Frog Nervous System

Frog Nervous System
GROUP 4
BIOMED 1A
Nervous System
1. Central Nervous System
1. Brain
2. Spinal Cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System
1. Nerves extending from the central nervous system
3. Autonomic Nervous System
1. Specialized portion of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the
glands of the body and the visceral organs
Central Nervous System
Anterior Brain
◦ Lodged in the cranium
Posterior Spinal Cord
◦ Enclosed within the vertebral column
Dorsal Aspect of the Brain and Spinal Cord
The brain and spinal cord are enclosed by two membranes or meninges:
1. Dura Mater (Outer)
1. Outer Wall
1. Closely adheres to the walls of the cranium and the vertebral column
2. Inner Wall
1. Pigmented
2. Pia Mater (Inner)

1. Inseparably fixed with the substance of the brain and spinal cord
Subdural Space
◦ The space between the dura and pia mater that contains the Cerebrospinal fluid that serves
as a protective cushion
5 Lobes of the Brain
1. Telencephalon or Cerebral Hemispheres
- Large anterior elongated lobes separated medially by a
groove
- Complex centers of consciousness, intelligence, memory,
and vision are situated in this area
- Anterior part, marked as a shallow constriction, forms
small enlargements, the olfactory bulbs
- Originating from these bulbs are the first pair of cranial nerves, the olfactory
nerves
2. Diencephalon
- Depressed lobe posterior to the telencephalon
- Roofed by a thin vascular membrane, the anterior choroid plexus
- Relay center of sensory impulses
- Centers regulating water balance, body temperature,
carbohydrate and fat metabolism
- Pineal Body or Epiphysis
- Arises from the median dorsal surface of the diencephalon
- Function of this gland is associated with the endocrine system
3. Mesencephalon or Optic Lobes
- Pair of rounded bodies posterior to the diencephalon
- Visual and auditory reflex center
4. Metencephalon or Cerebellum
- Narrow unpaired, fold-like lobe
- Posterior to the mesencephalon
- Regulates and coordinates muscle contraction and
coordination
5. Myelencephalon or Medulla Oblongata
- Most posterior lobe of the brain
- Somewhat triangular and whose broad anterior portion is partly
covered by the metencephalon
- Posterior choroid plexus
- Thin vascular membrane
- Roof of the 4th ventricle, a triangular cavity of the myelencephalon
- Reflex centers the control respiration, heart beat, dilation, and
constriction of the blood vessels as well as swallowing
- Tapered portion of the myelencephalon is continuous with the spinal
cord
Spinal Cord
- Long, somewhat cylindrical body with two enlargements and a tapering posterior end.
- Extends from the myelencephalon to the neural canal of the urostyle where its pointed
posterior end, the filum terminale is lodged
- Dorsal Median Salcus
◦ Shallow groove which appears to divide the entire length of the spinal cord into halves
- Dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves

◦ Arises from the dorso-lateral and ventro-lateral sides of the spinal cord respectively
◦ Nerves innervating the forelimbs arise from the anterior brachial enlargement
◦ Nerves innervating the hindlimbs arise from the posterior lumbar enlargement
◦ Elongated root of the posterior spinal nerves together with the filum terminale forms the cauda equina
Ventral Aspect of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Optic Chiasma
- structure ventral to the diencephalon
- formed by the crossing of fibers of the optic nerves which arise
from the ventro-lateral sides of the diencephalon
Infundibulum
-Posterior to the optic chiasma
-Somewhat flattened, bilobed, postero-ventral extension of the
diencephalon
Ventral Aspect of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Hypophysis or Pituitary Body
-Small gland postero-ventral to the infundibulum
-Lies in the sella turnica, a depression at the floor of the skull
-Commonly called the master gland
Ventral Median Sulcus
- Median groove of the ventral aspect of the spinal cord
Cavities of the Central Nervous System
Central Canal or Canalis Sentralis
- the frog has a hollow or tubular nervous system
- cavities of the brain are called the ventricles and are continuous with the cavity
of the spinal cord
First and Second Ventricles or Lateral Ventricles
-Cavities of the telencephalon
-Extension of these ventricles to the olfactory bulbs are the rhinocoels
-Communicate with the third ventricle found in the diencephalon by means of a
narrow opening, the foramen of Monro
Cavities of the Central Nervous System
Third Ventricle
- extends postero-ventrally and becomes continuous with the cavity of the
infundibulum
Fourth Ventricle
-Expanded cavity of the myelencephalon
-Narrow posterior portion is continuous with the central canal of the spinal
cord
Aqueduct of Sylvius
- Median narrow passage or canal connecting the third ventricle and
optocoels with the fourth ventricle and central canal
Dorsal View
Ventral View
Lateral View
Spinal Nerve 4
Spinal Nerve 10
Spinal Nerve 5
Spinal Nerve 7
Spinal Nerve 6
Spinal Nerve 8
Spinal Nerve 9
Guide Questions
What is the difference in function between the
dorsal and ventral roots f the spinal nerves?
From the spinal cord, spinal nerves arrive and the CNS receives
information and control the action of the trunk and limb. Through the
union of ventral and dorsal roots in composition of sensory and
motor fibers, the spinal nerves form. Dorsal root or sensory root
bears a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) that contains all bodies of the
sensory neurons.
Ventral root or motor root consist of axons from the lower motor
neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. They have fewer fibers
but have larger caliber due to the thick axons that originates from the
large lower motor neurons.
What are the structural differences between
the white and gray matter of the cord?
The CNS has 2 kinds of tissue: the grey matter and white matter. The
grey matter has a pinkish-grey color in the living brain and consists of
cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals of neurons. On the other
hand, white matter is made of axons connecting different parts of
grey matter to each other.
In the spinal cord, grey matter forms a butterfly structure, which can
be found if you located the white matter. The white matter is
distributed around the central grey matter butterfly.
What part of the frog’s brain is proportionately
smaller compared to the human brain?
Frogs have much smaller brains than humans with a length of
about 2 cm to the length of human brains at 15 cm. The ratio of
frog’s brain weight to body weight is also much smaller than
humans (1-172 compared to 1-50), suggesting that frogs are less
intelligent/sophisticated. The size of the olfactory lobes in
humans in relation to the human brain is much less in frogs in
relation to their brain, suggesting that the role of scent in
humans is much less prominent than in frogs. The cerebrum in
humans is much larger than in frogs, suggesting in their
activities and the nervous system is more developed.
How does the brain of the frog compared with that of
the man in terms of major divisions and sizes of parts?
There are three main divisions of the human brain: the
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The fore-brain contains
olfactory lobes, a pair of cerebral hemispheres, and
unpaired diencephalon. The mid-brain contains of a pair of
optic lobes and the hind-brain contains the cerebellum and
medulla oblongata.
While in frogs, the five major divisions of the brain are the
telencephalon, the diencephalon, the mesencephalon, the
metencephalon, and the myelencephalon.
Describe the path of nerve impulse in a
reflex action.
Nerve impulses follow routes through the nervous system called nerve
pathways. Some of the simplest nerve pathways consist of only two neurons
that communicate across a single synapse.
Reflexes are rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli which occur over simple
nerve pathways called reflex arcs. Involuntary reflexes are very fast, traveling
in milliseconds.
Reflex arcs have five essential components:
1. The receptor at the end of a sensory neuron reacts to a stimulus.
2. The sensory neuron conducts nerve impulses along an afferent pathway
towards the CNS.
3. The integration center consists of one or more synapses in the CNS.
4. A motor neuron conducts a nerve impulse along an efferent pathway from
the integration center to
an effector.
5. An effector responds to the efferent impulses by contracting (if the
effector is a muscle fiber) or secreting a product (if the effector is a gland).

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Frog Nervous System

2. Pia Mater (Inner)

- Dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves

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