CPU.
Arrangement
It results in wastage of
space since if the space is
left in the data memory
then the instructions Space is not wasted because the
memory cannot use the space of the data memory can be
space of the data memory utilized by the instructions
Space usage and vice-versa. memory and vice-versa.
Controlling becomes
complex since data and Controlling becomes simpler
instructions are to be since either data or instructions
Controlling fetched simultaneously. are to be fetched at a time.