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    2 Flow Nets

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    Rowan Atkinson
    Flow nets are used to analyze seepage in soils. They consist of flow lines and equipotential lines that intersect at right angles. Seepage rate can be calculated using the number of flow channels, potential drops, and permeability. Uplift pressure under dams varies based on head loss and can be determined from a flow net analysis.

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    2 Flow Nets

    Uploaded by

    Rowan Atkinson
    819 views14 pages
    Flow nets are used to analyze seepage in soils. They consist of flow lines and equipotential lines that intersect at right angles. Seepage rate can be calculated using the number of flow channels, potential drops, and permeability. Uplift pressure under dams varies based on head loss and can be determined from a flow net analysis.

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    2 flow nets

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    Flow nets are used to analyze seepage in soils. They consist of flow lines and equipotential lines that intersect at right angles. Seepage rate can be calculated using the number of flow channels, potential drops, and permeability. Uplift pressure under dams varies based on head loss and can be determined from a flow net analysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    819 views14 pages

    2 Flow Nets

    Uploaded by

    Rowan Atkinson
    Flow nets are used to analyze seepage in soils. They consist of flow lines and equipotential lines that intersect at right angles. Seepage rate can be calculated using the number of flow channels, potential drops, and permeability. Uplift pressure under dams varies based on head loss and can be determined from a flow net analysis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Flow Nets

    GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 2
    FLOW NETS

    A flow line is a line along which a water particle will travel


    from upstream to the downstream side in the permeable
    soil medium.
    An equipotential line is a line along which the potential
    head at all points is equal. Thus, if piezometers are placed
    at different points along an equipotential line, the water
    level will rise to the same elevation in all of them.
    FLOW NET

     A combination
    of a number of
    flow lines and
    equipotential
    lines is called a
    flow net.
    Characteristics of a Flow Net

    1. The equipotential lines intersect the flow lines at right


    angles.
    2. The flow elements formed are approximate squares
     Homogeneous-uniform composition throughout that cannot be
    mechanically separated into different materials (eg. Plastics,
    ceramics, glass, metals, allos, paper, board)
     Isotropic-properties are the same in each and every direction
    (ex.glass)
     Anistropic-preoperties of matter vary with the direction from which
    the are measured.
     Orthotropic-have material properties that differ along three
    mutually orthogonal twofold axes of rotational symmetry.
    Seepage Calculation from a Flow Net

     For isotropic soils

    Where:
    K=coefficient of permeability
    Nf=number of flow channels
    Nd= number of potential drops
    Note: In any flow net, the strip
    between any two adjacent flow
    lines is called a flow channel.
    Seepage Calculation from a Flow Net

     Head loss of each potential drop.

     Approximate average hydraulic


    gradient
     i=
    ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
    𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
    Seepage Calculation from a Flow Net

     For anisotropic soils

    Where:
    K=coefficient of permeability
    H=total head loss
    Nf=number of flow channels
    Nd= number of potential drops
    Uplift Pressure Under Hydraulic Structures
    Uplift Pressure Under Hydraulic Structures

     Similarly, the uplift pressure at


    Sample Problem
    CE Board May 2016

     The coefficient of permeability below a dam is


    4m/day. The water on the upstream side is 20m
    higher than on the downstream side. To
    estimate the seepage below the dam, a flow
    net was graphically drawn such that the
    number of potential drops Nd=10 and the
    number of flow channels Nf=4. The base of the
    dam is founded 1 meter below the ground.
    Between the heel and the toe of the dam, a
    distance of 30m. There are 8 potential drops.
     Evaluate the seepage flow per meter width of
    the dam in liters per min.
     Determine the uplift pressure at the heel of the
    dam in kPa.
     Determine the uplift pressure at the toe of the
    dam in kPa.

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