Bro Facade Systems Specification Guide PDF

SIKA FFI
SEALING AND BONDING

IN FACADES –
SPECIFICATION GUIDE
SIKA FACADE SYSTEMS
2 GENERAL OVERVIEW
CONTENTS
04 INTRODUCTION
06 FACADE TECHNOLOGIES
08 STRUCTURAL GLAZING
10 FACADE SYSTEM COMPONENTS – GLASS AND METAL FRAME
11 Sikasil® SILICONE SEALANTS IN DETAIL
12 ONE-PART VS. TWO-PART SILICONES
13 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
14 BEHAVIOR AND RESISTANCE
16 Sikasil® SG SILICONE ADHESIVES
18 JOINT DESIGN
19 CALCULATING JOINT BITE
20 CALCULATING JOINT THICKNESS
22 ULTIMATE SAVINGS BY STRENGTH
Sikasil® SG-550, Sikasil® IG-25 HM Plus
24 INSULATING GLAZING
26 Sikasil® IG SECONDARY SEALANTS
27 Sikasil® IG-25 HM Plus – ENERGY-SAVING WITH INERT GAS FILLING
28 SEAL HEIGHT CALCULATION
29 EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
30 WS WEATHERSEALS
30 Sikasil® WS WEATHERSEALS
32 NATURAL STONE SEALING
34 FIRE-RATED SEALING
35 ANCILLARY PRODUCTS
36 SIKAMEMBRAN® SYSTEM
36 SikaMembran® SYSTEM – PERFECT VAPOR PROOFING IN ALL CLIMATES
38 SikaTack® Panel SYSTEM – RAIN SCREEN CLADDING
39 SikaDamp® – NOISE REDUCTION IN PANEL WALLS
40 SikaGlaze® GG GLASS GROUT – STRESS FREE GLASS EMBEDDING
42 PROJECT SERVICE
43 SYSTEMATIC PROJECT WORKFLOW
44 TRIPLE-TESTED QUALITY
45 PROJECT TESTS
46 SUPPORT BEYOND STANDARDS
left:
The Shard, London, 2013
Architects Renzo Piano Building Workshop
Facade Scheldebouw (UK) SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – CONTENTS 3
INTRODUCTION
High-tech Solutions for Perfect Facades
ARCHITECTURE THRIVES ON CHANGE. On creative ideas and bold

solutions that fascinate and surprise us every time. Curtain walls are a
particularly severe challenge for planners, because they not only set the
character of the structure but must also meet stringent requirements.
CREATIVE FACADE ARCHITECTURE
To strike the ideal balance between aesthetic appeal and

energy efficiency, architects are increasingly turning to glass
for curtain wall construction. As transparent structural
glazing walls, single, double or triple glazed or even double
skin facades. Glass can also be combined with other materials
such as natural stone, metals or plastic coated metals, giving
planners a wide scope for creativity.
But an immaculate optical appearance isn’t the only crucial

factor. Facades and windows must provide long-term durable
systems. This requires perfect adhesion between the
components and highly elastic, weatherproof seals. These
specifications call for high-tech silicone sealants, which are
tailored to meet highly specific demands and guarantee peak
performance in every respect. With this application in mind,
Sika supplies a wide range of tried-and-tested, innovative
facade products for every demand:
Sikasil®. Each of these sealants and adhesives has highly

specific properties that are precisely tailored to the particular
application. From structural glazing and insulating glass
secondary seals through to weatherseals.
SikaMembran® membrane systems supplement ideally the

sealants range for water/ vapor proofing wide joints in both
curtain wall and ventilated facades.
The self-leveling PU grout SikaGlaze® GG is an easy-to-apply

product for stress-free embedding of glass balustrades and
glass walls in fin glazing.
Find more solutions for curtain wall facades on pages 36 to 40

and in our brochure Sika FFI* – Sealing and bonding in facade
and fenestration.
* Sika FFI stands for Facade, Fenestration, Insulating Glass
4 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – INTRODUCTION

CREATIVE DESIGN, CHALLENGING
LOADS, INNOVATIVE MATERIALS
Sika has the right solutions
top right and cover:

Hospital Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, 2012
Architects Rafael De La-Hoz
Facade Permasteelisa Spain
Curved Glass Cricursa
bottom right:
National Swimming Center (Water Cube), Beijing, 2008
Architects State Construction Engineering Corp., PTW Architects
Facade Shenyang YuanDa
left:
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, 2007
Extension Michael Lee-Chin Crystal
Architects Studio Daniel Libeskind
Facade Josef Gartner
SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – INTRODUCTION 5

FACADE TECHNOLOGIES
Durable Solutions for Every Design
STRUCTURAL GLAZING SYSTEMS can be either two-sided or four-sided,

with each design having its own particular advantages. In general, for
efficient and energy-saving building management, double and triple
glazing is recommended.
1 Optimum Transparency
2 Optimum Safety
1 2
FOUR-SIDED STRUCTURAL GLAZING TWO-SIDED STRUCTURAL GLAZING
Frameless Appearance Mechanical Fixing

Four-sided structural glazing is impressive first and foremost In the two-sided structural glazing system, only two mutually
because of its monolithic frameless appearance. All four opposite glass or panel edges are bonded (horizontally or
sides of the large-format pane element are bonded to an vertically) to a frame with Sikasil® SG silicone adhesive. The
adapter profile with Sikasil® SG silicone adhesive sealants two other mutually opposite sides are fixed mechanically like
and have no visible frame. These prefabricated glass modules capped CW systems. Mechanical fixing of the glass element
are subsequently attached to the support structure so that at two sides does not affect the loads on the two bonded
the facade gives the appearance of a flat glass surface. The sides. Since excessive bending of the glass must be prevented,
dynamic loads are transmitted through the silicone adhesive. the minimum dimensions of the joint must not be changed
To support the dead load of the glass, we recommend a compared to a four-sided system.
mechanical support that is not visible from the outside.
Advantages of this System Advantages of this System

́́ Attractive appearance without visible frames ́́ High mechanical safety
́́ Thanks to its high elasticity, the silicone sealant can trans- ́́ The silicone adhesive and the mechanical fasteners help
mit the loads at all four sides more efficiently and uniformly distribute the dynamic forces
́́ Temperature distribution in the glass is ideal, since there are ́́ Metal cap profiles can be used as design elements to make
no cap profiles, which would act as shades. This reduces the the facade seem less severe
risk of glass breakage caused by thermal stresses
́́ The facade is more energy-efficient as there are no external For structural glazing silicone adhesive sealants Sikasil® SG
metal parts and all joints are sealed see page 16.
́́ Greater self-cleaning from level glass
6 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – FACADE TECHNOLOGIES

3 The Lightness of Glazing
4 Slim and Energery Efficient Design
3 4
POINT-FIXED GLAZING STRUCTURAL WINDOW BONDING
Maximal transparency Glass Carries the Frame

In point-fixed glazing systems, the glass elements are fixed In bonded windows the IG units are structurally bonded to the
to cable systems or metal beams by metal fasteners. These sash frame. The loads are uniformly transferred to the sash.
fasteners are embedded in holes in the glass pane with “glass Thus peak stresses are minimized. Architects appreciate the
cement” or a plastic jacket. Alternatively they can be bonded resulting slim sash frames. In conjunction with the superior
to the glass with high-strength silicone adhesives. The glasses thermal and sound insulation this makes a compelling
can be single panes (e.g. laminated glass in the outer skin of argument for the entire design team. Owners are equally
the double skin facade) or insulating units with UV-resistant delighted by the long service life and minimal maintenance
silicone edge sealing and even with argon filling (Sikasil® IG). requirement for structurally bonded windows.
Sikasil® WS with their high movement capability are a suitable
weathersealants for the joints between the glass elements.
Advantages of this System

Advantages of this System ́́ Slim sash design and low frame factor
́́ High mechanical safety ́́ Up to 30 % more light
́́ Lightweight glass constructions feasible ́́ Improvement of thermal and sound insulation
́́ Increase of approved wind load
For the embedding of the metal fasteners into the glass holes ́́ Reduction of production and service costs
and perfect leveling of production tolerances please ask for the ́́ Up to 90 % lower complaint rate
Sika® AnchorFix® series.
For details of window bonding see www.sika.com/windows
For UV-resistant weather sealing between the glass panes with
Sikasil® WS silicones see page 30.
SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – FACADE TECHNOLOGIES 7

STRUCTURAL GLAZING
Sophisticated Architecture and Innovative Technology
STRUCTURAL GLAZING MODULES are subject to extremely high stress-

es. They must accommodate wind and snow loads as well as thermal
expansion, and permanently transfer the forces to the support structure,
while also withstanding weathering over many years.
DURABLE CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION

Sikasil® SG silicone adhesive sealants are used in structural Structural glazing facades have both technical and economical
glazing for bonding the glass elements to the metal support advantages:
frames. The elements may be designed as single glazing or ́́ The factory-produced units can be installed quickly and
insulating glazing to provide an insulating facade, which forms economically (unitized glazing)
the complete building envelope and guarantees excellent ́́ An efficient insulating facade slashes thermal losses, provi-
corrosion protection. Coated multifunctional insulating glazing ding a much improved energy balance
provides the necessary protection against the sun. Other ́́ High solar heat recovery can be taken into account in the
variants include double skin facades produced with single energy balance
glazing elements. The elastic joints produced with Sikasil® ́́ Acoustic insulation is improved by insulating glazing and
SG silicone adhesives accommodate movements of the elastic silicone sealant
construction elements resulting from temperature changes, ́́ These easy-to-clean facades have low maintenance and
moisture, shrinkage of construction materials, sound, wind and cleaning costs
vibrations. Permanently. ́́ Repairs can be carried out much more economically by quick
and easy module exchange
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
A fully integrated structural glazing system is only possible if a
number of conditions are met:
́́ Project-specific computation of the joint dimensions so that
the system can be perfectly executed down to the last detail
́́ Factory bonding of the industrially manufactured glass
modules with extreme positional accuracy
́́ Frame construction exactly tailored to the type of facade
́́ Sealants and weatherseal gaskets of compatible high-
quality materials, which meet the strictest construction
regulations and international standards
́́ Stringent quality control on all the products used, from
production through to application
Menara Bank Islam (Menara Wakaf), Kuala Lumpur, 2001

Architects RSP Architects
Facade Puspajaya Aluminium
8 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – STRUCTURAL GLAZING

J
B
E H
C 3
G
A Adapter frame
STRUCTURAL A
F B Weatherseal
GLAZING – C Setting block
C D Mechanical support
THE PRINICIPLE D B
E Backing material
F Structural glazing joint
The illustration shows a structural glazing E
G Spacer tape
module prototype. This drawing is not
intended as a construction guide. More H Secondary edge seal
elaborate, additional structural elements H J Stepped insulating
may be needed to satisfy national con-
F glass unit
struction regulations or project-specific
requirements. K Symmetric insulating
A
glass unit
G
K
STRUCTURAL GLAZING –
CONVINCING ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN ALL DETAILS
20 °C
8 °C
-10 °C
17 17 18 18
16 16
16 16
15 15 15 15
9 15 15 9 9 9 9 9
-6 -5 -5 -6 -6 -5 -5 -5 -5 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4
Comparison of the Uf values show the better energy performance But some of the advantage is lost if the facade is not properly
of the SG system (Fig 2: 1.2 W m-2 K-1) vs capped curtain wall sealed.Compare Fig 3 (gaskets, 1.7 W m-2 K-1) and Fig 4 (wet sealant,
system (Fig 1: 2.9 W m-2 K-1) 1.0 W m-2 K-1)
FACADE SYSTEM COMPONENTS –
GLASS AND METAL FRAME
GLASS 3. Magnetron Coatings for lowE Glass ADAPTER FRAME

1. Uncoated Float Glass (soft Coatings) The adapter frame is usually made of
Float glass is generally suitable for all These coatings contain precious metals the following materials:
bonded glass facades. To reduce the risk (such as silver) and are generally not ́́ Anodized aluminum
of damage from glass breakage, use resistant enough for use in structural ́́ Powder-coated aluminum
tempered or laminated glass (with glazing bonds. If necessary, strip off the ́́ PVDF-coated aluminum
polyvinyl butyral film, PVB or alternative coating around the bond. Adhesion ́́ Stainless steel
foil materials, e.g. ionomers.) Sikasil® SG must therefore be tested on the
silicone adhesives ensure excellent abraded specimens, since abrasion Sikasil® SG silicone adhesives and
adhesion to tempered glass without represents a modification of the Sikasil® WS sealants adhere very well to
additional tests. Where laminated glass surface, and is subject to various these materials. Sika carries out
is used, we recommend carrying out parameters. Always observe the glass additional tests to check the
compatibility tests. manufacturer’s instructions. representative surface quality used in
every individual project.
2. P yrolytic Coatings for reflective 4. Ceramic Coatings
Glass (hard Coatings) Ceramic coatings are used Furthermore the organic coating system
Coated glass optimizes the thermal predominantly in the spandrel area. At has to be approved for structural
performance of the facade while the edge regions of the glass, they cover glazing application by both coating
providing a particularly attractive color differences within the insulating producer and coater (e.g. complying
optical effect. Pyrolytic coatings (hard glazing edge seal and between the edge EOTA ETAG 002 part 2). The durability
coatings) of metal oxides are ideal for seal and the structural glazing adhesive. of the coating system must be
structural glazing, since they resist The adhesive strength of Sikasil® SG adequate to the life expectancy of the
environmental conditions. Before silicone adhesives has been proven in structural bonding application.
application of Sikasil® SG and IG silicone numerous projects and tests according
adhesives adhesion test must be to the European guideline for bonded On organic coatings tried-and-tested
performed on the coatings. glass structures (EOTA ETAG 002). pretreatment agents like Sika®
However, since the composition of the Aktivator-205 and Sika® Primer-790
coatings may vary greatly, individual have proven to accelerate the formation
adhesion tests must be carried out for of adhesion and optimize the adhesion
each project. profile and durability.
80 and 100 Victoria Street, London, 2005

Architects EPR Architects; Facade Josef Gartner GmbH

Sikasil® SILICONE SEALANTS
IN DETAIL
SPECIALIZED PRODUCTS TYPICAL PROPERTIES SEALANT COMPOSITION

High-modulus Sikasil® SG silicone OF NEUTRAL SEALANTS Sikasil® silicone sealants generally
adhesive sealants offer the best ́́ A wide range of adhesion properties consist of the following components:
properties for this purpose. The latest for a variety of applications ́́ Silicone polymer
development with highest design ́́ Outstanding adhesion and bonding ́́ Silicone plasticizer
strength is described on page 22. Special power to glass and metal surfaces ́́ Silicone cross-linker
high-modulus Sikasil® IG silicone ́́ Early load-bearing, thanks to high ́́ Silicone adhesion promoter
secondary sealants allow very low argon initial elasticity ́́ Reinforcing fillers (e.g. fumed silica)
loss rates in structural glazing facades. ́́ Reliable and non-corrosive to sensi- ́́ Possibly non-reinforcing fillers, such
Sika’s low-modulus Sikasil® WS tive materials when used in move- as silicates, chalks, etc.
weatherseals accommodate the ment joints, expansion, construction ́́ Optionally, additives such as emulsi-
movements between the structural and connection joints fiers, pigments and fungicides
glazing modules and durably seal them ́́ Application-specific curing time with
against wind and weather. The elastic different vulcanization rates and
seal can even reduce damage in small to optimum curing
medium-scale earthquakes and bomb ́́ Uniform long-term elasticity
blasts. Sikasil® FS silicones comply with ́́ Good elastic recovery
international fire standards. ́́ Durable and extremely strong
́́ Outstanding weathering and ageing
TAILORED PRODUCTS resistance
Sealants are classified according to their ́́ Extremely good UV and oxidation
curing mechanism into acidic (which stability
emit acetic acid on curing) and neutral ́́ Good chemical resistance
systems (which emit oxime or alcohol on ́́ Resistant and flexible even with ex-
curing). For facades, solvent-free, treme temperature fluctuations from
non-corrosive neutral technology is used –50 °C to +150 °C
almost exclusively. The exceptions are ́́ Low shrinkage in vulcanization
all-glass structures, which can also be ́́ Long-term resistance to continuous
sealed with acetic-curing sealants. rainfall
ADAC Headquarters, Munich, 2011

Architects Sauerbruch Hutton Architects; Facade Josef Gartner GmbH
SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – STRUCTURAL GLAZING 11

ONE-PART VS. TWO-PART SILICONES
Silicone sealants and adhesives are PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION CHARACTERISTICS

available both as one-part and two-part OF ONE- AND TWO-PART Sikasil® SILICONE SEALANTS
products. The number of components
does not have an influence on the One-Part Systems Two-Part Systems
mechanical properties but has some Ready-to-use grade. Already contains Base compound and hardener are mixed
consequences on the product applica- cross-linker and catalyst during application
tion. Whereas one-part products are
Supplied in cartridges or foil packs, can be Supplied in drums and pails, components
easy to use and mainly applied on site
used immediately must be mixed by machine
as weather proofing sealants from foil
packs or cartridges the two-part Easy to use (field glazing in two-sided struc- Execution under controlled conditions in the
products are preferably factory applied tural glazing, repair glazing, weatherseals) factory resulting in higher quality of the bond
with machines from drums and pails Require atmospheric moisture for curing at No atmospheric moisture required for
and mainly used as high-modulus room temperature curing
adhesives. For available packaging
Curing starts at the surface and continues Once the components are mixed, curing
please check the relevant product
inwards relatively slowly begins uniformly throughout the joint with
datasheets or ask your Sika contact.
a gradual increase in viscosity
The table on the right has summarized
the most important product features Curing rate depends on relative air humidity, Curing rate depends virtually only on the
and differences. temperature and joint depth (see Fig. 1) temperature
Minimum time span between bonding Minimum time span between bonding and
and assembly of the structural glazing assembly of the structural glazing ele-
elements: 2 to 4 weeks depending on air ments: 3 to 5 days, depending on frame
humidity and joint dimensions materials
Joint bite limited to maximum 15 mm, Should be used for thicker silicone adhesive
otherwise curing takes too long and there sealant layers. Greater joint bite than 15 mm
is a risk of cracking possible, since considerably higher curing
rate and lower volume shrinkage on curing.
Efficient factory prefabrication of struc-
tural glazing elements possible. Elements
are faster to transport and install
CURING RATE OF Sikasil® SILICONE SEALANTS

top:
Application machine for 2-part sealants out of drums and Curing characteristic Curing characteristic
pails (factory application) of one-part silicones of two-part silicones
bottom:
Gun application of 1-part sealants out of foil packs and
Thickness of cured sealant [mm] Shore A hardness
cartridges (on-site application)
15 50
40 °C/100 % r.h.
12 40
23 °C/50 % r.h.
9 30
6 20
50 °C/15 % r.h.
3 10
5 °C/30 % r.h.
0 3 6 9 12 15 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time [days] Time [days]
Fig. 1: Curing Curing rate of one-part silicones such Fig. 2: Shore A hardness in the curing of two-part
as Sikasil® SG-20 or Sikasil® WS-605 S silicones, such as Sikasil® SG-500 or Sikasil® IG-25,
as a function of time

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES MOVEMENT CAPABILITY ADHESION

Sealants are classified (e.g. according to The movement capability is the total Silicone sealants adhere very well to
ISO 11600 or ASTM C920) by their elongation and compression that a joint many substrates. The adhesion
mechanical properties. sealant undergoes during service. In the depends on the type of material to be
case of silicone sealants according to bonded, the stresses, the type of
Tensile Stress or Modulus ISO 11600, it is between 20 and 25 % of adhesive bond and surface pretreat-
This is the quotient of the tensile force the initial width. According to ISO 9047, ment. The surfaces must be absolutely
measured at a particular elongation and classification 25 is based on elongation clean and grease-free. Before the start
the initial cross-section of the test and compression cycles with an of sealant application on any construc-
specimen. For classification as a amplitude of ±25 %. In ASTM C920 tion projection, always carry out
low-modulus sealant according to ISO movement capabilities of +/-50 % or adhesion tests on the surfaces in
11600 (e.g. ISO 11600 25 LM), this must even +100/-50 % are classified. question.
have a modulus of less than 0.4 N/mm2
at 20 °C according to ISO 8339.
Important: In comparisons of data, the

shapes of the test specimens are H-SPECIMEN VS. DUMBELL
important. Measurements with Modulus [MPa]
dumbbell specimens according to ISO 37 2.5
and ASTM D 412 give much higher
values than those on H-test specimens
according to ISO 8339 or ASTM C1135, 2.0
which are more similar to actual joint
geometries and are therefore usually
used for structural glazing tests. 1.5
Tensile Strength
1.0
This is the quotient of the maximum
measured force and the initial cross
section of the test specimen.
0.5
Elongation at Break
This is the quotient of the change in
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
length measured at the instant of
tearing and the initial measured length Elongation [%]
Fig. 3: Stress-strain curve, comparison of H-specimens and dumbell
of the test specimen.
The grey stress-strain curve of H-specimen of The orange stress-strain curve of dumbell of
Shore A Hardness Sikasil® SG-500 (compl. ASTM C1135 / ISO 8339) Sikasil® SG-500 (compl. ASTM D412 / ISO 37)
This is the penetration hardness of shows the behavior of the adhesive in the joint shows the mechanical properties of the
function. adhesive for FE modeling. For comparing
polymers. It depends on the modulus of
datasheet values check the test methods first.
elasticity and the viscoelastic proper- Dumbbells always show much higher values
ties of the material. Higher Shore A than H-specimens.
values ensure a harder material.
High-modulus structural glazing silicone
sealants usually have Shore A values of
over 30. The values for weatherseals
are usually between 15 and 25.
13
BEHAVIOR AND RESISTANCE
WEATHERING AND HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURE

AGEING RESISTANCE BEHAVIOR SOME BASIC RULES –
Silicone sealants have better weather-
ing and ageing resistance than other
The stress/strain value (modulus) of
silicone sealants – unlike organic
RESTRICTIONS ON USE
joint sealants. Their physical properties sealants – remains nearly constant over In structural glazing high loads are to
do not change, even after years of a wide temperature range from –30 to be transferred to the sub-construc-
outdoor weathering. +80 °C. The tensile strength increases tion by high-modulus structural
at low temperatures. Silicone sealants glazing adhesives. Thus low-modu-
COMPATIBILITY WITH COATING are thus ideal for compensating for joint lus silicone sealants must not be
MATERIALS expansions occurring as construction used for structural glazing bonding.
Silicone sealants usually adhere well on elements cool to low temperatures. The
coating materials (powder coatings, tensile stresses in the joint flanks are Acetoxy-curing silicone sealants are
liquid paints and varnishes) not increased, and there is reduced risk incompatible with alkaline sub-
on the construction materials, but this of loss of adhesion and consequent strates such as mortar and concrete,
should always be tested. However, adhesive fracture. Below –50 °C, there and with corrosion sensitive metals
standard silicone sealants cannot be is partial crystallization of the silicone such as lead, zinc, copper, brass and
painted with liquid coating material elastomers and the sealant hardens. At ferrous metals. Neutral silicones, e.g.
(paints or varnishes). Streaking and –123 °C (the glass transition tempera- Sikasil® WS-605 S or WS-305 CN,
running usually occurs during applica- ture) embrittlement occurs. Silicone shall be used instead.
tion. sealants are extremely heat resistant.
In dry air up to +150 °C, all grades retain Standard silicone sealants must not
Important: Most of the coating virtually their full elasticity. Special be used for sealing settlement joints
materials used in building construction silicone sealant grades are even heat and expansion joints between
and in almost all window constructions resistant up to +250 °C. It is important porous natural stone (e.g. granite,
are less elastic than sealants. that silicone elastomer should be fully marble, sandstone, etc.). There is a
A continuous coating may therefore vulcanized before it is subjected to high risk of staining. We recommend
tear if the dimensional change of the temperatures, and that the curing Sikasil® WS-355 instead.
sealant is greater than the elasticity of byproduct has evaporated completely. See page 32.
the coating. Elastic sealants in settle- Heat resistance can be further en-
ment joints must therefore never be hanced by subsequent annealing at Standard silicone sealants can cause
completely coated. Only sealants slowly increasing temperature and with environmental stress cracking in
subject to low movements up to good ventilation. contact with pre-stressed acrylic
approx. 5 % can be coated completely. and polycarbonate construction
Sealants coming into contact with SHELF LIFE elements. Further product informa-
coatings must be compatible with them If stored in the original sealed contain- tion is provided in the data sheets.
(in conformity with DIN 52452). ers at temperatures below 25 °C,
silicone sealants have a shelf life of at Fungicide-containing sealants, e.g.
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE least 12 months, and some grades at sanitary sealants, must not be used
Vulcanized silicone sealants have good least 18 months. for the production of aquaria.
resistance to weak acids and alkalis,
polar solvents and salt solutions. GAS AND WATER VAPOR Silicone sealants do not adhere to
Silicone sealant swells to a greater or PERMEABILITY polyethylene and polytetrafluoro-
lesser extent in solvents such as At room temperature, the gas perme- ethylene. Please ask us for suitable
ketones, esters, ethers, aliphatic, ability of silicone sealants is about ten pretreatment methods, e.g. corona
aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. times higher than that of natural treatment.
It is restored to its original shape after rubber. At 100 °C to 150 °C, the perme-
evaporation of the solvents. ability values are approximately the Contact with organic elastomers
same. The water vapor permeability (such as EPDM and Neoprene) can
according to DIN 53122, climate D, film not only cause discoloration of the
thickness 2 mm, is approx. 20 gm-2d-1. sealant but can also reduce its
mechanical strength and cause
adhesive failure. Please ask us for
compatible recommendations.

30 St Mary Axe, (Swiss Re), London, 2004
Architects Foster & Partners; Facade Schmidlin AG ECL Contracts Ltd.
TERMINOLOGY
Adhesion Tendency of a solid
surface to stick to a second phase,
which may be a liquid or a solid
film.
Adhesion Loss Undesirable sepa-
ration of the adhesion bond, e. g.
separation of a joint.
Adhesion Value Force between an
adhesive bond, or the force neces-
sary to separate the bond.
Cohesion The integrity of sub-
stances as a result of chemical
bonding or physical intermolecular
forces.
Cohesive Fracture Undesirable
material fracture, e. g. in the joint.
SOME RELEVANT
INTERNET LINKS
www.aia.org
www.archdaily.com
www.archinform.de
www.architecture.com
www.architectureweek.com
COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION be applied in a well-ventilated room. www.ctbuh.org
The coefficient of cubic expansion of Vulcanized silicone sealants are non- www.emporis.com
silicone sealants depends on the nature toxic. Special grades are available for www.eota.be
and the amount of fillers used. It is in contact with foods and drinking water. www.glassfiles.com
the range 4 x 10-4 K-1 and 8 x 10-4 K-1. www.riba.com
The coefficient of linear expansion is MICROBIAL RESISTANCE www.skyscrapercenter.com
approximately a third of the cubic expan- Unlike organic sealants, silicone sealants www.uia-architectes.org
sion, i. e. from 1 x 10-4 K-1 to 3 x 10-4 K-1. are not attacked or degraded by
microbes (bacteria or fungi). However,
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY microbes can accumulate on the surface
The thermal conductivity of silicone of dirty silicone sealants, particularly in SPECIAL SOLUTIONS
sealants depends on the nature and the warm and moist conditions occurring in
amount of fillers used. It is in the range bathrooms and kitchens. This causes Sika has developed special products
from 0.15 to 0.3 W K-1 m-1 at room discolored patches on the sealant to cover most challenges in con-
temperature (DIN 52612). surface without its mechanical proper- struction industry. Please note the
ties changing. For warm and moist incompatibilities mentioned on
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS applications, therefore, a fungicidecon- the left page. Further information
All silicone sealants emit by-products taining sealant should be used. is provided in the data sheets and
on curing. They may be acetic acid, application guidelines. We will be
alcohols or oximes, depending on the pleased to advise you on any type
sealant grade. We therefore advise users of application problem and find a
to read the data sheet and safety data solution.
sheet in advance. In general, they should

Sikasil® SG SILICONE ADHESIVES
STRUCTURAL BONDING
Sika has developed one-part and
two-part silicone adhesive sealants for
structural glazing and insulating glazing
applications, and each features specific
advantages. Which of these systems is The latest Application
best for a particular application depends Guidelines can be downloaded
first and foremost on the specific from www.sika.com/ffi-downloads
requirements. Both systems offer
maximum quality and maximum safety
in every respect.
In addition they are characterized by DID YOU KNOW?

the following special properties:
́́ High tensile strength With 0.20 N/mm2 Sikasil® SG-550
́́ High elastic recovery achieves the highest ETA approved
́́ Low volume shrinkage on curing SG design stress in tension in the mar-
ket. For more details see page 22.
Sikasil® Sikasil® Sikasil® Sikasil® Sikasil®

SG-18 SG-20 SG-500 SG-500 CN SG-550
Components one-part one-part two-part two-part two-part )
Curing neutral neutral neutrals neutral neutral

System
Processing with guns from with guns from machine mixing machine mixing machine mixing
cartridges cartridges
or foil packs or foil packs
Installation of bonded after 2 to 4 weeks 1) after 2 to 4 weeks 1) after 3 to 5 days 1) after 3 to 5 days 1) after 3 to 5 days 1)
elements
Maximum of joint 15 15 40 40 40
bite 2) [mm]
Skin forming time/pot ~ 30 ~ 15 ~ 40 6) ~ 60 ~ 75

life3) [min]
Permanently elastic -40 to +150 -40 to +150 -40 to +150 -40 to +150 -40 to +150
range [°C]
Shore A hardness 4) ~ 44 ~ 39 ~ 45 ~ 40 ~ 55
Tensile strength 5)
~ 1.1 ~ 1.2 ~ 1.0 ~ 0.9 ~ 1.6
[N/mm2]
Modulus at 100 % ~ 0.8 ~ 0.9 ~ 1.0 ~ 0.9 ~ 1.0

elongation 5) [N/mm2] (50 %) (100 %) (100 %) (100 %) (25 %)
Elongation at break [ %] ~ 75 ~ 180 ~ 100 ~ 120 ~ 80
1) Depends on joint dimensions and curing conditions, 2) limits by curing, bigger joints bites are possible if the access of air humidity and release of curing by-products is pos-
sible on both joints sides, e.g. with open-cell Sika® Spacer Tape HD. Contact Sika Technical Department for details. 3) @ 23 ˚C/50 % rel. humidity, 4) ISO 868, 5) ISO 8339-A
6) bigger joints bites are possible if the release of by-products is possible on both joints sides, e.g. with open-cell spacer tapes.
These figures are intended as a guide and should not be used in preparing specifications. For technical information about the products, please ask for the latest respective data sheets.

Sikasil® SG-500 Sikasil® SG-550 Sikasil® SG-18
́́ Two-part SG system ́́ Two-part SG system ́́ One-part SG system
́́ For machine application ́́ For machine application ́́ Neutral curing
́́ Neutral curing ́́ Neutral curing ́́ UV-resistant and weather-resistant
́́ Fast vulcanization and through-cure ́́ Fast vulcanization and through-cure ́́ High mechanical strength
́́ Excellent UV and weathering ́́ Excellent UV and weathering resis- ́́ Ready to process
resistance tance ́́ High modulus
́́ High mechanical strength ́́ Extremely high mechanical strength ́́ Complies with ASTM C1184, ASTM
́́ ETA certified and CE-marked ́́ Good processing properties on hyd- C920 class 12.5, ETAG 002, EN 1279-2
́́ Complies with ASTM C1184, ETAG raulic pump systems*
002, EN 13022, EN 1279-2, -4, ETA ap- ́́ High design strength for smallest SG Sikasil® SG-20
proved (ETA 03/0038), marked with joints ́́ One-part SG system
CE and SNJF VEC ́́ Complies with ASTM C1184, ASTM ́́ Neutral curing
C920, class 12.5, ETAG 002 and ́́ Odorless
Sikasil® SG-500 CN EN15434, ETA approved (ETA 11/0392) ́́ UV-resistant and weather-resistant
́́ Two-part SG system marked with CE and SNJF VEC ́́ Very high mechanical strength com-
́́ For machine application bined with high elasticity
́́ Neutral curing * e.g. Reinhard Technik, Ecostar 250, Lisec TAL 50 and TAL ́́ Ready to process
60, TSI Mastermix XL and XS, Dopag Visco-Mix H200; pneu-
́́ Fast vulcanization and through-cure matic pumps have to be tested ́́ Complies with ASTM C1184, ASTM
́́ Excellent UV and weathering C920 class 25, ETAG 002, EN 13022,
resistance GB 16776-2005, ETA approved (ETA
́́ High mechanical strength 06/0090), marked with CE and SNJF
́́ Complies with ASTM C1184, ASTM VEC
C920 class 25, GB 16776-2005
COMPATIBLE SPACERS STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES In China

Sika® Spacer Tape HD has mechanical A wide variety of local standards and GB 16776-2005: SG certification
properties perfectly adjusted to meet guidelines have become established standard
the curtain wall requirements. They worldwide. The most important are: JGJ 102: SG design standard
provide the essential UV resistance and
durability, and are the perfect installa- In Europe In countries without own structural
tion aids for structural glazing ele- EOTA ETAG No. 002-1998 (2012): glazing standard, ASTM C1184 / ASTM
ments. The open cell structure of the a guideline on the application and C1401 or EOTA ETAG 002 are usually
Sika® Spacer Tape HD is permeable to testing of SG adhesives, which is applicable.
air humidity and thus increases the adhered to in most EU states and takes
speed of vulcanization of one-part local regulations into account.
Sikasil® SG adhesive sealants. Two-part CSTB 3488: describes the French SG Sika offers a complete set of
adhesives reach full mechanical regulations for adhesives. Sikasil® SG, IG and WS products
strength only if curing by-products can including Sika® Spacer Tape HD and
be released freely. With joints bites In the USA the IG butyl in a harmonized shade
bigger than 40 mm only open- cell Sika® ASTM C1184: comprehensive SG of grey. Your Sika sales manager
Spacer TapeHD shall be used. These PU adhesive specification standard. will be pleased to give you further
foam tapes have been thoroughly ASTM C1401: guideline for SG details. See page 30.
tested for compatibility with all Sikasil® applications.
silicone sealants, and a guarantee to ASTM C1392: guide for SG failure
this effect is provided. evaluation
ASTM C1487: guide for SG remedying
Sika® Spacer Tape HD is available in the
standard thicknesses of 4.8, 6.4, 8.0
and 9.5 mm.

JOINT DESIGN
CORRECT PLANNING IS ESSENTIAL

In structural glazing, the adhesive joints
should be planned and arranged
according to optical requirements, but
they should also take into account
dimensional changes in the adjacent
parts under the effect of temperature
and the movement capability of the
silicone adhesive. The joint design thus
combines shape with functionality.
PLEASE NOTE
SEVEN CRITERIA MUST BE
OBSERVED:
1. T he joint seal must be able to
freely accommodate tensile and
compressive movements between
the joint edges. Three-sided
adhesion of the sealant must be
avoided, because it inevitably
results in damage to the joint (see
Fig. D on page 20).
2. T he joint bite h must not exceed
15 mm for Sikasil® SG-18 and
Sikasil® SG-20. For bigger joints
up to 40 mm, use Sikasil® SG-500
or Sikasil® SG-500 CN. With
Sikasil® SG-550 joint dimensions
can be minimised. Consult Sika
Technical Department for details.
3. T he ratio of joint bite h to joint
thickness e should be at least 1:1
and at most 3:1.
4. T he minimum joint bite is always
6 mm, irrespective of the calcu-
lated value.
5. T he joint thickness e should be at
least 6 mm.
6. A lways round the result up, never
down.
7. T he structural joints must not be
subjected to external loads as a
result of forces such as settle-
ments, shrinkage, creep or
permanent.
Heron Tower, London, 2011

Architects Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates
Facade Scheldebouw (UK)

CALCULATING
JOINT BITE h
h Joint bite
e Joint thickness
Joint bite h as a function of the wind Joint bite h as a function of the dead Joint bite h as an interaction of
load in supported constructions: load in non-supported constructions: combined tension and shear load:
Mohr tension cycle
axw G x 9.81 htensile htensile 2

h= h= htot = + + hshear2
2 x σdyn lv x τstat 2 2
h minimum bite of the adhesive joint [mm] h minimum bite of the adhesive joint [mm] htot minimum bite of the adhesive joint [mm]
a length of the short edge of the glass pane or of the G weight of the glass or of the element [kg] htensile bite of the adhesive joint from tensile load,
element [mm]; with irregularly dimensioned glass Iv length of the vertical adhesive bond [m] complying e.g wind load [mm]
elements: longest of the short glass edges1) with ETAG 002. In ASTM C1401 l is the whole perim- hshear bite of the adhesive joint from shear load,
w maximum wind load to be received [kN/m2] eter of the pane e.g dead load [mm]
(100 kp/m2 = 1 kPa = 1 kN/m2) τstat permissible stress of the adhesive for non-supported
σdyn maximum adhesive stress for supported constructions [kPa] This ultimate strength interaction for combined tension
constructions [kPa]. For τstat values of Sikasil® products see page 20. and shear is also recommended in ASTM C1401-07.
For σdyn values of Sikasil® products see page 20. Alternately, for a combined loading condition, the shear
stress can be considered with the tensile stress.
Example 1 (with Sikasil® SG-500): Example 2 (with Sikasil® SG-500): Example 3 for non-supported
Maximum wind load = 4.0 kN/m2 Glass dimensions: construction (with Sikasil® SG-500):
Pane dimensions: 2.5 m x 1.5 m Height: 2.5 m htensile: 22 mm
Result: 21.43 mm Width: 1.5 m hshear: 18 mm
The joint bite is thus at least 22 mm. Thickness: 10 mm Result: 31.43 mm
The joint bite is thus at least 32 mm.
1)
If the sides of the glass panes are of varying length, Density of glass: 2.5 kg/dm3
then the length of the longest side is used for the
calculation. Result ETAG: 17.52 mm
Result ASTM: 16.42
With all structural glazing construc-
tions, the adhesive bond is subject to
considerable shear movements. The CALCULATING THE JOINT THICKNESS E
joint thickness (glue line thickness)
must therefore be designed so that the
movement capability of the adhesive is
not exceeded.
Criteria for Calculating the Joint

Thickness e A B
́́ Dimensions of the elements' maxi-
mum temperature differences to be
expected
́́ Coefficients of thermal expansion of
the materials to be bonded
́́ Estimated value for joint thickness:
half of joint bite, at least 6 mm
C D
PLEASE NOTE
CONSIDER ALL CAUSES OF
STRESS IN THE JOINT.
1. All causes of movement must be
taken into account: A Right joint dimension in its original state (h = joint bite, e = joint thickness).
- Thermal effects due to different B, C Besides tensile movements the adhesive bond also absorbs shear move-
coefficients of thermal expansion ments in all directions.
between the glass and the support D Bonding on three sides must be avoided. Detail D is forbidden!
structure. If the joint dimensions
are to be the same for a complete
construction project, they must be ETAG ASTM
calculated according to the dimen- Movement
sions of the largest pane. σdyn τdyn τstat σdyn τstat capability
- Other causes, such as shrinkage, Sikasil® (ASTM C719)
subsidence or locally confined SG-500 0.14 MPa 0.105 MPa 0.0105 MPa 0.138 MPa 0.007 MPa ± 12.5 %
20 psi 1 psi
stresses.
2. Observe all tolerances. These SG-500 CN – – – 0.138 MPa 0.007 MPa ± 25 %
20 psi 1 psi
include the tolerances for cutting
SG-550 0.20 MPa 0.13 MPa 0.013 MPa 0.207 MPa 0.007 MPa ± 12.5 %
glass, and/or metal, and installa- 30 psi 1 psi
tion tolerances. SG-20 0.17 MPa 0.12 MPa 0.012 MPa 0.138 MPa 0.007 MPa ± 25 %
3. The application temperature must 20 psi 1 psi
be between +5 °C and +40 °C. SG-18 – – – 0.138 MPa 0.007 MPa ± 12.5 %
20 psi 1 psi
4. Avoid three-sided adhesion of
the sealant so as not to restrict IG-25 0.14 MPa 0.101 MPa 0.010 MPa 0.138 MPa 0.007 MPa ± 12.5 %
20 psi 1 psi
joint movement. Detail D is abso-
IG-25 HM Plus 0.19 MPa 0.13 MPa 0.011 MPa 0.138 MPa 0.007 MPa ± 12.5 %
lutely forbidden! 20 psi 1 psi

1. Deformation of the SG Structure 2. Total Movements According to ETAG 002 a joint ratio of
e ≤ h ≤ 3e is advisable. For a joint ratio
> 3:1, the bending effects in the elastic
joint must be considered.
∆lv,h = lv,h x [(αf x ∆Tf) – (αg x ∆Tg)] ∆I = ∆Iv2 + ∆Ih2
Example 4 (with Sikasil® SG-500):
Glass dimensions: 2.5 m x 1.5 m
(see example 1)
Temperature difference frame: 30 K
Calculation of the deformation of the The calculated deformations of the long Temperature difference glass: 60 K
long and short panel edges to take and short panel edges yield the total Maximum elongation: 12.5 % (c = 0.125)
account of the different expansion and movements according to the formula
contraction of glass and adapter frame above (Pythagoras’ theorem). G (SG-500): 0.50 MPa
(thermally induced movements in the τdes (SG-500): 0.105 MPa
shear direction). Δl total change in length Result Step 1: Δlv = 0.44 mm;
v vertical
h horizontal Δlh = 0.13 mm
Δlv, h change in length [mm] Result Step 2: Δl = 0.45 mm
lv vertical reference length [mm]
in dead load supported systems: Result Step 3a (ASTM): e = 0.88 mm
lv = total height of glass unit Result Step 3b (ETAG): e = 2.14 mm
in non-supported systems:
lv = half the height of glass unit
lh horizontal reference length Minimum joint width is 6 mm. But due
lh = half the width of glass unit [mm] to the recommended ratio of h:e ≤ 3:1
Tf average temperature difference of frame the joint width shall be 8 mm for
(approx. 30 – 60 K)
Tg average temperature difference of glass supported example 1 and 11 mm for
(approx. 30 – 60 K) non-supported example 2.
αf expansion coefficient of the frame material
(aluminum: 23.8 x 10-6 K-1,
stainless steel: 12 x 10-6 K-1)
αg expansion coefficient of glass 9 x 10-6 K-1 For support in joint calculations
please contact your Sika FFI
Competence Center. For standard
3a. C
alculation of the minimum Joint 3b. Calculation of the minimum situations calculate your joint
Thickness e (ASTM C1401) Joint Thickness e (ETAG 002) dimensions with the Sika Joint
calculator.
www.sika.com/ffi-joint-calculator
∆I (G x ∆I)
e≥ e≥
2c + c2
τdes
Sikasil® SG silicone adhesive sealants are G = Modulus of elasticity in shear tangential to DID YOU KNOW?
permitted maximum elongation of the origin: (G = E/3)
E = Modulus of elasticity in tension or compression
±12.5 % (c = 0.125) or ±25 % (c = 0.25). tangential to the origin All Sikasil® IG secondary sealants
The total of expansion and contraction τdes = permissible stress in shear of the adhesive for and SG adhesives carrying an ETA are
supported constructions [MPa]
must not exceed 25 % (50 % for SG-500 ETAG 002 approved for type III and IV
For τdes (= τdyn) values of Sikasil® products see
CN). With these restrictions, the page 20. for systems without mechanical dead
minimum joint depth e can be calculated. load support.
ULTIMATE SAVINGS BY STRENGTH
Sikasil® SG-550
Sikasil® IG-25 HM Plus
Since the beginning of structural
glazing for most of the silicone adhe-
sives the design strength has been
fixed at 0.14 N/ mm2. This started to
change in 2006 when the design
strength of Sikasil® SG-20 was rated
with 0.17 N/mm2. Sika offers two
innovative products with a mechanical
strength outperforming all existing
insulating glass and structural glazing
silicone adhesives. In the latest ETA
approvals issued in November 2011 the
IG secondary edge seal Sikasil® IG-25
HM Plus has been evaluated with
0.19 N/mm2. The structural glazing
adhesive Sikasil® SG-550 is even rated
with unmatched 0.20 N/mm2. With
almost 90 % elongation at break it can
accommodate high movements in the
SG modules. Figures 1 and 2 demon-
strate impressively the improvements
compared to standard silicone products Torre Puig, Barcelona, 2013
on the market. Architects Rafael Moneo, Lucho Marcial; Facade Permasteelisa Spain.
First European project with Sikasil® SG-550
Standard New Saving/

design design Reduction
Products Sikasil® Sikasil®

IG-25 IG-25 HM Plus Sikasil® SG-550
Sikasil® Sikasil®
SG-500 SG-550 Extremely high mechanical strength and design factors:
IG sealant 17 x 12 mm 13 x 12 mm 25 % volume ́́ Tensile strength: 1.6 N/mm2
dimension ́́ Design tensile strength σdyn : 0.20 N/mm2
SG joint 30 x 9.5 mm 21 x 6.4 mm 60 % volume ́́ Design shear strength τstat : 0.013 N/mm2
dimension
Size of 9 x 9.5 mm 6 x 6.4 mm 55 % volume

spacer tape
Tensile Strength [MPa]
Width of 95 mm 70 mm 26 % width 2 0.2
mullion
Sikasil® SG-550
1.5
Design Stress [MPa]
1 0.1
standard SG adhesives
0.5
DID YOU KNOW?
In bomb blast tests Sikasil® SG-550 0
standart
outperformed standard SG adhe- 0 25 50 75 100
products
SG-550
sives impressively, allowing bondline
Elongation [ %]
reductions up to 50 %. For detailed
results contact the Technical Depart- Fig. 1: Comparison of stress-strain curve and design strength of Sikasil® SG-550
ment of Sika Industry. with standard SG adhesives

COMPARISON: STANDARD PRODUCT
Element height [m]
95 mm 4
disapproved
3 glass size
1
approved glass size
0 1 2 3 4 5
Element width [m]
Fig. 3a: Feasible SG element size with Sikasil SG-500
SG Joint Dimension: 12 mm x 6mm; wind load: 1.50 kPa;
dead load supported
HIGH-STRENGTH PRODUCT
Element height [m]
5
4 disapproved
glass size
3
70 mm
2
1
approved glass size
0 1 2 3 4 5
Element width [m]
Fig. 3b: Under the same conditions as in Fig. 3a the facade el-
ements can be much bigger with Sikasil® SG-550. Vice versa
the joint bite for the same element sizes can be 30 % smaller,
the total joint volume even 60 %
MATERIAL SAVINGS
IN ALL DETAILS
The higher strength of the adhesives
has an enormous saving impact on
the material consumptions:
Sikasil® IG-25 HM Plus For a project with a wind load of

Extremely high mechanical strength and design factors: 5 kPa and glass dimensions of
́́ Tensile strength: 1.4 N/mm2 1.6 x 3.5 m we have calculated the
́́ Design tensile strength σdyn : 0.19 N/mm2 savings:
́́ Design shear strength τstat : 0.011 N/mm2 ́́ SG joint: 60 %
́́ IG joint: 23 %
́́ Spacer tape: 55 %
Tensile Strength [MPa] ́́ Aluminum: ~8 %
2 0.2
More details and sizes are visualised

Sikasil® IG-25 HM Plus in the drawings above.
1.5
Design Stress [MPa]
Let the sun shine in

1 0.1
Modern architecture is light and
transparent. It requests filigree
frames in light weight aluminum
standard IG secondary sealants constructions for large airport and
0.5
sports hall facades or widespanning
glass roofs. In the sample above the
0 aluminum aspects have been reduced
0 25 50 75 100 standart IG-25
products HM Plus
by 25 %. The slimmer the frames the
more transparent is the facade, the
Elongation [ %]
higher is the solar heat gain.
Fig. 2: Comparison of stress-strain curve and design strength of Sikasil® IG-25 HM Plus
with standard IG products Sustainability all-over!

INSULATING GLAZING
Keeps Energy Costs Low
THE FACADES are mainly responsible for the energy balance of a build-
ing. The excellent thermal insulating effect of bonded double or triple
glazed units with coated glass can save much of the energy otherwise
consumed for heating or cooling. The air trapped between the bonded
panes is a poor heat conductor and therefore forms a good insulating
layer between the outdoor and indoor air.
THERMAL INSULATION INCLUDED

The insulating glazing edge seals are predominantly made of
bent aluminum or stainless steel spacers filled with a
desiccant, thermoplastic polyisobutylene (PIB) as a primary
seal and installation aid, and an elastic sealant as a secondary
edge seal. Only high-modulus silicone is approved as a
secondary seal in structural glazing facades. Sikasil® IG
silicone sealants were specifically developed to meet
requirements of insulating glazing and feature special
advantages:
́́ UV and weathering resistance

́́ Durability
́́ Material compatibility
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
In insulating glazing, double or triple glazing alike, it is
particularly important that no water vapor should penetrate
into the space between the panes, since it would condense as
water on the cold pane. To avoid this during the whole service
life of an IG unit, use a double-sealed edge seal system: see
drawing on opposite page.
́́ Aluminum, stainless steel, or plastic spacers (A) ensure the

necessary distance between panes (D).
́́ The desiccant (B) absorbs any moisture that penetrates
through the edge seal.
́́ The polyisobutylene primary (D) (seal serves as an installati-
on aid, sealing against moisture and minimizing gas leakage
in the case of insulating glazing units filled with noble gas
(e.g. Argon, Krypton).
́́ The secondary edge sealant (E) bonds the panes together,
provides the double glazing with mechanical stability, and is
also a moisture barrier.
Telefónica Headquarters, Madrid, 2006

Architects Rafael de la Hoz
24 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – INSULATING GLAZING

A A
DUAL SEAL INSULATING

GLASS – THE PRINICIPLE
C
A Glass pane
B Desiccant
C Spacer
D Primary sealant
E IG secondary edge seal
Hospital Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, 2012

Architects Rafael De La-Hoz; Facade by Permasteelisa Spain; Curved Glass Cricursa
SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – INSULATING GLAZING 25

Sikasil® IG SECONDARY SEALANTS
TAILORED PROPERTIES ́́ Suitable for most kinds of curtain wall ́́ Part 3, inert gas leakage rates
The sealant is chosen according to the double glazing units ́́ Part 4, physical attributes of edge
individual requirements of the insulating ́́ Complies with ASTM C1184, ASTM seals
glazing unit. Sika offers Sikasil® IG C1369, GB 16776-2005, ETAG 002, EN ́́ Part 5, evaluation of conformity
silicone sealants for the secondary edge 15434, EN 1279-2, -4, CEKAL and ETA ́́ Part 6, factory production control
seals of insulating glazing units. These approved (ETA 05/0068), marked
sealants are characterized not only by with CE and SNJF VI-VEC EN13022 and EN15434: Standards for
outstanding tooling and bonding insulating glazing in SG curtain walls.
characteristics, but also by unparalleled APPLICABLE STANDARDS
UV stability. This permits durable The test requirements laid down in The most important ASTM standards are:
constructions with a uniformly high international standards are designed to ́́ ASTM C1369-07: Standard Specifica-
quality of workmanship. ensure an acceptable service life of the tion for Secondary Edge Sealants for
insulating glazing unit used in a facade. Structurally Glazed Insulating Glass
Sikasil® IG-25 HM Plus The climatic test usually includes cyclic Units
́́ Two-part silicone secondary edge seal conditioning of small double glazing ́́ ASTM C1249-06a(2010): Standard
́́ For machine application units and subsequent testing of vapor Guide for Secondary Seal for Sealed
́́ Outstanding processing properties permeability (dew point temperature). Insulating Glass Units for Structural
(dosing and tooling) Sealant Glazing Applications
́́ Extremely high mechanical strength The most important standards are: ́́ ASTM E2188-10: Standard Test
́́ Very high design factor for slim edge EN1279, Glass in building – insulating Method for Insulating Glass Unit
sealing glass units Performance
́́ Excellent weathering and UV resistance ́́ Part 1, generalities, tolerances, sys- ́́ ASTM E2190-10: Standard Specifica-
́́ Extremely high resistance to water tem descriptions tion for Insulating Glass Unit Perfor-
and moisture ́́ Part 2, moisture vapor penetration mance and Evaluation
́́ Structural capabilities
́́ Suitable for most kinds of curtain wall
insulating glazing units
́́ Complies with ETAG 002, EN 13022, Sikasil® IG SECONDARY EDGE SEALANTS
EN 15434, EN 1279-2, -3, 4, CEKAL and
ETA approved (ETA 11/0391), marked
Sikasil® IG-16 Sikasil® IG-25 Sikasil® IG-25
with CE and SNJF VI-VEC
HM Plus
Curing system neutral silicone neutral silicone neutral silicone
Sikasil® IG-16
Components one-part two-part two-part
́́ One-part secondary edge seal
́́ Neutral curing Processing with guns from machine mixing machine mixing
cartridges or foil packs
́́ Ready to process
Maximum of seal height [mm] ~ 15 4) ~ 50 ~ 50
́́ Outstanding tooling properties
Applications:
́́ Excellent weathering and UV resis- - Standard IG for windows X X X
tance and capped CW systems
- Symmetrical IG for SG X X
́́ Suitable for stepped double glazing - Stepped IG for SG X 5) X X
units in curtain walls - IG in two-sided SG X X X
- IG for bolted curtain walls X 5) X X
́́ Complies with EN 1279-2, -3, 4 - Gas-filled IGU X X
Skin forming time/pot life1) [min] ~ 25 ~ 45 ~ 40

Sikasil® IG-25
Permanently elastic range [°C] – 40 to +150 – 40 to +150 – 40 to +150
́́ Two-part secondary edge seal
Shore A hardness 2) ~ 45 ~ 45 ~ 65
́́ For machine application
́́ Outstanding processing properties Tensile strength 3)
~ 0.9 ~ 0.9 ~ 1.4
(dosing and tooling) Modulus at 100 % elongation 2) [N/mm2] ~ 0.8 (50 %) ~ 0.8 (50 %) ~ 0.8 (50 %)
́́ High mechanical strength

1) @ 23 ˚C/50 % rel. humidity, 2) ISO 868, 3) ISO 8339-A, 4) limits by curing, 5) If the IG secondary seal has a structural function,
́́ Structural capabilities Sikasil® IG-25 or IG-25 HM Plus has to be used.
́́ Excellent weathering and UV resis- These figures are intended as a guide and should not be used in preparing specifications. For technical information about the
products, please ask for the latest respective data sheets.
tance
́́ High resistance to water and moisture
26 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – INSULATING GLAZING

Sikasil® IG-25 HM Plus
ENERGY-SAVING WITH INERT GAS leakage of the primary seal and thus
FILLING cause high gas loss rates in IG units ENERGY SAVING FOR MORE THAN 30
Beside glass coatings the gap-filling sealed with silicone. With the YEARS – SUSTAINABILITY ALL-OVER
with inert gas is one means of reducing development of the high-modulus IG With the argon loss rate of 0.5 % per
heat losses. With an argon-filled cavity secondary edge seal Sikasil® IG-25 HM year, in average achieved at the tests
the U-value of an IG unit can be reduced Plus the glass panes in IG units are very complying with European standard for
by 0.3 W/m2K. This means an oil saving tightly held together. Movements in the argon-filled IG units EN1279-3, after 30
potential of up to 3 litres per year per butyl layers, caused by temperature and years an argon content of 80 % can be
square meter of glass facade and even 4 pressure changes, are minimised. As a expected in the IG cavity. Even after 30
times more energy equivalents for consequence leakages in the butyl years the energy transfer coefficient of IG
cooling in hot climates. For big glass primary seal, the main barriers against unit (Ug value) should have increased only
facades this not only means a high argon penetration, are prevented. As by less than 0.1 W/m2K. This sould mean
potential of energy saving but also a the PIB layer in fact is the argon barrier, that for the whole service life of a glass
tremendous reduction of carbon dioxide comprehensive application know-how facade the high energy performance of
and hence the greenhouse effect. and quality control during the IG the argon-filled insulating glass units
production are crucial. For the stability remains almost unchanged.
The high argon diffusion rate of the requested in SG facades these IG units
silicones has been the obstacle to the can be produced with rigid boxshaped
use in argon-filled IG units. Bending spacer bars (aluminum or stainless
movements of the glass panes due to steel).
changes of temperature and atmos-
pheric pressure (page 29, Fig. 7) and
the non-elastic behavior of PIB cause
Element height [m] Element height [m]
5 5
4.5 disapproved glass size 4.5 disapproved glass size
4 4
3.5 3.5
3 3
2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 approved glass size 1.5 approved glass size
1 1
0.5 0.5
disapproved glass size disapproved glass size
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Element width [m] Element width [m]
Fig. 4a: Feasible triple glazed IG unit with Sikasil® IG-25 and the same conditions as in Fig. 4b Fig. 4b: Under the same conditions as in Fig. 4a the IG units can be much bigger with Sikasil®
IG configuration 8/10/4/10/8 IG-25 HM Plus. Vice versa the seal height for the same unit sizes can be 25 % smaller.
IG Joint dimensions 10 mm x 6 mm
SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – INSULATING GLAZING 27

SEAL HEIGHT CALCULATION
CALCULATION OF JOINT DIMENSIONS NON-STEPPED (SYMMETRICAL)

IN STEPPED CONFIGURATIONS DOUBLE GLAZING UNITS SUPPORT FROM OUR
The IG seal height r for the inside pane is In the case of double glazing units in
calculated solely by taking the mechanically supported structural
SIKA FFI COMPETENCE
environmental loads into account when glazing constructions, the outer glass CENTERS
the smaller inside pane is supported by pane is held onto the frame by means of
setting blocks. It is advisable to have the secondary edge seal. The minimum For precise and reliable calculations
the seal height checked by one of our seal height r is calculated for two cases of seal height please contact your
FFI Competence Center. r should be at A and B (see formulas on the right). Sika FFI Competence Center.
least 6 mm. For standard situations calculate
your joint dimensions with the Sika
Joint calculator.
IMPORTANT www.sika.com/ffi-joint-calculator
SG adhesive bonding of an unsup-

ported IG unit is not recommended D D
because of excessively high stress in
the IG secondary edge. If inevitable
you should contact the Facade Com-
C
petence Center FCC Switzerland.
SEAL HEIGHT
Simple calculation of the seal height
CALCULATION A
C
in symmetric configurations
IN IG UNITS according to EOTA ETAG 002-2004
B B A) When the thickness of the outer glass

pane > thickness of the inner glass pane:
A SG joint bite h
B Symmetrical double glazing unit
C IG seal height r axw
r=
D Stepped double glazing unit 2 x σdyn
SYMMETRICAL DOUBLE
STEPPED DOUBLE GLAZING UNIT GLAZING UNIT
4 4 B) When the thickness of the outer glass
pane < thickness of the inner glass pane:
3.5 3.5
disapproved
3 3 glass size due to high
wind loads axw
2.5 2.5 r=
4 x σdyn
2 2
1.5 1.5
approved glass size approved glass size
1 1 r height of the insulating glass secondary seal [mm]
a longest of the short glass edges of the project [mm]
0.5 0.5 disapproved w maximum wind load to be expected [kN/m2]
disapproved glass size glass size due to high climate loads σdyn permissible adhesive stress for supported
0 0 constructions.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
For design values of Sikasil® IG products see page 20.
Fig. 1 Only climatic loads are relevant for sealant height Fig. 2 Climatic and wind load are relevant for sealant
calculation height calculation
28
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
Especially for small glass panes and An average value for p0 of 16 kPa has to 6, e.g. IGU 0.75 x 0.75 m: minimum seal
non-standard formats, for a precise be considered. For extreme changes of height of 18 mm).
calculation of the IG sealant height there temperature or altitude, p0 has to be
are 4 steps to consider: calculated with the formula below. 3. Real internal Pressure
The increase of the cavity volume by the
1. Calculation of isochoric Pressure p0 2. Estimation of Glass Deflection glass deflection reduces the isochoric
The isochoric pressure is a theoretical Based on the value of p0 the deflection pressure to the real internal pressure.
pressure caused by climatic loads such of the glass panes is calculated by The pump action caused by
as max. estimated difference of various methods (e.g. Plate method or environmental loads is shown in the
temperature ΔT and atmospheric Timoschenko method). The deflection is illustrations in Fig 7.
pressure Δpatm and the difference in influenced by the pane thickness and
altitude ΔH of production site of the IG their size (see Fig. 4 and 5). Small, thick 4. Total Load on the secondary Seal
unit and its installation site. panes require big seal heights (see Fig. The sum of the climatic load of point 3
and the wind load results in the final
load on the IG edge seal (see Fig. 1 and 2).
p0 = (∆T x 0.34 kPa/K) + ∆patm + (∆Hx 0.012 kPa/m)
INFLUENCE OF GLASS THICKNESS ON SEAL HEIGHT Fig. 7 Glass deflection due to climatic loads
4 4
3.5 3.5
3 3 Standard
2.5 2.5
external
influences
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 disapproved glass size 0.5

disapproved glass size
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Element width [m] Element width [m] High
Fig. 3 Residential fenestration Fig. 4 Commercial glazing in highrise buildings atmospheric
Glass: 4/12/4 mm, p0: 12 kPa Glass: 6/12/6 mm, p0: 20 kPa
Seal height: 6 mm Seal height: 6 mm
pressure,
low
temperature
4 4
3.5 3.5
3 3
2.5 2.5
2 2 Low
1.5 1.5 atmospheric
pressure,
1 1
high
0.5 0.5 temperature
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Fig. 5 Protective glazing Fig. 6 Protective glazing, increase of seal height
Glass: 10/12/8 + 8 mm, p0: 20 kPa Glass: 10/12/8 + 8 mm, p0: 20 kPa
Seal height: 6 mm Seal height: 18 mm with IG-25
Alternatively 13 mm with IG-25 HM Plus
Sikasil® WS WEATHERSEALS
Effective Protection Against the Elements
QUALITY AND OPTICAL appearance of a curtain wall are critically de-

pendent on appropriate weather sealing. The individual elements are
ultimately subject to extreme movements due to temperature changes,
moisture (in the case of concrete), shrinkage of construction materials
(wood, concrete), sound, wind and vibrations, which may affect the
joints and adjacent elements.
PERFECT APPEARANCE WEATHERSEALANTS FOR GLASS AND METAL FACADES

The joints between the elements may be effectively sealed
with preformed gaskets or alternatively with UV and weather Sikasil® WS-305 CN
resistant silicone sealants. Sikasil® WS silicone sealants ́́ Ready-to-use one-part sealant
preserve the quality and perfect optical appearance of the ́́ Neutral curing
facade in the long term, thanks to their outstanding ́́ UV and weathering resistant
advantages: ́́ Highly flexible
́́ UV and weathering resistance ́́ Complies with ASTM C920 class 50, TT-S-001543 A, TT-S-
́́ Improved impermeability to air anddriving rain 00230 C, EN 15651-1, -2 (F EXT-INT CC 25LM, G CC 25 LM),
́́ Very good movement absorption CE marked
DIMENSIONING OF WEATHERPROOFING JOINTS Sikasil® WS-605 S

In general ́́ Ready-to-use one-part sealant
́́ The joint edges must run parallel to a depth of twice the ́́ Neutral curing
joint width, but at least 30 mm. This gives the backing ́́ Non-streaking on glass and metal surfaces,
material sufficient grip. reduces facade cleaning cost
́́ For most sealants, the joint width must be at least 4 times ́́ UV and weathering resistant
the expected joint movement, which results from 25 % ́́ Highly flexible
movement capability ́́ Complies with ASTM C920 class 50, TT-S-001543 A, TT-S-
́́ The optimal ratio of joint width to depth is 2:1 00230, ASTM C1248 C, ISO 11600 F-G 25 LM, DIN 18540,
(see page 31 drawing top right) DIN 18545, EN 15651-1, -2 (F EXT-INT CC 25LM, G CC 25LM),
marked with CE, SNJF, AENOR, ATG
PROJECT-SPECIFIC ADHESION TESTS
For weather-tight sealing of a curtain wall, it is essential to INDIVIDUAL COLOR SCHEME
ensure optimum adhesion of the sealant to the surfaces. For weatherseals and natural stone sealants, Sika offers
Before the sealant is used, it should therefore be individually project-specific color matching services. In addition to the
tested for perfect adhesion to specimens of the project wide range of standard colors, see color samples on the right
material at Sika’s FFI Competence Center. page, Sika also offers individual special colors on request.
Please note that special colors are subject to special delivery
conditions such as minimum order quantities and delivery
times. Your Sika sales manager will be pleased to give you
further details.
PERFECT COLOR MATCHING IN GREY S6

FROM LEFT TO RIGHT
– Polyisobutylene (PIB)
– Sikasil® SG, IG, WS
– Sika® Spacer Tape HD
30 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – WEATHERSEALS

A
B
Sikasil® WS
TYPICAL C
APPLICATION
WATER/VAPOR PROOFING A Double glazing
MEMBRANES B Weatherseal
Connections of the glass facade to the C Opaque panel
concrete structure can be too wide for
wet sealing. For sound water proofing COLOR GUIDE
Sika offers sophisticated vapor control
membrane systems (see page 36).
WEATHERPROOFING GASKETS
UV-resistant silicone rubber gaskets are Transparent White Beige Bronze Black
suitable for use as structural glazing
weatherseals. All gaskets (particularly
non-silicones such as EPDM) have to
be individually tested for compatibility
according to ASTM C1087 or EOTA ETAG
No. 002. Grey S3 Grey S6 Grey S1 Grey S4
For color cards with silicone swatches ask your Sika sales representative.
STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
Because of the requirements for the
sealant, standards for weatherseals are Sikasil® Sikasil® Sikasil®
WS-305 CN WS-605 S WS-680 SC4)
significantly different from those for
Components one-part one-part one-part
structural glazing applications.
Use Weather seal non-streaking WS WS for self-
on glass cleaning
ISO 11600 is the world’s first standard and metal glass
to combine the classification of widely
Curing system neutral neutral Silicone modified
different sealant grades and their tests. polymer (MS)
However, national standards, such as Skin forming time 1) [min] ~ 15 ~ 25 ~ 12
ASTM C920 and DIN 18545 are also
Permanently elastic range [°C] –40 to +150 –40 to +150 –40 to +90
important, not only because of local
Shore A hardness 2) ~ 25 ~ 30 ~20
practices, but also because of specific
characteristics such as the abrasion test Tensile strength 3) [N/mm2] ~ 0.5 ~ 0.5
(DIN 18545) or early movement capabil- Modulus at 100 % elongation [N/mm ]

3) 2
~ 0.3 ~ 0.3
ity (DIN 18540).

1) @ 23 °C/50 % rel. humidity, 2) ISO 868, 3) ISO 8339-A. 4) WS-680 SC available in black only
These figures are intended as a guide and should not be used in preparing specifications.
In Europe sealant must be tested against For technical information about the products, please ask for the latest respective data sheets.
EN 15651, parts 1-4 and CE marked.
part 1 – Sealants for facade elements
part 2 – Sealants for glazing
part 3 – Sealants for sanitary joints
part 4 – Sealants for pedestrian walkways
Republic Polytechnic Center, Singapore, 2006

Architects Fumihiko Maki, DP Architects
Sealed with Sikasil® WS-605 S, after >5 years no signs of streaking effect
SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – WEATHERSEALS 31

NATURAL STONE SEALING
SEALANTS SUITABLE
FOR NATURAL STONES
Natural stones such as granite, marble
and sandstone are highly sensitive
materials when used on facades. Where
an inappropriate sealant is used, there
may be staining of the joint edges or
streaking, which greatly impairs the
optical appearance of the facade. Sika
therefore recommends special system-
compatible Sikasil® WS silicone sealants
ideally suited for use with extremely
sensitive natural stone elements, or
connecting metal facades and curtain
walls to natural stone elements.
They contain no staining compounds

that could migrate into the pores of the
natural stone. We therefore describe
them as non-staining. These non-
staining silicone sealants are also
recommended for glass facades in order
to reduce streaking on glass panes and
metal panels and to minimize the need
to clean the facade.
SYSTEM-COMPATIBLE PRIMERS
Use Sika® Primer-210 or Sika® Primer-3 N
to ensure long-term adhesion to stones
of all types. Exact instructions for
applying primer and sealant are given in
our application guidelines.
APPLICABLE STANDARDS
The worldwide most frequently quoted
standard for non-staining sealants is
ASTM C1248: Standard Test Method for
Staining of Porous Substrates
Sikasil® WS-355
́́ Weatherseal for natural stone facades
́́ Ready-to-use one-part sealant
́́ Neutral curing
́́ No staining on natural stone
Using the wrong sealants causes
́́ UV and weathering resistant
staining of natural stone elements
́́ Highly flexible (see left specimen).
́́ Complies with ASTM C920, TT-S-
The right specimen has been sealed
001543 A, TT-S-00230, ASTM C1248
with Sikasil® WS-355 and exposed
C, EN 15651-1, -2 (F EXT-INT CC 25HM, for 4 weeks to 70 °C under 50 %
G CC 25HM), CE marked compression.

C
Sikasil®
TYPICAL B
NATURAL
STONE JOINT
A Natural stone
B Non-staining sealant
C Double glazing
Sikasil® WS-355
Components one-part
Curing system neutral
Skin forming time 1) [min] ~ 20
Permanently elastic range [°C] –40 to +150
Shore A hardness 2)
~ 22
Tensile strength 3) [N/mm2] ~ 0.5
Modulus at 100 % elongation 2) [N/mm2] ~ 0.3
1) 23 °C/50 % rel. humidity. 2) ISO 868. 3) ISO 8339-A.

Pangu Plaza, Beijing, 2008 These figures are intended as a guide and should not be used in preparing specifications.
Architects C.Y. Lee & Partners Architects & Planners For technical information about the products, please ask for the latest respective data sheets.
Facade Shanghai Huayi
IMPORTANT
Since all natural stones are very sensi-
tive materials, a non-staining test shall
be carried out at our FFI Competence
Centers before any natural stone sealing
operation. This is an essential precondi-
tion for non-staining guarantee.
SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – WEATHERSEALS 33

FIRE-RATED SEALING
FIRE-RATED SEALING Sikasil® FS-665 ́́ Classified DIN 4102, B1

Many casualties have been reported in ́́ Weatherseal for fireproof facades ́́ Complies with EN 15651-4
serious fire catastrophes, not only ́́ Ready-to-use one-part sealant (PW INT 25LM), CE marked
because of fire but of smoke poisoning. ́́ Neutral curing
The integrity of the joints is inevitable ́́ Non-sagging STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
and gives fire brigades a chance to ́́ UV and weathering resistant A wide variety of local standards and
rescue people. Sika offers 4 hours ́́ Highly flexible guidelines have become established
fire-rated sealants both for vertical ́́ Tested against BS476, part 20: worldwide. The most important are:
joints in facades and for horizontal floor 4 hours fire-rated
joints between the facade and the floor ́́ UL Listed, tested against UL2079: In Europe
slabs. 2 hours fire-rated ́́ EN 13501, parts 1–5, Fire classification
́́ Classified DIN 4102, B1 of construction products and building
́́ Complies with EN 15651-1 (F EXT-INT elements
CC 25LM), CE marked ́́ BS 476, part 20: Fire resistance tests
Sikasil® FS-665 SL In the USA

́́ Fire-rated, self-leveling sealant for ́́ UL 94: Flammability Tests of Materials
horizontal joints ́́ UL 1479: Fire Tests of Through-Penet-
́́ Ready-to-use one-part sealant ration Firestops
́́ Neutral curing ́́ UL 2079: Tests for Fire Resistance of
́́ Self-leveling Building Joint Systems
́́ UV and weathering resistant
́́ Highly flexible
́́ Tested against BS476, part 20:
4 hours fire-rated
Sikasil® FS
A
FLOOR JOINT
APPLICATION
D
C
A Sikasil® FS-665 SL
B Facade profile
C Floor slab
D Fire retardant insulation material
Sikasil® FS-665 Sikasil® FS-665 SL

Components one-part one-part, self-leveling
Curing system neutral neutral
Skin forming time 1) [min] ~ 45 ~ 50
Permanently elastic range [°C] –40 to +150 –40 to +150
Shore A hardness 2)
~ 25 ~ 15
Tensile strength 3) [N/mm2] ~ 0.6 ~ 0.8
Modulus at 100 % elongation 2) [N/mm2] ~ 0.4 ~ 0.3
1) @ 23 °C/50 % rel. humidity, 2) ISO 868, 3) ISO 8339-A.

Application of Sikasil® FS-665 SL
These figures are intended as a guide and should not be used in preparing specifications.
For technical information about the products, please ask for the latest respective data sheets.

ANCILLARY PRODUCTS
For Complete Structural Glazing and Weather Sealing
SYSTEM-ORIENTED EXECUTION PRETREATMENT FOR OPTIMUM recommendations for each structural

Perfect structural glazing execution ADHESION glazing project. Clear float glass does
requires careful coordination of details. Thorough cleaning of the glass and not usually need to be primed where
Sika therefore offers a wide range of metal surfaces is essential for reliable Sikasil® silicone products are used.
ancillary products for preparing bonding of the Sikasil®SG and WS
substrates and processing sealants. silicones. Therefore Sika supplies special
These auxiliaries integrate into the products with optimized adhesion to a
whole facade product system and are wide variety of materials. Our FFI
carefully matched to Sikasil® silicone Competence Centers will carry out
sealants. They will round off your thorough tests on the project materials
structural glazing job. to determine the best primer to use on
the metal frame employed. Based on
For system-compatible Sika® Spacer our experience and the test results, we
Tape HD see page 17. will make specific product
Application
Sika® Cleaner P Cleaner for all types of plastics and powder-coated metals
Sika® Cleaner G&M Cleaner for highly contaminated glass and anodised aluminium
Sika® Aktivator-100 Cleaner/activator for anodized aluminum and enamelled glass
Sika® Aktivator-205 Cleaner/activator for stainless steel and many powder coatings
Sika® Primer-210 Primer for porous, vitreous surfaces
Sika® Primer-790 Primer for organic coatings (PVDF, PPC) and enamelled glass
Sika® Mixer Cleaner Cleaner for two-part mixing machine

SikaMembran® SYSTEM
Perfect Vapor Proofing in All Climates
5 Aldermanbury Square, London, 2005 University College London, 2005

Architects Eric Parry Architects; Facade Lindner-Schmidlin UK Architects Llewelyn Davies Yeang Architects; Facade Fahrni AG
MEMBRANE APPLICATION EXAMPLES
In ventilated facades SikaMembran® provides an For wide gaps between the curtain wall and concrete
adequate vapor control barrier throughout the whole structure SikaMembran® is the best solution.
year’s climatic conditions. Water vapor must not be
trapped in the structure.
36 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – SikaMembran® SYSTEM

WATER VAPOR IN BUILDINGS has been optimized in a way that under
Along with wind-driven rain, water most climatic conditions it can be used
vapor alone can also become a major on both sides.
problem in the structural framework. If
the air is cooled to below the dew point, Membranes can be combined with wet
the excess moisture condenses as liquid seal on one side see details on page 36.
water within the structure. For calculation of sd value of the joints or
membranes use following formula:
A “moisture transport mechanism” of
this kind where water migrates through
structural members in the form of vapor
is particularly apparent in climates like Sd = µ x d
that of Western and Central Europe and
other similar climatic regions in the
winter months. There is more water
vapor in the atmosphere in heated µ diffusion resistance coefficient
µ (polyurethane): 2 500
rooms than there is in the outside air,
µ (silicone): 1 000
and their difference in concentration is µ (membrane): see table below
balanced by vapor diffusion from the d joint depth or membrane thickness
inside to the outside. This phenomenon
is obviously reversed in tropical regions For further support ask your Sika FFI
with a hot, damp climate outside but Competence Center.
with cool, air-conditioned rooms inside.
SYSTEM SOLUTIONS
According to German Standard DIN 4108 With SikaMembran® system solutions,
(succeeded by EN 13984) “Thermal facades can be protected effectively
Insulation in Buildings”, a structural and fully in line with their requirements,
element must be designed so that an both for curtain walling in glass and for
unacceptable quantity of condensed concrete structures.
water is not produced inside the
structure; for instance when water A secure connection to the structural
vapor diffuses moving from inside to formwork, yielding durable
outside and meets a material with a waterproofing of the joints, is obtained
very high vapor diffusion resistance by the quick and easy bonding of the
and/or a layer of thermal insulation. membranes between the envelope
fabric and the structure, with the very
As a rule of thumb the equivalent air tolerant and efficient elastic adhesive
layer thickness (sd value) of the colder SikaBond® TF-Plus N.
side shall smaller than the sd value of
Adia Building, Abu Dhabi, 2006
the warmer side. The vapor diffusion Architects Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates PC
resistance of SikaMembran® Universal Facade Schmidlin AG
SikaMembran® SikaMembran® SikaMembran® SikaMembran®

Outdoor plus Outdoor Universal Strong
Thickness [mm] 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.2
μ-value 5 000 75 000 102 000 66 000
sd value [m] 3 45 62 79
System adhesives SikaBond® TF-Plus N, Sikasil® WS-305 CN, Sika® Hyflex®-220
Standard widths 10/15/20/25/30/35/40/45/50/140

of 25 m rolls [cm] (other widths are available on request)
Main applications Joints between structure and incorporated units, e.g. facade elements, windows, etc.
Connecting joints in concrete and brick constructions in ventilated facades
Approvals All products comply with EN 13984 (CE marked) and meet fire retardant requirements
of EN 13501-1Class E (under free suspension)
These figures are intended as a guide and should not be used in preparing specifications.
For technical information about the products, please ask for the latest respective data sheets.
SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – SikaMembran® SYSTEM 37

SikaTack®-Panel SYSTEM
Rain Screen Cladding With Elegance and Durability
RAINSCREEN CLADDING THE SikaTack®-Panel STRUCTURAL

Rain can be forced through the joints FIXING SYSTEM
and openings of a typical building facade With SikaTack®-Panel adhesive system
through the action of wind or via cladding finishes can be fixed to a carrier
external and internal pressure differ- frame and allows the designer the
ences. Ventilated rainscreen cladding freedom to design facades without any
overcomes these potential problems by unsightly fixings. The permanent elastic
utilizing the phenomena of pressure nature of our SikaTack®-Panel adhesive
equalization. The principle of pressure system combined with a tenacious
equalization offered by a rainscreen adhesion to a variety of panel substrate
cladding system ensures the weather types accommodates the natural
tightness of the building structure by differential movements of varying
eliminating the methods of which rain building materials for the life of most
may enter the facade. panel types. This ingenious and simple
system offers both the designer and
Rainscreen cladding is a tried and tested installer alike many advantages over
concept backed up with many years’ comparable rigid mechanical secret fixing
experience in the development of systems. SikaTack®-Panel adhesive
relatively easily installed lightweight system is suitable for the fixing of
systems that are currently available. composites, ceramic, high pressure
The main benefits of a fully integrated laminate, cement based cladding panels
rainscreen cladding system for both new as well as most metal and powder Threshold Residence, Parsons Green
Architects Allford Hall Monaghan Morris
build and refurbishment include: coated substrates. Facade Cladding UK
́́ Aesthetic improvement of the
building facade with a wide choice of Besides appropriate surface pretreat-
external finishes available ment agents SikaTack®-Panel system
́́ Building structure protected from comprises of SikaTack®-Panel adhesive
weathering yet remaining vapor and SikaTack®-Panel fixing tape. The
permeable double sided adhesive tape is used for
́́ Increased thermal performance the temporary support for cladding
́́ Extremely cost effective panels while the SikaTack®-Panel D
́́ Ease of construction with none of the adhesive cures. SikaTack®-Panel C
F
inconvenience associated with ‘wet’ adhesive is moisture-curing single
render trades component polyurethane resin based A
adhesive, capable of withstanding B
extreme dynamic loads and climatic E
conditions. Once cured the adhesive
remains permanently elastic to
accommodate differing thermal
expansion of various building sub-
strates. It eliminates stress fatigue at
corners of panels and prevents cold A SikaTack® Panel Adhesive
bridging. B SikaTack® Panel Prefixing Tape
C SikaTack® Panel Primer
For calculations of the glue line, D Aluminum Rail System
depending on the weight of panels, E Facade Panel
maximal wind load and temperature F Insulation Material
difference, please contact your Sika FFI (e.g. mineral wool)
Competence Center.
38 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – SikaTack® PANEL SYSTEM

SikaDamp®
Noise Reduction in Panel Walls
With SikaDamp®-620 Sika transfers a

well acknowledged noise reduction tech-
nology from the car and ship industry to
construction sites and provides an
easy-to-apply solution to reduce
structure-borne vibrations or external
impacts (rain drops and hail grains) on
thin metal and composite panels in
curtain wall spandrel areas or fully
cladded rainscreen walls (see page 38).
SikaDamp®-620 elastomer rolls are

equipped with a thin aluminum fl ashing
and can be easily cut into any custom-
ized shapes and sizes. It is firmly rolled
on the substrates and demonstrate
excellent adhesion to many metal
substrates, e.g. galvanized steel, and
many organic panel coatings and
composite materials. Its outstanding
adhesive performance allows it to keep
its position in demanding vertical and
inverted applications, even at elevated
temperatures up to 90 °C. SikaDamp®-620
maintains its acoustic and adhesive Office Building Zurich West, Zurich, 2013
properties after subjection to the Facade Yuanda Europe
various accelerated aging and weather-
ing test conditions. For sprayable
solutions ask your Sika contact.
SikaDamp® VIBRATION-DAMPING PROPERTIES

(ASTM E756)
TYPICAL
APPLICATION A Loss factor Beam 200 [Hz]
0.25
IN CLADDING
WALLS 0.20
B 0.15
0.10
0.05
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature [°C]
SikaDamp®-620 demonstrates its sound reduction
performance over a wide range of frequencies even up to 20 dB.
A SikaDamp® Sound Damping Sheet
B Metal or composite panel
SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – SikaDamp® 39

SikaGlaze® GG GLASS GROUT
Stress-free Glass Embedding
Glass balustrades should be fixed to the SikaGlaze® GG-735 is compatible with

floor with the lowest possible stress to many grades of interlayers (e.g. PVB,
the glass pane. But mechanical fixings Ionomers) avoiding delamination,
transfer high punctual stress to the discoloration and glass cracks. In
glass, leading to thicker panes. outdoor applications the PU grout shall
be protected against weathering with
An easy-to-apply solution is the Sikasil® WS-605 S or Sikasil® WS-305
embedding of the bottom glass edge in CN weather sealants.
the floor with self-leveling, high-
strength fast-curing 2-part PU system TESTED AGAINST GERMAN TRAV
SikaGlaze® GG-735, resulting in uniform SikaGlaze® GG-735 has been tested by
stress distribution and an enormous the Laboratory for Steel and Light Metal
reduction of punctual stresses. For a Construction, Munich, for accident
fast, self-leveling application a gap proofing based on the Technical
of 10 mm on each glass side is required, Regulations for the use of accident-
leading to a minimum consumption of proof glazing (German abbr. TRAV) and
2.5 liter per running meter glass carries a German General Building
balustrade. Authority Test Report. The approval
covers a set-up made of two 10 mm
tempered or heat strengthened safety
glass panes with 1.52 mm PVB
60 Threadneedle Street, London, 2007 interlayer. The clamping depth of the
Architects Fletcher Priest Architects; Facade Josef Gartner glass pane was 100 mm. The U-channel
was made of 10 mm steel and totally
rigid in order to test worst case scenario.
Impact tests were carried out with a
pendulum according to DIN EN 12600
with a dropping height of 700 mm.
SikaGlaze® GG
TYPICAL B
APPLICATIONS
A D
A SikaGlaze® GG Glass Grout

B Sikasil® WS weather sealant
C Glass balustrade
D U channel (metal or concrete)
Fast and stress free-embedding of curved balustrades
40 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – SikaGlaze® GG GLASS GROUT

Riverbank House, London, 2011
Architects David Walker Architects; Facade and balustrades Josef Gartner
SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – SikaGlaze® GG GLASS GROUT 41

PROJECT SERVICE
Safety Down to the Last Details
R&D HAS ALWAYS TAKEN PRIDE OF PLACE AT SIKA. At our FFI Com-
petence Centers we combine R&D with a very special service: individual-
ized structural glazing project service and support. This project service is
Sika’s response to increasing distinctiveness of the buildings and facade
projects. Innovative uses of new silicone sealants for facades and win-
dows are in demand; but there is also a growing need for technical
support in project planning and execution.
SIKA FFI COMPETENCE CENTERS OUR SERVICE

At our FFI Competence Centers we ́́ Individualized technical service and SIKA FFI COMPETENCE
develop new products and processing support with new designs
technologies, test known structural ́́ Complete structural glazing system
CENTERS
glazing methods, and use the results to tests including joint design, joint Global FCC
optimize our technical service and project dimensioning, adhesion and compati- ́́ Switzerland
service. The specialists at our technical bility tests with original materials
Competence Centers provide project ́́ Support with performing external tests Regional Technical Centers
service and support for structural glazing ́́ Applicator training at the FFI Compe- ́́ Germany
projects on all continents – from tence Centers and in the applicators' ́́ Poland
planning through to execution. We place factory: Production of double glazing ́́ Romania
great importance on interdisciplinary units with silicone secondary edge ́́ UK
cooperation with our partners in the seals, structural bonding with ́́ Dubai
glass industry and with curtain wall Sikasil® SG silicone ́́ USA
manufacturers. ́́ Practical assistance with all processing ́́ China
problems on site by specially trained
engineers Additionally many local Sika labo-
́́ Development of complete ready- ratories perform project tests
to-install solutions for integrated
structural glazing systems and difficult
processing conditions SYSTEMATIC PROJECT WORKFLOW
́́ Development of new products in Each structural glazing project is individ-
association with the customer ually tested and approved at our FFI
́́ After testing and approval of the Competence Centers. The customer usu-
project guarantee for the adhesion of ally receives design approval and
Sikasil® silicone sealants information for joint dimensioning
within three working days and the lab
report within the time listed in the table
on page 45. Work can then begin on
bonding the elements. Sika gives a
guarantee on tested and approved
projects.
42 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – PROJECT SERVICE

SYSTEMATIC PROJECT Action Form Performed by
WORKFLOW Design Phase

Step 1 Project manager (customer) or responsible Sika persons send all relevant Project Customer
information
design details (drawings – including bonding situation) and project details form
(wind loads, max. temperatures, glass/panel sizes) to Sika for inspection.
Step 2 Sika performs following items: Design Sika

assessment
- checks joint details
- checks joint dimensions
DETAILED PROJECT STAGES
- assesses the materials used
Individual project testing is carried out
- r ecommends the correct sealant for these applications based on all the
according to a reliable and practicable
details known
system, which forms a solid basis for
successful project execution. Test Phase
Step 3 Customer sends all substrates and ancillary materials to Sika for testing. Sample Customer
submission
Note: Detailed information and The number and sizes of the samples are described in the leaflet “Sample form
descriptions of the practical activities, Submittal Information”.
such as cleaning and priming the Step 4 Sika conducts the following tests: Lab report Sika
surfaces or applying the sealants, can be -A
dhesion tests to all substrates (glass, facade panels and frame materials).
found in the “structural glazing - Compatibility tests with all materials (according to customer information)
application guidelines”. The forms used that our adhesives and sealants come into contact with.
for the various stages are available from - B ased on the results, Sika makes recommendations for cleaning and, if
our homepage www.sika.com/ses. necessary, priming the surfaces. The results and recommendations are
summarized in a laboratory report. A guarantee can only be given if all
submitted samples are compatible and the adhesion is sufficient.
Application Phase
Step 5 Sika instructs the applicator on all matters of the applications: Sika
- Adhesive application
- Quality control during application
- Help with machine application
Sika also helps with the correct application of its products (e.g. weather
sealing) on site. After successful instruction, the customer receives a
training certificate from Sika.
Step 6 The customer applies the Sika products as instructed and diligently carries Quality Customer
control
out the recommended quality controls during processing. The quality control
is documented on the appropriate forms.
Guarrantee Phase
Step 7 Once application of the products is complete, the customer sends all Customer
QC documents to Sika for inspection
Step 8 Sika provides a limited guarantee on Sika products. Templates Sika

are available
For details please ask the local Sika sales manager on request
SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – PROJECT SERVICE 43

TRIPLE-TESTED QUALITY
1. S
ealant Tests According to Standards 2. Quality Control in Silicone Sealant 3. Quality Control in Sealant Application
and Guidelines Production
Silicone adhesives used for structural As a company certified to ISO 9001 and For every project, it is essential that the
glazing must withstand extreme ISO 14001, Sika has developed a quality customer should carry out factory
demands on their load-bearing capacity control system that identifies any production controls, with evidence of
and durability. Sika offers one- and deficiencies at the production stage, the mechanical strength and adhesion
two-part systems that conform to the and guarantees that only perfect goods to various substrates (see table below).
European guideline for bonded glass leave the plant. As a prerequisite for the Precise details on the tests can be found
structures (EOTA ETAG No. 002). The CE marking, Sika’s facade silicone in our “structural glazing application
specified tests include, for example, UV/ production is regularly supervised by guidelines”. Sika service laboratories
water immersion at 45 °C for 1000 h and external auditing institutions. advise customers as to how to perform
exposure to NaCl/moisture and SO2/ best these controls and train staff. All
moisture. They also comply with QC test specimens must be kept for the
American standards ASTM C920 and full guarantee term.
C1135, and Chinese standard GB 16776.
IMPORTANT
Sikasil® SG adhesives shall only be
used for structural projects if Sika
has first given written approval for
the particular project.
MINIMUM QUALITY CONTROL DURING STRUCTURAL BONDING

Sikasil® SG-18, SG-20 Sikasil® SG-500, SG-500 CN, SG-550
Skin forming time Visual control of the mixing quality
Tack-free time (butterfly test or marble test)
Adhesion test on original materials Quantitative check of the mixing ratio
(glass, support frame) by weight
Measurement of Shore A hardness Pot life
Tack-free time
Mechanical properties on H-test Adhesion test on original materials
specimens according to ISO 8339 (glass, support frame)
Measurement of Shore A hardness
Mechanical properties on H-test

specimens according to ISO 8339

PROJECT TESTS
CHECKING DESIGN DRAWINGS TECHNICAL CUSTOMER SUPPORT

Our FCCs check joint design and The quality and optical appearance of IMPORTANT
dimensions. This ensures that the facades also depend on professional
anticipated wind loads and different workmanship. We therefore advise our The samples sent to Sika for project
thermal expansions of the substrates project partners to use Sikasil® SG tests (adhesion and compatibility tests
are not outside the stressing limits for silicone adhesives and sealants. We will like) must be representative for the
our silicone adhesives. We subsequently demonstrate how to use them materials used in the building project.
provide technical service in the selection professionally, and help with any Materials must not be exchanged dur-
of appropriate silicone sealants for practical problems. ing the project without notifying Sika.
structural glazing, insulating glazing
and weatherseals.
ADHESION AND COMPATIBILITY

TESTS
Adhesion tests according to national
and international guidelines and
standards, and our own test methods
ensure perfect adhesion of our products
to the substrates used in any one
project. We also test the compatibility
of all materials that come into contact
with Sikasil® silicone sealants and
adhesives. Only compatible materials
ensure that there is no negative effect
on either the adhesion behavior or the
mechanical properties of the silicone
adhesives. The results are provided as a
report. We use the results obtained to
make recommendations on surface
treatment, e.g. cleaning and priming, of
the substrates used.
Photo: Application trials at Sika System Engineering
DURATION OF ADHESION Duration of Tests,

incl. Report
AND COMPATIBILITY TESTS
Sikasil® SG Adhesive Sealants
Adhesion tests with sealant bead 33 days
Compatibility test with accessories 33 days
Compatibility test with laminated safety glass 115 days
Sikasil® WS Weather Sealants

Adhesion tests with sealant bead 33 days
Compatibility test with accessories 33 days
Compatibility test with laminated safety glass 115 days
Non-staining Sealant Sikasil® WS-355
Non-staining test 45 days

SUPPORT BEYOND STANDARDS
DESIGN PHASE mm
+ 50.00
+ 47.37
FINITE ELEMENT CALCULATIONS + 44.74
Joint design becomes more complex, joint sizes get smaller + 42.11
+ 39.47
and smaller, loads and movements go to extremes. + 36.84
+ 34.21
Our specialists in the FFI Competence Center in Switzerland + 31.58
+ 28.95
accompany trends and developments not only with sophisti- + 26.32
cated tests but also with the latest methods of finite + 23.68
element calculations, both on whole building details, such as + 21.05
+ 18.42
the cold bent glass element on the right, and on adhesive + 15.79
joints scrutinizing them for peak stresses with hyperelastic + 13.16
+ 10.53
modeling shown below.
+ 7.89
z
+ 5.26
+ 2.63
Aluminum L-profile - 0.00
Adhesive joint
Glass pane
max. stress 1.00 N/mm2
max. stress 1.20 N/mm2
TEST PHASE
With more than 20 years experience in
curtain wall industry and structural
glazing applications in particular Sika
puts enormous efforts in adhesion and
compatibility tests before the project
start. Regardless of any complexity of
test specimens or extreme climatic
conditions in the test chambers or even
long test durations exceeding standard
test methods.

APPLICATION PHASE
Sika Technical Service teams are located
around the world, and are dedicated
to providing best practice selection,
validation and application of Sika
materials. By being located close
to our customers, Sika's application
service provides fast and reliable support
throughout the technical application
development process to ensure the best
possible results – from product
development (top left) to small scale
manual application (bottom left) to
automated series production (right).
Photos: Application trials at sedak GmbH & Co KG
DEMANDING HIGH SPEED LAP SHEAR TESTS

Test Speed [mm/min]
SPECIAL TESTS
1.0E+06
The higher the impact speed, the higher
HIGH SPEED TESTS FOR BOMB BLAST 1.0E+05 the adhesives’ shear strength, the higher
AND HURRICANE RESISTANCE 4 m/s the design stress.
1.0E+04
For Sika as one of the market leaders in
the automotive and transportation 1.0E+03
industry high-speed tests are state-of-
1.0E+02
the-art tests at its high-tech laborato-
ries. Before any crash test or bomb 1.0E+01
blast test we measure high speed 5mm/min
1.0E+00 SG-500
impact on sealants and adhesives on 1 2 3 4 5 SG-550
small specimens. Based on these values Lap Shear Strength [MPa]
we help to optimize the joint dimen-
sions. Impact test machine with
pendulum (ISO 11343) for
velocities of 1 m/s to
5 m/s at temperatures
from –50 to 80 °C. As glass
deforms with a max. speed
of 4 m/s, this is the optimal
range for simulating bomb
blast tests.

GLOBAL BUT LOCAL PARTNERSHIP
FOR MORE INFORMATION:

For more literature about Sika Facade and Fenestration solutions browse:
www.sika.com/ffi-downloads
Find more Sika Projects under:

www.sika.com/ffi-projects
WHO WE ARE
Sika is a specialty chemicals company with a leading position in the development and production of systems and products for bonding, sealing,
damping, reinforcing and protecting in the building sector and the motor vehicle industry. Sika has subsidiaries in 90 countries around the world
and manufactures in over 160 factories. Its more than 17 000 employees generate annual sales of CHF 5.6 billion in 2014.
Technical Service Customer Service Our most current General Sales Conditions shall apply.
Sika Services AG Sika Engineering Silicones Srl. Please consult the Data Sheet prior to any use and processing.
FFI Competence Center Via L. Einaudi, 6

Tueffenwies 16 I-20068 Peschiera Borromeo (MI)
CH-8048 Zurich Phone +39 02 516591 205
Phone +41 58 436 5633 Fax +39 02 516591 298
Fax +41 58 436 5407 [email protected]
© Sika Services AG / Industry /FFI / 07 2015
[email protected]
www.sika.com/ses
SIKA SERVICES AG
Tueffenwies 16
8048 Zurich
Switzerland

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SIKA FFI

SEALING AND BONDING

ARCHITECTURE THRIVES ON CHANGE. On creative ideas and bold

CREATIVE FACADE ARCHITECTURE

To strike the ideal balance between aesthetic appeal and

But an immaculate optical appearance isn’t the only crucial

Sikasil®. Each of these sealants and adhesives has highly

SikaMembran® membrane systems supplement ideally the

The self-leveling PU grout SikaGlaze® GG is an easy-to-apply

Find more solutions for curtain wall facades on pages 36 to 40

* Sika FFI stands for Facade, Fenestration, Insulating Glass

4 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – INTRODUCTION

top right and cover:

SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – INTRODUCTION 5

STRUCTURAL GLAZING SYSTEMS can be either two-sided or four-sided,

FOUR-SIDED STRUCTURAL GLAZING TWO-SIDED STRUCTURAL GLAZING

Frameless Appearance Mechanical Fixing

Advantages of this System Advantages of this System

6 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – FACADE TECHNOLOGIES

POINT-FIXED GLAZING STRUCTURAL WINDOW BONDING

Maximal transparency Glass Carries the Frame

Advantages of this System

SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – FACADE TECHNOLOGIES 7

STRUCTURAL GLAZING MODULES are subject to extremely high stress-

DURABLE CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION

Menara Bank Islam (Menara Wakaf), Kuala Lumpur, 2001

8 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – STRUCTURAL GLAZING

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4

GLASS 3. Magnetron Coatings for lowE Glass ADAPTER FRAME

80 and 100 Victoria Street, London, 2005

10 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – STRUCTURAL GLAZING

SPECIALIZED PRODUCTS TYPICAL PROPERTIES SEALANT COMPOSITION

ADAC Headquarters, Munich, 2011

SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – STRUCTURAL GLAZING 11

Silicone sealants and adhesives are PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION CHARACTERISTICS

CURING RATE OF Sikasil® SILICONE SEALANTS

12 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – STRUCTURAL GLAZING

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES MOVEMENT CAPABILITY ADHESION

Important: In comparisons of data, the

WEATHERING AND HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURE

14 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – STRUCTURAL GLAZING

SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – STRUCTURAL GLAZING 15

In addition they are characterized by DID YOU KNOW?

Sikasil® Sikasil® Sikasil® Sikasil® Sikasil®

Components one-part one-part two-part two-part two-part )

Curing neutral neutral neutrals neutral neutral

Skin forming time/pot ~ 30 ~ 15 ~ 40 6) ~ 60 ~ 75

Modulus at 100 % ~ 0.8 ~ 0.9 ~ 1.0 ~ 0.9 ~ 1.0

Elongation at break [ %] ~ 75 ~ 180 ~ 100 ~ 120 ~ 80

16 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – STRUCTURAL GLAZING

COMPATIBLE SPACERS STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES In China

SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – STRUCTURAL GLAZING 17

CORRECT PLANNING IS ESSENTIAL

Heron Tower, London, 2011

18 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – STRUCTURAL GLAZING

axw G x 9.81 htensile htensile 2

Criteria for Calculating the Joint

- Other causes, such as shrinkage, Sikasil® (ASTM C719)

20 SIKA FFI SPECIFICATION GUIDE – STRUCTURAL GLAZING

GLASS 3. Magnetron Coatings for lowE Glass ADAPTER FRAME

- Other causes, such as shrinkage, Sikasil® (ASTM C719)

Skin forming time/pot life1) [min] ~ 25 ~ 45 ~ 40