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    Gender Development in India Dimensions and Strategies

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    nsrnath
    Gender inequality remains pervasive in many dimensions of life in India despite efforts towards advocacy and programs for women's welfare. While globalization has provided some women new economic opportunities, employment is often informal with poor working conditions and low pay in addition to household responsibilities. Studies have found mixed results on the relationship between gender equality and economic development. Some analyses excluding outlier countries or controlling for regional differences have found a positive relationship between female education and growth. The direction of causality is complex, with gender equality and growth potentially determining each other simultaneously.

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    Gender Development in India Dimensions and Strategies

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    nsrnath
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    Gender inequality remains pervasive in many dimensions of life in India despite efforts towards advocacy and programs for women's welfare. While globalization has provided some women new economic opportunities, employment is often informal with poor working conditions and low pay in addition to household responsibilities. Studies have found mixed results on the relationship between gender equality and economic development. Some analyses excluding outlier countries or controlling for regional differences have found a positive relationship between female education and growth. The direction of causality is complex, with gender equality and growth potentially determining each other simultaneously.

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    Gender inequality remains pervasive in many dimensions of life in India despite efforts towards advocacy and programs for women's welfare. While globalization has provided some women new economic opportunities, employment is often informal with poor working conditions and low pay in addition to household responsibilities. Studies have found mixed results on the relationship between gender equality and economic development. Some analyses excluding outlier countries or controlling for regional differences have found a positive relationship between female education and growth. The direction of causality is complex, with gender equality and growth potentially determining each other simultaneously.

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    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    32 views3 pages

    Gender Development in India Dimensions and Strategies

    Uploaded by

    nsrnath
    Gender inequality remains pervasive in many dimensions of life in India despite efforts towards advocacy and programs for women's welfare. While globalization has provided some women new economic opportunities, employment is often informal with poor working conditions and low pay in addition to household responsibilities. Studies have found mixed results on the relationship between gender equality and economic development. Some analyses excluding outlier countries or controlling for regional differences have found a positive relationship between female education and growth. The direction of causality is complex, with gender equality and growth potentially determining each other simultaneously.

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    Gender Development in India: Dimensions and Strategies

    N. Santosh Ranganath
    Faculty Member
    Dept. of Commerce and Management Studies
    Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University
    Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh – 532410

    "Ensuring gender parity has become a great challenge for the modern world.
    Gender equality forms part of development strategy in many countries of the world
    including India. When both men and women have equal access to services and resources,
    enjoy equal rights, and get equal opportunities to develop skills and capabilities then the
    development of the country is fast and balanced.

    Despite considerable efforts towards advocacy and awareness of gender equality


    and launching of various programmes for welfare of women, gender discrimination in
    India remains pervasive in many dimensions of life. Though the nature and magnitude of
    discrimination against women vary from country to country, in no part of the world
    gender parity has been achieved completely in legal, social and economic terms.

    Gender gaps are widespread in respect of access to and control of resources,


    economic opportunities, and political voice. Women are still exploited, discriminated
    against and subjected to harassment and violence. The globalization of production has
    given women opportunities for new areas of paid employment, to earn an income, be
    more independent, and have an active social life. However, employment is mostly
    informal that imply poor working conditions, lack of labour rights, and is in addition to
    household and family responsibilities.
    Affect of Gender Equality on Development:

    The debate over the effect of gender equality on growth centers on two key issues:
    Is the relationship between gender equality and development positive? Does gender
    equality affect growth, or vice versa, or both - or do common factors determine both
    simultaneously? In order to answer the first question, recent studies have attempted to
    reconcile findings of a positive relationship with the contrasting results of Barro and Lee
    (1994) by examining alternative econometric specifications of the growth equation. One
    method has been to identify "outlier" countries that could be influencing the Barro and
    Lee findings. Stokey (1994) suggests that these apparently puzzling findings might derive
    from the East Asian "tigers", which have had very fast growth but comparatively lower
    female education. Lorgelly and Owen (1999) use statistical techniques to identify outlier
    countries. Excluding them from the growth Regression is sufficient to weaken the
    significance of the partial correlation between female education and growth, though it
    remains negative. Dollar and Gatti (1999) find that, by omitting regional dummy
    variables from their model, they are able to reproduce the estimates of Barro and Lee.

    This is because the Latin American economies grew more slowly than predicted
    by the other variables in the growth equation at the same time that the region had high
    female secondary attainment. Hence, if the regional dummy variables are excluded from
    the growth regression, Latin America's poor growth gets attributed to the female
    education variable, resulting in a negative co- efficient on female education. Moreover,
    because of the high multicollinearity between male and female education in the Barro-
    Lee specification, there is very little independent variation to allow a disentangling of
    their separate effects on growth. Excluding the male education variable switches the sign
    of the coefficient on female education from negative and significant to positive and
    insignificant (Lorgelly and Owen 1999). Knowles, Lorgelly, and Owen (2000) use a
    different specification of the growth regression.
    They average data over the entire estimation period of 1960-90 for the
    explanatory variables to estimate a long-run relationship. They find that the effect of
    female education on output per worker is significantly positive. But when they re-
    estimate their model with base period values of human capital stocks as Barro and Lee
    did, they reproduce the contrasting Barro-Lee results of a negative significant relationship
    with respect to female education, and a positive one with respect to male education.

    The second issue is concerned with the direction of causality. If the positive
    relationship between gender equality and growth is due to a two-way relationship or
    underlying common factor determining both simultaneously then ordinary least squares
    regressions of income growth on measures of gender equality would be biased. This is
    particularly true when different variables pertain to the same period. Recent studies have
    attempted to unravel the cause and effect relationship between gender equality and
    economic growth-but have run into problems of measurement and statistical inference.
    The most common technique is estimation using instrumental variables.

    This method is based on identifying exogenous variables that affect gender


    equality but not growth directly, and using measures of gender equality predicted from
    these variables as determinants of growth. Dollar and Gatti (1999) use data on religion
    and civil liberties as variables that affect income only through their effect on gender
    equality in education. Klasen (1999) uses education spending as a share of GDP, initial
    fertility levels, the change in the same variables as instruments for levels of and changes
    in the female to male ratio of years of education, requiring that these instruments pass
    over identification restriction tests. Both studies conclude that gender equality has
    significant impact on growth.

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