1. John Santrock conducted research on child development and identified 8 major stages from prenatal to late adulthood.
2. Developmental tasks are tasks that must be achieved at each stage of development in order to successfully progress to the next stage.
3. The document outlines 7 key developmental tasks including learning to get along with peers, accepting one's physical body, becoming independent, deciding on marriage and family, preparing for a career, acquiring values, and becoming socially responsible.
1. John Santrock conducted research on child development and identified 8 major stages from prenatal to late adulthood.
2. Developmental tasks are tasks that must be achieved at each stage of development in order to successfully progress to the next stage.
3. The document outlines 7 key developmental tasks including learning to get along with peers, accepting one's physical body, becoming independent, deciding on marriage and family, preparing for a career, acquiring values, and becoming socially responsible.
1. John Santrock conducted research on child development and identified 8 major stages from prenatal to late adulthood.
2. Developmental tasks are tasks that must be achieved at each stage of development in order to successfully progress to the next stage.
3. The document outlines 7 key developmental tasks including learning to get along with peers, accepting one's physical body, becoming independent, deciding on marriage and family, preparing for a career, acquiring values, and becoming socially responsible.
1. John Santrock conducted research on child development and identified 8 major stages from prenatal to late adulthood.
2. Developmental tasks are tasks that must be achieved at each stage of development in order to successfully progress to the next stage.
3. The document outlines 7 key developmental tasks including learning to get along with peers, accepting one's physical body, becoming independent, deciding on marriage and family, preparing for a career, acquiring values, and becoming socially responsible.
John Santrock conducted research on comparisons of children in mother and father
custody families
I. Pre-natal Period 4 Weeks Embryo 7-8 Weeks Human Embryo
3 Phases: Germinal Stage - first 2 weeks - conception, implantation, formation of placenta Embryonic Stage - 2 weeks to 2 months - formation of vital organs and systems Fetal Stage - 2 months to birth -bodily growth continues, movement capability begins, brain cells multiply age of viability II. Infancy Birth to 2 years Extreme dependence on adults.
Beginning psychological activities:
Language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination and social learning Language of newborn is the cry Usually eats every 2 to 3 hours Uncoordinated movements Toothless Poor vision (focusing range 8 to 12 in.) Usually doubles weight by 9 months Responds to human voice and touch
1 Year Old Change from plump baby to leaner more muscular toddler Begins to walk and talk Ability for passive language (better understanding of what’s being said) Tentative sense of independence Determined explorer
2 Years Old Begins to communicate verbally (name, etc) Can usually speak in 3 to 4 words sentences Famous for negative behavior “No” to everything Temper tantrums Will play side by side with other children, but does not actively play with them Great imitators 3 Years Old Wants to be just like parents Vocabulary and pronunciation continue to expand Climbs stairs with alternating feet Can briefly stand on one foot
4 Years Old Sentences are more complex; speaks well enough for strangers to understand Imagination is vivid; line between what is real and imaginary is often indistinct Develops fears (common fears; fear of dark, animals and death)
5 Years Old Can hop on one foot and skip Can accurately copy figures May begin to read Socialize with other children their age
III. Middle and Late Childhood
6 to 12 Years Old
Both large and small muscles well-developed
Developed complex motor skills From independent activities to same sex group activities Acceptance by peers very important Parental approval still important
IV. Adolescence 13 to 18 Years Old
Traumatic life stage for child and parent
Puberty occurs Extremely concerned with appearance Trying to establish self-identity Confrontations with authority
V. Early Adulthood 10 to 29 Year Old
Physical development complete
Emotional maturation continues to develop Usually learned to accept responsibility for actions and accept criticism Usually knows how to profit from errors Socially progress from age-related peer groups to people with similar interests
V1. Middle Adulthood
30 - 60 Years Old
Physical changes begin to occur:
Hair begins to thin & gray Wrinkles appear Hearing and vision decrease Muscles lose tone Main concerns: children, health, job security, aging parents and fear of aging Love and acceptance still take a major role
VI. Late Adulthood
61 Years and Above
Fastest growing age bracket of society
Physical deterioration (brittle bones, poor coordination) Some memory problems Coping with retirement and forms of entertainment Very concerned with health and finances Significant number become depressed; suicide rate is high
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Robert Havighurst defines developmental task as one that “arises at certain period in our life, the successful achievement of which leads to happiness and success with later tasks while failure leads to unhappiness, social disapproval and difficulty with later tasks”.
a. Infancy and early childhood(birth till 6 years old)
-in this stage, the child begins to learn different physical activities like walking, crawling as well as starting to read and forming concepts.
b. Middle childhood (6-12 years old)
-middle childhood is then where the child learns different physical skills for simple games; as well as developing concepts for everyday living.
c. Adolescence (13-18 years old) -during the adolescence period, the child achieves more mature relations with others. The child gets to knows oneself and prepares himself for the coming years.
d. Early adulthood (18-30 years old) -here one is now ready to settle down and begin a family as well as a new life. One looks for a career to help in raising himself and his family; practicing as well socially.
e. Middle age (30-60 years old) - the middle age, is where one is able to see clearly to his future, here one is then able to help his children as well as other teenagers to become more responsible. Here one also is able to adapt to everything that is happening to him physically, emotionally even socially. f. Later maturity (60 years old and over) - in this stage, one is adjusting to the happenings of his life. Here, one needs to adjust to understand everything especially in death. John Santrock 1. Prenatal period (from conception to birth) - it involves tremendous growth from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioural capabilities.
2. Infancy(from birth to 18-24 months)
- a time of extreme dependence on adults. Many Psychological activities are just beginning – language , symbolic thought , sensorimotor coordination and social learning.
3. Early Childhood (end of infancy to 5-6 years ( grade 1)
– these are the preschool years. Young children learn to become more self- sufficient and to care for themselves, develop school readiness skills and spend many hours in play with peers.
4. Middle and late childhood (6-11 years of age, the elementary school years) - the fundamental skills of reading, writing and arithmetic are mastered. The Child is formally exposed to the larger world and its culture. Achievement becomes a more central theme of the child’s world and self-control increases.
5. Adolescence (10-12 years of age ending up to 18-22 years of age)
- Begins with rapid physical changes- dramatic gains in height and weight, changes in body contour, and the development of sexual characteristics such as enlargement of the breasts, development of pubic and facial hair, and deepening of the voice. Pursuit of independence and identity are prominent. Thought is more logical, abstract and idealistic. More time is spent outside of the family.
6. Early adulthood(from late teens or early 20s lasting through the 30’s – it is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family and rearing children.
7. Middle adulthood (40-60 years of age)
– It is a time of expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility; of assisting the next generation in becoming competent and mature individuals; and of reaching and maintaining satisfaction in a career.
8. Late Adulthood (60s and above)
- It is time for adjustment to decreasing strength and health. Life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles. DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
A developmental task is a task that arises at or about a certain period in life,
unsuccessful achievement of which leads to inability to perform tasks associated with the next period or stage in life.
Developmental Task:
1. Learning to get along with friends of both sexes.
To learn to look upon girls as women and boys as men; to become an adult among adults; to learn to work with others for a common purpose, disregarding personal feelings; to lead without dominating.
2. Accepting one's physical body and keeping it healthy.
To accept one's body; to keep it healthy through good nutrition, exercise, disease prevention, and other health practices.
3. Becoming more self-sufficient.
To develop affection for parents without dependence upon them; to develop respect for older adults without dependence upon them.
4. Making decisions about marriage and family life.
To explore attitudes toward family life and having children; to acquire the knowledge necessary for home management and, if desired, child rearing.
5. Preparing for a job or career.
To develop career/vocational goals and ways to reach these goals; to be able to make a living.
6. Acquiring a set of values to guide behavior.
To develop an outlook toward life based on what is important.
7. Becoming socially responsible.
To participate as a responsible person with friends at home, and in the community; to develop personal moral values to guide behavior.
