Aws Welding Handbook 2.2

S T D - A W S W H B - 4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1198 R 07842b5 0 5 L O L O 5 bb3 II
WELDING HANDBOOK
INDEX OF MAJOR SUBJECTS
Eighth
Edition
Volume Chapter
A
Abrasion, types of 4 7
Abrasion resistance 4 7
Abrasion resistance, hardfacing for 4 7
Adhesive bonding, survey of 1 1
Adhesive bonding of aluminum alloys 3 1
Adhesive bonding of metals 2 27
AF1410 alloy steel 4 2
Air carbon arc cutting 2 15
3 14
4 1,5
Alternating current power sources 2 1
Aluminized steel 4 3
Aluminum and aluminum alloys, welding of 3 1
Aluminum bronze 3 3
Aluminum structure design 1 5
Applications 3 1-10
4 1-10
Arc characteristics 2 1
Arc cutting 2 15
Arc physics 1 2
Arc stud welding 2 9
Arc welding 3 12,
3Y4,
4 1-10
Arc welding, survey of 1 1
Arc welding automation 1 10
Arc welding power sources 1 1
Atmosphere, brazing 2 12
Austenitic manganese steel 4 2
Austenitic stainless steels 4 5
Automation 1 10
Atomic hydrogen welding 2 29
Automatic brazing 1 10
Automatic welding 1 10
Beryllium 4 10
Beryllium copper 3 3
Bonding, adhesive 2 27
Braze welding 2 12
4 3 , 6, 10
Brazed joints, discontinuities in 1 11
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.

Licensed by Information Handling Services
S T D - A W S WHB-Li P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L L Y 7 d I 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 O5LObClb S T T
582 MAJOR SUBJECT INDEX
Eighth
Edition
Volume Chapter
Brazed joints, inspection of 15
Brazer performance qualification 14
Brazing 12
1,2,3,
4,7, 8
4 1,5,6,
10
Brazing, survey of 1 1
Brazing, diffusion 2 26
Brazing automation 1 10
Brazing economics 1 8
Brazing fixtures 1 9
Brazing metallurgy 1 4
Brazing of carbon steel 4 1
Brazing procedure specifications 1 14
Brazing safety 2 12
Brazing symbols 1 6
Buildup 4 7
Buttering 4 7
Capacitor discharge stud welding 2 9

Capital investments 1 8
Carbon and low-alloy steels 4 1
Carbon arc welding 2 29
Carbon equivalent 4 1
Carbon migration during heat treatment 4 7
Carbon steels 4 1
Cast irons 4 8
Ceramics 3 8
Certification 1 14
Chromium-molybdenum steels 4 1
Clad steel 4 6
Cladding 4 7
Coated steels 4 3
Cobalt and cobalt alloys, welding of 3 4
Codes, sources of 1 13
Cold cracking 4 135
Cold welding 2 29
3 1
4 1
Compacted graphite cast iron 4 8
Composites 3 7
Compressed gases, handling of 1 16
Control, automation and 1 10
Control of welding cost 1 8
Cooling rates 1 3
Copper and copper alloys, welding of 3 394
Corrosion of welded joints 1 12
Corrosion resistance 4 5 , 6, 7
Cost estimating 1 8

S T D - A W S WHB-4 PART 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1978 D 0 7 8 9 2 b 5 051Ob07 Y3b D
MAJOR SUBJECT INDEX 583
Eighth
Edition
Volume Chapter
Covered electrodes 3 134

4 1, 3, 537
Cross-wire welding stainless steels 4 5
Cutting, air carbon arc 2 15
Cutting, arc 2 15
Cutting, laser beam 2 16
Cutting, metal powder 2 14
Cutting, oxyfuel gas 2 14
Cutting, oxygen 2 14
Cutting, plasma arc 2 15
Cutting, safe practices in 2 14,15
Cutting, thermal, economics of 1 8
Cutting processes, survey of 1 1
. Definitions, terms and 1 APP-A

Delayed cracking of steel 4 1
DeLong constitution diagram 4 5
Deposition rates 4 7
Design of aluminum structures 1 5
Design considerations 1 5
Design of welded joints and weldments 1 5
Destructive testing 1 12
Dielectric heating 3 7
Diffusion brazing 2 26
3 7
4 9, 10
Diffusion coating (aluminized) 4 3
Diffusion welding 2 26
3 1,798
4 10
Dilution, surfacing 4 7
Direct current power sources 2 1
Discontinuities in brazes 1 11
Discontinuities in welds 1 11
Dissimilar metals, welding of 3 194
4 6
Distortion 1 7
Distortion, control of 1 7
Distortion, correction of 1 7
Distortion, types of 1 7
Ductile cast iron 4 8
Duplex stainless steel 4 5
Economics 1 8
Electrical safety 1 16
Electrode extension 4 7
Electrogas welding 2 7
Electrogas welding carbon steels 4 1

S T D - A U S WHB-4 PART 2 INDEX-ENGL
Eighth
Edition
Volume Chapter
Electron beam welding 2 21
3 1,2,3,
4, 7
4 1-10
Electroslag welding 2 8
4 1
Elevated-temperature behavior of welded joints 1 12
Energy sources for welding 1 2
Equipment, resistance welding 2 19
Espy constitution diagram 4 5, 6
Estimating costs 1 8
Explosion welding 2 24
3 1
4 6 , 10
F
Fatigue properties of welded joints 1 12

Ferritic stainless steels 4 5
Filler metals, auxilliary 4 7
Filler metals, brazing 2 12
Filler metals, granular 4 7
Filler metals, powdered 4 7
Filler metals, soldering 2 13
Filler metals, surfacing 4 7
Fixtures 1 9
Flash welding 2 18
3 1, 374
4 5, 1 , 4 , 9
Flow-purged welding chamber 4 9
Flux, submerged arc welding 4 7
Flux cored arc welding 2 5
3 10
4 1-10
Flux cutting, chemical 2 14
Fluxes, brazing 2 12
Fluxes, soldering 2 13
Forge welding 2 29
Fracture mechanics 1 12
Fracture toughness 1 12
Free-machining steels 4 1
Friction welding 2 23
3 1,37697
4 1,394,
6, 10
Fuel gases, characteristics of 2 11
Fumes and gases, safety 1 16
Fusion weld discontinuities 1 11
cr
Galvanized steel 4 3

S T D * A W S WHB-LI P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1178 U 0 7 A 4 Z L 5 U51Ob07 209 =
Eighth
Edition
Volume Chapter
Gases, physical properties 1 2

Gas metal arc spot welding 2 4
Gas metal arc welding 2 4
3 1,3,4,7
4 1-10
Gas shielded arc welding 4 1-10
Gas tungsten arc welding 2 3
3 1, 394,
5 , 7 , 10
4 1-10
Gas welding, oxyfuel 2 11
Gold 4 10
Gold, brazing filler metal 3 4
Gray cast iron 4 8
Hafnium 4 10
Hard facing 4 7
Hardfacing alloys 4 7
Heat flow in welding 1 3
Heat-resisting steels 4 5
Heat-treatable low alloy steels 4 1
High-alloy steels 4 2
High-carbon steel 4 1
High-copper alloys 3 3
High-frequency induction brazing 4 3
High-frequency resistance welding 3 1,3,6
4 3
High-frequency welding 2 20
High-strength low-alloy steels 4 1
Hot cracking 3 4
4 1,5,6
Hot-gas welding 3 7
Hot-plate welding 3 7
Hot-pressure welding 2 29
HP9-4-XX alloy steels 4 2
Hydrogen diffusion 4 1
Hydrogen embrittlement 4 296
Hydrogen-induced cracking 4 1
Impact, hardfacing for 4 7

Impact resistance 4 7
Induction welding 3 7
Infrared heating 3 7
Inspection, brazing 2 12
Inspection, qualification of 1 14
Inspection of welding 1 15
Iridium 4 10

S T D m A W S WHB-4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1798 111 0 7 d 4 2 b 5 U S L O b L O T Z U =
Eighth
Edition
Volume Chapter
J
Joining processes, survey of 1 1
Lamellar tearing in steel 1

Laser beam brazing 10
Laser beam cutting 16
4
Laser beam welding 22
1,3,4,
7, 8
4 1,3,5,
6, 9 , 10
Lead, welding of 5
Liquid-penetrant testing 12
Low-alloy steels 1
Low-carbon steel 133
M
Magnesium and magnesium alloys, welding of 3 2
Magnetic fields, influence on arcs 1 2
Magnetic particle testing 1 12
Maintenance and repair welding 3 9
Malleable cast iron 4 8
Maraging steels 4 2
Martensitic stainless steels 4 5
Mechanical testing 1 15
Medium-carbon steels 4 1
Melting rates (electrode) 1 2
Metal-matrix composites 3 7
Metal powder cutting 2 14
Metal transfer 1 2
Metallurgy, general 1 4
Metallurgy of brazing and soldering 1 4
Metallurgy of welding 1 4
Metals, physical properties 1 2
Metric practice guide 1 APP*B
Microwave heating 3 7
Mild steel 4 1
Molybdenum and tungsten 4 10
N
Narrow-gap welding 6
NEMA power source requirements 1
Nickel and cobalt alloys, welding of 4
Nickel-cobalt alloy steels 2
Niobium 10
Niobium alloys 10

S T D - A W S WHB-4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L IY7ll 0 7 8 q Z b 5 05LObLïi 9 b 7
Eighth
Edition
Volume Chapter
Nondestructive examination (testing) 1 15

Nondestructive examination symbols 1 6
Oscillation, electrode 4 7
Osmium 4 10
Oxyacetylene welding 3 174
4 1,7
Oxyfuel gas cutting 2 14
4 1, 5, 879
Oxyfuel gas surfacing 4 7
Oxyfuel gas welding 2 11
3 132, 3 , 5
4 3, 7, 8, 10
Oxygen cutting 2 14
Painted steel 4 3
Palladium 4 10
Percussion welding 2 18
Performance qualification 1 14
Physical properties of metals and gases 1 2
Physics of welding 1 2
Plasma arc cutting 2 15
3 1,274
4 1,5
Plasma arc surfacing 4 8
Plasma arc welding 2 10
3 1,374
4 1,2,4,
579
Plastics 3 6
Platinum 4 io
Polymeric composites 3 7
Positioners 1 9
Power sources, arc welding 2 1
Power sources, special 2 1
Precious metals and alloys 4 10
Precipitation-hardening stainless steels 4 5
Pressure gas welding 2 29
Preventive maintenance 3 9
Problems of automation 1 10
Procedure qualification 1 14
Process safety 1 16
Processes, brazing 2 12
Procurement scheduling 1 10
Projection welding 2 17
3 4
4 1 , 3 , 5 , 10
Proof testing 1 12

STD-AWS WHB-4 PART 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1778 m 0784r’bC ü510b12 A T 3
Eighth
Edition
Volume Chapter
Properties, mechanical 1 2
Properties of metals 1 5
Q
Qualification 14
Quality, terminology 11
Quality control 14
Quenched and tempered steels 1
R
Radiographic testing 1 12
Reactive metals and alloys 4 10
Reconditioned materials and methods 4 3
Refractory metals and alloys 4 10
Reheat cracking of steel 4 1
Repair welding 3 9
Residual stresses 1 7
Residual stresses, causes of 1 7
Residual stresses, effects of 1 7
Residual stresses, reduction of 1 7
Resistance-implant welding 3 7
Resistance weld discontinuities 1 11
Resistance weld automation 1 10
Resistance welding 3 1,2,4,
7,5
4 1 , 2 ?3 , 4 ?
8, 9, 10
Resistance welding, survey of 1
Resistance welding electrodes 19
Resistance welding equipment 19
Rhenium 10
Rhodium 10
Robotic welding 10
Ruthenium 10
Safe practices 1
3
Safe practices, brazing

Safety and health
Schaeffler constitution diagram
Seam welding

S T D - A W S WHB-4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L L998 U 0'7BirZb5 0 S L O b L 3 73T W
Eighth
Edition
Volume Chapter
Shielded metal arc welding 2 2
3 1, 3,
4, 10
Shielded metal arc welding 4 1-10
Shielding gas moisture content 4 1
Short-circuiting transfer 4 7
Silicon bronze 3 3
Silver 3 4
4 10
Sizing steel welds 1 5
Soldered joint discontinuities 1 11
Soldering 2 13
3 1 , 2 , 3,
4,5
4 3,5,
8, 10
Soldering economics 1 8
Soldering metallurgy 1 4
Soldering safety 2 13
Solders 2 13
Solid-state circuitry, power source 2 1
Solid-state weld discontinuities 1 11
Solid-state welding 3 3
4 10
Solid-state welding, survey of 1 1
Solidification rates 1 3
Specifications, qualification of 1 14
Specifications, sources of 1 13
Spin welding 3 7
Spot welding 2 17
3 L2,
374
1-10
Spot welding, gas metal arc 4
Sprayed zinc coating 3
Spraying, thermal 28
Stainless steel cladding, heat treatment of 7
Stainless steels 5
Standardization of qualification 14
Standards, sources of 13
Steel 1,2,3,
4,5
Steel, infiltration of, by copper 4 6
Stress-corrosion cracking 4 529
Stress-relief cracking of steel 4 1
Stress-rupture cracking of steel 4 1
Stresses in surfacing, thermal 4 7
Stresses, residual 1 7
Structural tubular connections 1 5
Stud welding 2 9
3 1,2,7
4 3

Eighth
Edition
Volume Chapter
Submerged arc welding 2 6

3 4
4 1-10
Superaustenitic stainless steels 4 5
Superferritic stainless steels 4 5
Surfacing 4 7
Surfacing metals 4 7
Surfacing processes 4 7
Survey of joining and cutting processes 1 1
Symbols for welding, brazing, and nondestructive
examination 1 6
Symbols for inspection 1 6
Tantalum 4 10
Tantalum alloys 4 10
Tensile properties of welded joints 1 12
Terms and definitions 1 APP-A
Terneplate 4 3
Testing, mechanical 1 12
Testing, weldability 1 4
Testing of welded joints 1 12
Thermal cutting economics 1 8
Thermal spray operator qualification 1 14
Thermal spraying 2 28
Thermal spraying surfacing 4 7
Thermal spraying, survey of 1 1
Thermal spraying tests 1 12
Thermal treatments of weldments 1 7
Thermit welding 2 29
Thermit welding cast irons 4 8
Thermoplastics, welding of 3 6
Tin-plated steel 4 3
Titanium 4 9
Titanium alloys 4 9
Tool and die steels 4 4
Toughness, fracture 1 7
Tubular connections, structural 5
Tungsten carbide 4 7
Tungsten, welding of 11
Turning rolls 9
Turntables 9
Ultrahigh strength steels 2

Ultrasonic testing 12
Ultrasonic welding 25
3767
10
Underbead cracking in steel 1

S T D - A W S WHB-Li PART 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1 4 7 8 M 078q2b5 05113bL5 5 0 2
Eighth
Edition
Volume Chapter
Underwater cutting 3 10
Underwater welding 3 10
Unified numbering system, SAE-ASTM 4 4,5,9
Upset welding 2 17
4 1, 375
Uranium 4 10
Vacuum-purge welding chamber 4 9, 10

Ventilation 1 16
Vibration welding 3 7
Visual inspection 1 15
Weld discontinuities, significance of 1 11

Weld distortion 1 7
Weld quality 1 11
Weld thermal cycles (typical) 1 3
Weldability, commercial alloys 1 4
Weldability testing 1 4
Welded joints, corrosion testing 1 12
Welded joints, design of 1 5
Welded joints, elevated temperature behavior 1 12
Welded joints, evaluation 1 12
Welded joints, fatigue properties 1 12
Welded joints, performance of 1 12
Welded joints, tensile properties 1 12
Welded joints, testing of 1 12
Welded performance qualification 1 14
Welding, inspection of 1 15
Welding, physics of 1 2
Welding, safe practices in 1 16
Welding applications 3 1-10
Welding automation 1 10
Welding codes 1 13
Welding costs 1 8
Welding designs 1 5
Welding fixtures 1 9
Welding inspector(s) 1 15
Welding inspector qualification 1 14
Welding metallurgy 1 4
Welding of ceramics 3 8
Welding of composites 3 7
Welding of metals
Aluminum and aluminum alloys 3 1
Austenitic manganese steel 4 2
Austenitic (Cr-Ni)stainless steels 4 5
Beryllium 4 10
Carbon steels 4 1
Cast iron 4 8

Chromium (4to 10%)-molybdenum steels 4 1
Chromium stainless steels 4 5
Cobalt alloys 3 4
Copper and copper alloys 3 3
Gold 4 10
Hafnium 4 10
Iron 4 1
Lead 3 5
Low-alloy steels 4 1
Magnesium and magnesium alloys 3 2
Molybdenum 4 10
Nickel and nickel alloys 3 4
Niobium 4 10
Palladium 4 10
Platinum 4 10
Precious metals 4 10
Reactive metals 4 10
Refractory metals 4 10
Silver 4 10
Steel 4 1-5
Tantalum 4 10
Titanium and titanium alloys 4 9
Tungsten 4 10
Uranium 4 10
Wrought iron 4 1
Zinc 3 5
Zinc-coated steel 4 3
Zirconium 4 10
Welding of plastics 3 6
Welding procedure specifications 1 14
Welding processes
Atomic hydrogen welding 2 29
Bare metal arc welding 2 29
Brazing 2 12
Carbon arc welding 2 29
Cold welding 2 29
Diffusion brazing 2 26
Diffusion welding 2 26
Electrogas welding 2 7
Electron beam welding 2 21
Electroslag welding 2 8
Explosion welding 2 24
Flash welding 2 18
Flash welding machines 2 19
Flux cored arc welding 2 5
Forge welding 2 29
Friction welding 2 23
Gas metal arc welding 2 4
Gas tungsten arc welding 2 3
Gas welding 2 11
High-frequency welding 2 20
Hot-pressure welding 2 29

S T D - A W S WHB-Li P A R T 2 INDEX-ENGL
345 m
Eighth
Edition
Volume Chapter
Laser beam cutting 2 16

Laser beam welding 2 22
Oxyfuel gas welding 2 11
Percussion welding 2 18
Plasma arc welding 2 10
Projection welding 2 17
Projection welding machines 2 19
Seam welding, resistance 2 17
Seam welding machines 2 19
Shielded metal arc welding 2 2
Spot welding, resistance 2 17
Spot welding machines 2 19
Stud welding 2 9
Submerged arc welding 2 6
Thermite welding 2 29
Ultrasonic welding 2 25
Upset welding 2 18
Upset welding machines 2 19
Welding safety 1 16
Welding specifications 1 14
Welding standards 1 13
Welding symbols 1 6
Weldment design 1 5
White cast iron 4 8
WRC-1992 constitution diagram 4 5367
Wrought iron, weldability of 1 1
Zinc, welding of 3 5
Zinc-aluminum coated steel 4 3
Zinc-rich painted steel 4 3
Zirconium 4 10
Zirconium alloys 4 10

S T D O A W S WHB-Li P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1798 I 0 7 8 4 2 b S 051Ob18 211 I
Abrasion, types of 395 Applications

Abrasion resistance 427,430,431 automotive coated steels 185-1 87
Abrasion resistance, hardfacing for 394 automotive fuel tank production 187-188
AF1410 alloy steel 77, 79, 79 carbon and low alloy steels 65-71
filler metals 79 carbon steels 15
heat treatment 79 cast irons 4 7 4 4 8 4
mechanical properties 79 clad steel 385
Air carbon arc cutting coated steels 185-195
carbon steels 16-18, 25 dissimilar metals 384
high-strength low alloy steels 36 fabricated aluminized 409 stainless steel tubing
quenched and tempered steels 48 188-194
stainless steels 325 gold welding in microelectronics 575-576
Alloying elements high-alloy steels 107-109
carbide forming 425 joining painted steels in appliance manufacturing
effect of manganese additions 76 194-1 95
Aluminized steel 155-158 stainless steels 327-330
arc welding 160 surfacing 434-435
carbon steel 155-162 titanium and titanium alloys 530-537
continous hot dip 155, 162 tool and die steels 223-230
tungsten wire welding for temperature measure-
diffusion coatings 156-158
ment 577
flux cored arc welding 161
zirconium tubing to nuclear fuel rods 576-577
fusion process 159-162
Arc welding
gas metal arc welding 161, 162 aluminized steel 160
gas tunsgten arc welding 161, 162 austenitic stainless steel 277-286
high frequency-resistance welding 160, 162 carbon steel 16-1 8
oxyacetylene welding 161 ferritic stainless steels 254-256
projection welding 160 hardfacing by 393
resistance seam welding 160, 162 heat-treatable low alloy steels 55-56
resistance spot welding 159 martensitic stainless steels 250-251
resistance welding 159-160 molybdenum and tungsten 563
resistance welding schedules 159 precipitation-hardening stainless steels 300-302
restoration of corrosion resistance 162 silver 572
shielded metal arc welding 160 ternplate 113
soldering 161 tool and die steels 209-220
stainless steel 162 Austenitic manganese steel 96-105
upset welding-high frequency 160 alloying additions 99
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S T D m A W S W H B - 4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1778 II 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 U51ClbL7 1 5 8 W
596 INDEX
applications 96, 107 chromium equivalent 266,269

as-cast microstructure 96, 97 compositions 257-258
austenitizing temperature 96-97 consumable inserts 279
carbide precipitation 97 corrosion resistance of weld metal 277, 402
carbon content 96,98 crack propagation 275
cast alloys 96 cross wire welding 289
compositions 96 DeLong constitution diagram 26.5-267, 275, 353
embrittlement 97 delta ferrite in 261, 268, 270, 274, 357
equilibrium diagram 96 dilution 283
filler metal selection 102-103 distortion control 277
general description 77, 96 electron beam welding 293
hot shortness 100 electroslag welding 293
hydrogen embrittlement 102,280 ferrite content, effects of, on welding 264
impact properties 100, 103 ferrite in 257, 261,261-264,402
interpass temperature i 03 ferrite influence on weld cracking 268-270
manganese content 96, 98 ferrite measurement 264,267,268,269
material properties 99-102 ferrite morphologies 263
mechanical properties 96, 97, 100-1 02 ferrite number (FN) 261,262,265,266,267,
metallurgy 96-99 269,275,277,283,284
phosphorus content 99, 102, 103,105 ferrite, acicular 264
physical properties 99-100 ferrite, eutectic 262, 263
reheating embrittlement 97 ferrite, matrix 264
repair welding 105 ferrite, vermicular 263
silicon content 98 filler metal for cryogenic service 268,270,277,
sulfur in 99 281
supplementary reading list 110 filler metal for high temperature service 277
tensile properties 100 filler metal selection 277-279
welding considerations 102-105 flash welding 293
welding dissimilar steels 105, 106 flux cored arc welding 281
welding electrodes 102-103, 105 flux cored arc welding shielding gases 28 1
welding heat input 103 flux cored electrodes 28 1
welding procedures 103-104 for hardfacing 395
work hardening 102 gas metal arc welding 267, 281
wrought alloys 96 gas metal arc welding shielding gases 28 1
Austenitic stainless steels 257-296. See also Stain- gas tungsten arc welding 267,281-282
less steels. gas tungsten arc welding shielding gases 282
alloying elements, effects of 260, 279, 284 HAZ sensitization 272,275,282
annealing 274, 275 heat treatment 285
annealing, solution 295 high temperature exposure 270-276, 321
ANSIAWS A4f.2 265,267 hot cracking resistance 260
arc welding 277-286 improved machinability 257
ASTM specifications 327 intergranular corrosion 271-274
austenite solidification 261 intergranular penetration 320
backing rings 279 knife-line attack 274
base metals 259-26 1 laser beam welding 270
brazing 315, 316 mechanical properties 284-285
carbide formation 275-276 metal transfer mode 281
carbide precipitation 271-274,278, 284, 285, metallurgical characteristics 259-270
288 microstructural modifications 271
carbon control 277 moisture in weld consumables 277,284
cast alloys 257 molybdenum 277
chi phase 276, 277 nickel equivalent 269

STD.AWS WHB-4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1778 I 0 7 8 L i 2 b 5 05LOb20 7 7 T
INDEX 597
nitrogen pickup 267 welding processes 327
oxyacetylene welding 286 WRC-1992 diagram 264,265-267,270,353
plasma arc welding 282 wrought alloys 257,293
postweld heat treatment 295-296
preparation for welding 280
projection welding 289
projection welding electrodes 289
properties 258 Beryllium 550-5.53
rapid solidification and cooling rates 270 braze welding 552
residual stresses 275 braze welding filler metals 552
resistance welding 286 brazing 552
Schaeffler diagram 264-266 brazing filler metals 552
seam welding 270,273,289 brazing flux for 552
seam welding distortion 271, 289 contact resistance 5.51
seam welding electrodes 289 cracking of 55 1
shielded metal arc welding 279-280 diffusion welding 55 i
shielding gases 281 flux residue, toxic 552
sigma phase in 261,275-276,284,357 fusion welding 55 i
spot weld distortion 268, 269,289 gas metal arc welding, pressurized 552
spot weld nugget size 288 grain boundary penetration 55 1
spot weld shrinkage 289 grain size effect 551
spot weld, pickling of 288 heat input 551
spot welding 287-28 9 heat-affected zone 551
spot welding electrodes 288 oxidation of 551
stress relief 275,296 products, wrought 55 1
stress relief, postweld 285 properties 550-55 1
stress-corrosion cracking 275 safe practices 553
stress-rupture strength 284 soldering 553
submerged arc welding 268,282-284 supplementary reading list 578
submerged arc welding electrodes 283,284 surface preparation 551
submerged arc welding flux 268,283-284 titanium hydride coating 552
Suutala diagram 270 Braze welding
time-temperature-precipitation (TTP) curves 272 aluminum to titanium 368
tungsten electrodes 282 beryllium 552
undercut 282 galvanized steel 153
upset welding 293 titanium to steel 377
weld cracking 261,282 Brazing
weld distortion 277 beryllium 552
weld joint designs 279 gold 570-571
weld metal 261 heat-treatable low alloy steels 56
weld metal creep ductility 277,284 high-strength low alloy steels 36
weld metal ferrite 269 molybdenum 565-566
weld metal fissuring 270 niobium alloys 561
weld metal mechanical properties 276, 284,285 quenched and tempered steels 56
weld metal metallurgical characteristics 276 silver 374, 572
weld metal microstructures 261,262,270,282 stainless steels 315-324
weld metal solidification 261-263,267-268,270 tantalum and tantalum alloys 557
weld metal toughness 278, 284,285 titanium and titanium alloys 527-529
weld root surface 280 tool and die steels 221-222
weld slag removal 280 tungsten 565-566
welding filler metals 258,261, 327 zirconium and zirconium alloys 548-549
welding procedures 283 Brazing of carbon steel 21-25

S T D - A W S WHB-4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1998 0 7 8 4 2 6 5 0 5 1 0 6 2 1 BOb 9
598 INDEX
atmospheres 24 weldability 2, 3-9

filler metals 21 welding classification 2-3
joint clearance 24 welding processes 7
metallurgical considerations 24-25 welding rods 19
process and equipment 21 Carbon equivalent 3-4
Buildup 397 Carbon migration during heat treatment 402
applications 397, 429 Carbon steels 11-25
definition of 392, 397 air carbon arc gouging 25, 71
purposes of 397 aluminized steel 155
Buttering 397 applications, flash welding pipe 65-66
definition of 392 applications, pipeline welding 65
nickel alloys for 433 arc welding 16-18
purposes of 397 brazing 21-25
welding processes for 397 carbon content 11
carbon content-hardness relationship 1 4
carbon equivalent 3-1, 65
carbon equivalent formula i 1
Carbon and low alloy steels 2-73 classification 4, 11
applications 2, 65-71 covered electrodes for 5, 7-8, 14, 16
bainite microstructure 6 description 3, 11
cold cracking 4 electrogas welding 18
contributing conditions 4 electroslag welding 18
cracking, avoidance of 6, 7 embrittlement of 13
delayed cracking 4 flux cored arc welding 17
diffusible hydrogen limits 5, 47 friction welding 2 1
ferritic microstructure 6 gas metal arc welding 14
filler metal 3 gas shielded arc welding electrodes 16-17
fisheyes in 7 gas tungsten arc welding 14
general considerations 3-10 hydrogen 11
heat-affected zone cracking 6 hydrogen induced cracking 6, 11
heating cycle, interruption of 9 interpass temperature 13
hydrogen embrittlement 6, 7 lead in 13
hydrogen induced cracking 4,4, 5, 6, 7, 8 low hydrogen electrodes 65
hydrogen sources 4-6,7 manganese content 11
interruption of welding 9 mechanical properties, pipe 65
joining processes 3 microstructure 3
joint restraint 9 nonmetallic inclusions in 13
lamellar tearing 9-10 oxyacetylene welding 18-19
martensitic microstructure 6 oxyfuel gas cutting 25
microstructure and cracking 6 plasma arc cutting 25
postheating 7, 8 plasma arc welding 14
preheating 7, 8 preheat 13,25
product form 2 product classification 11
safe practices 10 product forms 11
solidification cracking 10 resistance welding 19
stresses in 6 shielded metal arc welding 16, 65
supplementary reading list 73 submerged arc welding 14
thermal treatments 2, 8 sulfur and phosphorus, effect of 13
underbead cracking 4, 6 thermal cutting 25
weld backing 10 weld cool rate 1 3
weld metal cracking 6-7, 10 weldability 11
weld metal microcracks 4, 7 weldability considerations î î

INDEX 599
Cast irons 4 3 8 4 8 6 . See also Compacted graphite gas metal arc welding shielding variations 466
cast iron, Ductile cast iron, Gray iron, Malleable gas tungsten arc welding filler metal 461, 469
cast iron. gas tungsten arc welding shielding gas 468
abrasive blasting 451 general description 4 3 8 4 3 9 , 4 4 0
alloy cast irons 438,483 general properties 4 3 9 4 4 8
aluminum bronze overlay 480 graphite form (shape)440, 441,458
application case histories 440,476-484 graphite microstructure 441
applications 453,466,474484 gray iron electrodes 458
arc cutting 474 heat treatment 441
arc welding 453 heat-affected zone 440,452,456458, 470
arc welding joint design 450 heat-affected-zone microstructure 470
base metal preparation 450-451 impregnated with oil 450
braze weld joint efficiency 472 impregnated with sealer 451
braze welding 472 ingot mold repair application 4 7 6 4 8 0
braze welding filler metals 462-463 iron base filler metal 458-459
braze welding fluxes 462,475 iron carbides 441
braze welding repairs 472 joint designs 450
braze welding techniques 472 low hydrogen filler metal 459
brazed joint clearance 474 martensite 440,456, 461
brazing 472 martensite tempering 453, 458
brazing filler metals 473 matrix tempering 458
brazing flux 473 mechanical properties 439,441,442,450,462,
brazing procedures 474 470
brazing processes 473 metallurgical considerations 4 5 6 4 5 8 , 4 7 2
broken or cracked castings 472,475 microstructure 456
buttering for welding 464 mild steel electrodes for 459
carbon forms 440,461 mooring buoy application 455,481-483
casting buildup 475 nickel and nickel alloy filler metals 459,460,469,
categories of 438 477
chemical composition 438 other joining processes 472-474
cleaning methods 451 oxyacetylene braze welding 472
copper alloy electrodes 472 oxyacetylene welding 471
covered electrodes for 453,458,463 oxyacetylene welding filler metal 463,471,472
cracking 452,459 oxyacetylene welding fluxes 463
crane hoist drum application 476 oxyfuel gas cutting 474
cutting, grinding, machining 474 partially melted region 458
dam wheel salvage, application of 463,480 pearlitic cast iron 457
dilution 459,463,466 peening of weld metal 453
electrochemical cleaning 45 1 phase diagrams 456
electrodes, graphite coated 459 physical properties 439,459
extrusion ram restoration 453,481 plastic ductility 438
fabrication of 438,463,475 porosity 463
ferritic cast iron 457 postweld heat treatment 474
filler metal effects 466, 472 precoating 472
filler metal selection 449, 452,458, 468,483 preheating 451453,471,472,481
flux cored arc welding 465, 476,481 repair of machining defects 475
flux cored arc welding filler metal 460 repairs to 438,439,440,463, 475
fly wheel repair application 45 1 , 4 8 1 safe practices 474
fusion zone 458 salvage and repair operations 4 7 5 4 7 6
gas metal arc welding 466-468 shielded metal arc welding 4 6 3 4 6 5
gas metal arc welding filler metal 460461,468- shielded metal arc welding backstep sequence 464
469 shielded metal arc welding bead type 463

600 INDEX
shielded metal arc welding block sequence 464 joint design 60

shielded metal arc welding buttering 464 normalizing 59, 64
shielded metal arc welding cascade sequence 465 postweld heat treatment 59, 63-64
shielded metal arc welding filler metal 459-460, preheat 60-61
468 properties 57-59
soldering 472 quench cracking 59
stainless steel electrodes 459 quenching 59
strength considerations 449-450 stress relief 63
stress relief 455 temper embrittlement 58
stress shrinkage 459, 461,481 tempering 59, 61
stress-strain curves 438, 460 typical uses 57
submerged arc welding 470 upset welding 64
submerged metal arc welding filler metal 461,470 weld joint design 60
submerged metal arc welding fluxes 470 weld metal carbon content, effects of 59
supplementary reading list 485-486 welding consumables 61
surface preparation 4 5 0 4 5 1 welding filler metals 62-63
thermal cutting 474 welding metallurgy 59
thermal stress relief 455 welding processes for 59
thermite welding 472 Clad steel 370-383
three-lob cam repair application 480 applications 384-385
transfer mode, gas metal arc welding electrode applications, clad powerplant linings 3 85
441,466 applications, Lambton station powerplant 385
typical welding operations 438,448 applications, Mount Storm power station 385
weld joint design 450 applications, Opatovice power utility 385
weld metal 458 applied linings 380-383
weld microstructure 458 austenitic stainless steel cladding 374
weldability 438, 441,449,455 buttering 370, 374
welding, use of 438 choice of lining thickness 381
welding and joining processes 463-474 chromium stainless steel cladding 374
welding conditions 460,480 composite welds 370-372
welding considerations 448-455 copper and copper alloy cladding 374
welding ductile iron flanges to steel pipe 466,483 corrosion considerations 38 1
welding filler metals 439, 4 5 8 4 6 3 description 370
welding flux 470 design considerations 378
welding practices 453 dilution effects 370
welding procedures 438, 457, 471 fabrication considerations 377-378
welding processes 449 failure prevention, lining 383
welding stresses 456 ferrite stainless steel cladding 374
Chromium-molybdenum steels 56-64 filler metals 370
annealing 59, 64 heat treatment 374
arc welding consumables 61-63 joint designs 370, 377
ASTM specifications 58 h i n g fit-up 381
carbon migration in 63 lining shapes and sizes 38 1
compositions 56,57-59 martensite stainless steel cladding 374
creep embrittlement 58, 59 plug welds 382-383
description 3, 56 preparation for lining 380
dissimilar types, welding of 63 silver cladding 374
effect of carbon content 60 thin clad plate 374
electroslag welding 64 titanium cladding 375-377
heat treatment 59 welding 370-378
heating cycle interruption 60-61 welding procedures 195, 370-377,381
hydrogen induced cracking 59, 60 Cladding 392-393

S T D - A W S WHB-Li P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1778 W 078LiZb5 051ObZLI 515
INDEX 601
AWS filler metal specifications 392 DeLong constitution diagram 266

applications 392 Deposition rates 397,405
corrosion testing 393 Diffusion brazing
definition of 392 titanium and titanium alloys 522-523
filler metals for 392 zirconium and zirconium alloys 549
rating system, common corrosion 392 Diffusion coating (aluminized) 156-158
Coated steels 112. See also Aluminized steel, Galva- aluminizing methods 156
nized steel, Painted steel, Terneplate, and Tin- commercial applications 157
plated steel. metallography of 156
, aluminized steels 155-158 weld bevel preparation 158
applications 185-195 welding of 157-158
other coated steels 118-155, 165-176 Diffusion welding
safety and health 185 beryllium 55 1
terneplate 112, 112-113 rhenium 567
tin-plated steel 115-1 18 titanium and titanium alloys 521-522
Cold cracking tungsten 565
carbon steels 4 Dilution, surfacing 399
martensitic stainless steels 249 control of 398-400
Cold welding definition of 398
gold 570 effect of 398
silver 572 amperage 399
Compacted graphite cast iron 447-448. See also arc shielding medium 400
Cast irons. auxilliary filler metal 400
chemical composition 447 bead spacing 399
graphite form 447 electrode extension 399
machinability 447 electrode oscillation 399-400
mechanical properties 447 electrode size 399
postweld heat treatment 455 Ferrite Number 398
weldability 448 polarity 399
Corrosion resistance 392,427,433,434 travel speed 400
Covered electrodes welding position 400
aluminized steel 160 Espy constitution diagram 398
austenitic stainless steel 280 predicting resulting structure 398-399
for chromium-molybdenum steels 61 Schaeffler constitution diagram 398
diffusible hydrogen designators 5, 8 WRC-1992 constitution diagram 398
for ferritic stainless steels 255 welding variables affecting dilution 399-400
low alloy steel 16, 53 Dissimilar metals, welding of 334-389
low-hydrogen steel 7-8, 16 aluminum alloys to steel 366-367
moisture content limitations 7,45 aluminum coating on steel 366
moisture content, excessive 7 aluminum to copper 367
for precipitation-hardening stainless steels 300 aluminum to other metals 367
reconditioning 8, 46 aluminum to steel 366-367
storage 7 , 4 6 , 4 7 aluminum to titanium 368
for surfacing 406,407 aluminum bronze to steel 365
zinc-aluminum coated steel 168 applications 384-385
Cross-wire welding stainless steels applications, ductile iron to steel 384
austenitic stainless steel 289 austenitic manganese steel to carbon or low alloy
steel 105
austenitic stainless steel 341
austenitic stainless steel filler metal 353
austenitic stainless steel to steel 343
Delayed cracking of steel 4 brass to steel 365

S T D - A W S WHB-'i P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1778 D 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0 5 2 0 b 2 5 4 5 1 D
602 INDEX
brass, zinc content limitation 365 mechanical alloys, composition of 368

buttering 338, 341, 358, 363, 365, 366 mechanical alloys, high temperature properties
carbide buildup 343 368
carbon migration in steel 343, 354 mechanical properties 342-343
chromium dilution 363 melting temperatures 338-339
chromium stainless steel to steel 361-362 melting temperatures, effects of 338
chromium stainless steel to steel welds, heat treat- metallurgical compatibility of weld metal 344
ment 362 metallurgical considerations 336
chromium stainless steel to steel welds, heat-af- microstructural stability 343
fected zone 362 moderate temperature service 357
cobalt alloys to steel 362-363 nickel alloys to steel weldments, mechanical prop-
cobalt base alloys 363 erties of 363
copper, iron dilution of 363, 365 nickel alloys, chromium dilution of 363
copper to steel 363-365 nickel alloys, iron dilution of 362-363
copper alloys to nickel alloys 366 nickel alloys, silicon dilution of 363
copper alloys to steel 363-366 nickel alloys to steel 362-363
copper and iron 363 nickel base alloys 362
copper to stainless steel 365 nickel base filler metal 354, 358, 362
copper-nickel alloys to steel 365 nickel filler metal 357, 366
copper-nickel filler metal, iron dilution of 365 other alloy groups 368-369
corrosion considerations 344 other welding considerations 341-342
corrosion resistance 343-344 oxidation resistance 335, 336, 343-344
crevice corrosion 348 physical properties 342-343
cyclic temperature service 343, 358 physical properties, role of 338
definition of 334 pitting corrosion 348
design considerations 361 pitting resistance, weld metal selection for 349
dilution and alloying 335-338 postheat selection 341
dilution calculations 338 postweld heat treatments 341
dilution control 351,363, 365 preheat selection 365
elevated temperature service 355 preheat treatments 341
ESPY constitution diagram 353 preheating 365
ferrite in stainless steel, role of 353 refractory metals (Cb, Mo, Ta, W) 368
filler dilution 336 service considerations 342-344,355-361
filler metal application 345 specific dissimilar metal combinations 353-369
filler metal requirements 344-349 stainless steel to carbon or low alloy steel 343,
filler metal selection 336,342,344,363,366,369 353-362
filler metals, nickel alloys 363 stress, estimate of 361
fundamentals of welding 335-342 suitability for service 334
fusion welding 334 supplementary reading list 388
galvanic corrosion 343, 346-348 tantalum to nickel-chromium alloy 345
galvanic corrosion, application of 348 tantalum to other metals 557
general description 334 tantalum to steel 557
hafnium to other metals 550 thermal conductivity 339
high temperature service 357, 358-361 thermal conductivity effects 339, 340
hydrogen embrittlement of steel 344 thermal expansion 340-341
intermetallics, aluminum 366, 367 thermal expansion effects 342
joint design 342 thermal expansion, definition 340
joint design considerations 342 titanium to other metals 367-368, 529
joint strength 366 titanium to steel 368
low alloying processes 334 transition joint failures 356
magnetic effects 341 transition joints 355
mechanical alloys 368-369 transition piece 361

S T D - A W S WHB-4 P A R T 2 INDEX-ENGL 1 9 9 8 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 05LObZb 378
INDEX 603
weld joint composition 336 duplex stainless steel groups 3 10
weld metal 335 embrittlement 31 1
weld metal composition 335, 338 ferrite content, high 3 1O, 3 11
weld metal composition, estimating 338 flux cored arc welding 3 15
weld metal corrosion properties 345-349 flux cored arc welding electrodes 315
weld metal mechanical properties 344 flux cored arc welding shielding gases 315
weld metal microstructure 346 gas metal arc welding 3 14
weld metal nickel alloy 363 gas metal arc welding electrodes 314
weld metal physical properties 344 gas metal arc welding shielding gases 311, 315
weld metal solidification characteristics 335 gas tungsten arc welding 314
I
weld metal thermal expansion 341 gas tungsten arc welding electrodes 314
weld metal, nickel-copper 362 gas tungsten arc welding shielding gases 312, 314
weld metal-base metal interaction 342 heat input range 313
welding process selection 351 heat-affected zone 309-31 1, 312
zirconium to other metals 549 high temperature heat-affected zone 311, 3 12,
zirconium to steel 549 313
Ductile cast iron 443-446. See also Cast irons. hot cracking 3 11
applications 475 intergranular corrosion 310, 311
filler metal for surfacing 445, 446,483 metallurgical characteristics 311, 311-312
filler metals 384,470,483 microstructure 311
flange to pipe welding, application of 483 physical properties 312
graphite form 384,444 pitting resistance 312
heat treatment 445,455 pitting-resistance-equivalentformula (PRE) 312
inoculation of 445 postweld cleaning 3 15
interpass temperature for 471 postweld heat treatment 313,314
machinability of 445,453 preheat and interpass temperatures 314
mechanical properties 444,445,469 service temperature 31 1
microstructure 444,470 shielded metal arc welding 314
overlay welding procedure 483 shielded metal arc welding electrodes 314
postweld heat treatment 455 shielded metal arc welding shielding gas 313
replacement of cast steel with ductile form 484 sigma phase 314
spheriodization of graphite 444,445 stress corrosion cracking 311, 312
weldability of 384,445,463 submerged arc welding 3 15
welding procedure for steel ring 484 toughness in heat-affected zone 311
welding procedures 471, 484 weld metal microstructure 312
Duplex stainless steel 309-315 weldability 312-313
ANSI/AWS filler metal specifications 313 welding procedure qualification 315
API specifications 315 welding procedures 3 13
arc welding 313-315 welding processes 312, 313
ASME boiler code specifications 311, 313, 315
ASTM specifications 3 10, 3 15
austenite transformation 311
backing gas, nitrogen 313
brazing 3 16 Electrode extension
chemical composition 310 surfacing 399
copper backing, avoidance of using 313 Electrogas welding carbon steels 18,43
corrosion resistance 311, 313 Electron beam welding
crevice corrosion 309-311, 312 aluminum to steel 366
critical-crevice-corrosion-temperature test 312 austenitic stainless steels 295
dissimilar metal joining 313 beryllium 551
duplex stainless steel filler metals 312, 313, 313- dissimilar metals 35 1
314 gold 570

604 INDEX
heat-treatable low alloy steels 56 preheat 254,255

low carbon steel 21 resistance welding 256,257
maraging steels 92 seam welding 257
molybdenum 563 shielded metal arc welding 255
platinum 573 shielding gases 256
quenched and tempered steels 43 short circuiting transfer mode 256
rhenium 567 spot welding 257
titanium and titanium alloys 518-519 spray transfer mode 256
tungsten 563 submerged arc welding 256
uranium alloys 554 submerged arc welding fluxes 256
zirconium and zirconium alloys 548 toughness of 254
Electroslag welding 18 transition temperature 254
austenitic stainless steels 293 weld cracking 254
carbon steels 6, 18 weldability 254
chromium-molybdenum steels 64 welding filler metals 254-255
electrodes and fluxes for carbon steel 18 welding process, other 257
electrodes and fluxes for HSLA steels 32 Filler metals, auxilliary 400, 410
quenched and tempered steels 43 Filler metals, granular 414,430
Espy constitution diagram 398 Filler metals, powdered 404,407,412, 414
Explosion welding Filler metals, surfacing
aluminum to steel 366 AWS specifications for hardfacing metals 393,
tantalum to steel 557 410
zirconium to steel 549 characteristics of 393
classification of 393
coating moisture in SMAW electrodes 402
cobalt base 407,432
copper base 433
Ferritic stainless steels 252-257 electrodes for hardfacing 393
annealing 254 forms 393,404,407
ANSUAWS filler metal specifications 254, 255 irons, high chromium 430,435
arc welding 254-256 irons, low alloy 430
austenitic stainless steel filler metals for 254,255, nickel base 434
25 6 steels, manganese 430
brazing 3 16 steels, martensitic 395
chemical composition 252 steels, pearlitic 396
compositions 252-253 steels, stainless 404,435
corrosion resistance 254 tubular rod and wire design 404
covered electrodes 255 tubular rod electrodes 405, 412,430
flash welding 257 tungsten carbide, composite 430, 434
free-machining types 255 Flash welding
gas metal arc welding 256 austenitic stainless steels 293
gas tungsten arc welding 256 carbon steels 19
grain growth in 254,255 ferritic stainless steels 257
heat-affected zone toughness 254 heat-treatable low alloy steels 56
hydrogen embrittlement 254 high-strength steel pipe 65-66
intergranular corrosion 252,254 martensitic stainless steels 252
low interstitial types 254 medium carbon steels 19
low interstitial welding filler metal 255 mild steel 1 9
metallurgical characteristics 253-254 precipitation-hardening stainless steels 302
nickel alloy filler metals for 254, 255 titanium and titanium alloys 527
nitrogen, effect of 253 tool steels 221
postweld heat treatment 256 Flow-purged welding chamber 512

Flux, submerged arc welding 402 gas metal arc welding procedures 146-151
Flux cored arc welding gas tungsten arc welding 122, 144-146
aluminized steel 161 hot-dip galvanizing 118
austenitic stainless steel 281 intergranular cracking 122, 127
carbon steel 17 laser beam welding 151
cast irons 465 oxyacetylene welding 122
cladding 392 oxyfuel braze welding 133-135
electrodes, carbon steel 8, 17 oxyfuelgas welding 122, 144
electrodes, low alloy steel 17, 53 radiographic appearance 127, 129
electrodes, stainless steel 281 resistance welding 1'19
electrodes for surfacing 412 shielded metal arc welding 122, 124-127, 129,
galvanized steel 130, 151 146
low alloy steels 17 soldering 136, 153-154
steel electrode contamination 17 spot welding 137-139
tool steels 212 square-groove butt joints 130, 146, 149
Free-machining steels 13 submerged arc welding 130
Friction welding 21 T-joints 124-126, 130
aluminum and aluminum alloys 153 weld cracking 119-1 20
aluminum to steel 366 weld metal silicon content 151
low carbon and mild steels 21 weld porosity 129, 130
molybdenum 563 weld spatter 127-129, 149
steel, galvanized 133 weld undercut 124, 126
titanium and titanium alloys 523 welding conditions 123-124, 125, 127, 130, 133
tool steels 221 welding consumable choice 120
welding consumables for 119
welding procedure qualification 121-122
zinc penetration cracking 119, 121
zinc pick-up 137
zinc-alloy coatings 1 i 9
Galvanized steel 118-155 Gas metal arc welding 409
arc stud welding 130-133 aluminized steel 161, 162
ASTM specifications for 118, 155 austenitic stainless steels 281
base metal preparation 120-121 braze welding 135-136, 153
base metal selection 120 carbon steel 14, 17,466
braze welding 133, 136, 153 cast irons 468
braze welding conditions 135, 136 cladding 392
braze welding filler metals 133, 135, 136, 153 ferritic stainless steels 256, 267
braze welding flux 135, 153 galvanized steel 127-129, 146-151
brazing 133 maraging steels 89, 92
butt joints 123-124, 130, 146 plug welds 382
continuous galvanized steel 136-154 precipitation-hardening stainless steels 301
covered electrodes for 124, 126, 146 pulsed arc spray transfer mode 382
electrogalvanized steel 155 pulsed arc technique 4 1O
electrogalvanizing 118 quenched and tempered steels 43
embrittlement during welding 119-121 radiographic appearance 129
fillet weld crack susceptibility 120, 127 shielding gasses 127, 129, 146, 161,409
fillet welds in 127, 146, 149 short circuiting transfer mode 127, 382,410
flux cored arc welding 130, 151 sprayed zinc coating 170
friction welding 133 titanium alloys 515-516
galvanneal coating 153 tool steels 212
gas metal arc braze welding 135-136 uranium 554
gas metal arc welding 120, 127-129, 146-151 zinc-aluminum coated steel 168

606 INDEX
zinc-rich painted steel 173 resistance brazing 571

Gas metal arc welding, pulsed arc 410 resistance welding 570
Gas shielded arc welding soldering 571
carbon steels 16-17 torch brazing 571
carbon steel bare electrodes 16 welding filler metal 570
dissimilar metals 351 Gray cast iron 442-443. See also Cast irons.
hafnium 550 applications 475
heat-treatable low alloy steels 16-17, 55 cementite 461
low alloy steel bare electrodes 17 fly wheel repair application 48 1
nickel-copper weld metal 362 mechanical properties 442-443
shielding gases 17 postweld heat treatment 455
stainless steel 237 preheating 481
Gas tungsten arc welding 407, 408 repair of defective castings 463
aluminized steel 161, 162 surfacing 460
aluminum bronze to steel 365
beryllium 55 1
braze welding 122, 136, i53
braze welding conditions 153
carbon steel 17
chromium-molybdenum steels 60 Hafnium 549-550
dissimilar metals 345 alpha structure 550
electrode contamination 144, 363 annealing 550
ferritic stainless steels 256, 267, 281-282 applications 550
galvanized steel 144-146 beta structure 550
gold 570 characteristics 549
hafnium 550 compatibility with other metals 550
maraging steels 90-92 corrosion resistance 550
molybdenum 563 embrittlement 550
nickel-cobalt alloy steels 82-83, 84 heat treatment of 550
niobium and niobium alloys 559 mechanical properties 550
platinum 573 physical properties 549
precipitation-hardening stainless steels 30 1 stress relieving 550
quenched and tempered steels 71 weldability 550
shielding gases 43, 408,553, 567 Hardfacing 393-394
tantalum 375, 556 abrasion resistance 393, 394-395,434
titanium and titanium alloys 375, 514-515 abrasion types 395
tool and die steels 212 advantages of 394
tungsten 563 corrosion resistance 394, 433
uranium 553 definition of 392
zinc-aluminum alloy coated steel 168 evaluation of factors 394
zirconium 547 grinding abrasion 395
Gold 569-572 hardness of 393, 395,433
alloys 442, 569 heat resistance of 394,433
brazing 570-571 impact resistance 394, 395
brazing filler metais 442, 570-571 metallurgy of 420, 427, 429
brazing flux 571 metal-to-metal wear 396, 433
brazing procedures 570, 571 properties of 393-394
cold welding 570 service conditions 394
fusion welding 570 thermal fatigue of 396
oxidation of 570 wear resistance of 394, 397
oxyacetylene welding 570 Hardfacing alloys 420
properties 569 austenitic stainless steel 398

~
S T D - A W S WHB-4 PART 2 INDEX-ENGL 1 9 9 8 W 0 7 8 q 2 b 5 0510b30 A L 7

INDEX 607
cobalt alloys 3 9 7 , 4 2 5 4 2 6 High alloy steels 76-1 1O

cobalt carbides 4 2 5 4 2 6 carbides in 76
cobalt Laves phase 426 chemical composition 77
copper alloys 433 classification of 77
iron alloys 420 effect of alloy additions 76
iron alloys, applications 420,422,423 embrittlement of 76
iron alloys, high carbon-high manganese (Had- general considerations 76-77
field) 395,399,422,429 metallurgical principles 77
iron alloys, high carbon-low alloy 421 supplementary reading list 110
iron alloys, high manganese-high chromium 397, temper embrittlement 76
423425,429,430,435 weldability 76
iron alloys, low carbon-low alloy 421 High carbon steel 16
I
iron alloys, martensitic stainless steel 421 applications, repair of railroad track 68
iron alloys, tool steel 421 brazing 25
nickel alloys 3 9 9 , 4 2 6 4 2 7 , 4 3 2 chemical composition 68
nickel alloys, Laves phase 426 filler metal selection 16
Heat treatment, postweld postweld heat treatment 16
austenitic stainless steel cladding 402 preheat 16,68
martensitic stainless steel surfacing 402 resistance welding 19
surfaced parts 4 0 2 4 0 3 , 4 2 9 weld metal cracking 16
Heat-resisting steels 234-332 weldability of 16, 76
Heat-treatable low alloy steels 48-56 welding procedures, low hydrogen 16,68
arc welding procedures 55-56 High frequency induction brazing
brazing 56 galvanized steel 133
composition 4 8 4 9 High frequency resistance welding
continuous cooling transformation diagram 49 aluminized steel 160
description 3,48 High-strength low alloy steels 25-36
electron beam welding 56 API specifications 26
filler metals 53-54 applications, mining shovel 67-68
flash welding 56 applications, ship construction 69
gas shielded arc welding 55, 68 applications, submarine bow planes 71
heat input 55 ASTM specifications 26, 67
hot cracking 49 brazing 36
hydrogen induced cracking 48,51 carbon equivalent formula 28
mechanical properties 53 compositions 26
phosphorus limits 49 covered electrodes for pressure vessels 32
postweld heat treatment 54 description 3,25-26
preheat 51,52-53 filler metals, welding 5, 32
preheat and interpass temperatures 52, 53,54 for low-temperature service 26
properties 4 8 4 9 mechanical properties 26
shielded metal arc welding 55 notch toughness 26
solidification cracking 51 postweld heat treatment 32
spot welding 56 preheat 26-29
stress relief 54 properties 25,26
submerged arc welding 55-56 shielded metal arc welding electrodes 32
sulfur limits 49 strengthening 25
tempering temperature effect on tensile strength susceptibility index 29
49,53 thermal cutting 36
tempering temperature effect on weld metal prop- toughness of 25
erties 56 typical uses 26
welding metallurgy 49-52 welding 26-36
welding processes 55-56 welding consumables for 32

S T D - A W S W H B - 4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1998 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 05LOb31 7 5 5 D
608 INDEX
welding process for 31-32 dissimilar metals 35 1

Hot cracking galvanized steel 151
carbon and low alloy steels 10 low carbon steel 21
copper-iron weld metal 363 painted steels 178
heat-treatable low alloy steels 49 quenched and tempered steels 43
nickel alloys 362 titanium and titanium alloys 519
precipitation-hardening stainless steels 300 zirconium and zirconium alloys 548
HP9-4-XX alloy steels 77, 81-83 Low alloy steels 3
GTA welding of 82-83 carbon equivalent 28
heat treatment 82, 83 oxyacetylene welding 19
impact properties 8 1 product forms 26
mechanical properties 79, 81, 82, 83 spot welding 56
metallurgy 8 1 Low carbon steel 14-15
microstructures 8 1 applications, resistance seam weldability 68-69
weldability 82 carbon content 14
Hydrogen diffusion deoxidation practice 14
carbon and low alloy steels 4 electron beam welding 21
Hydrogen embrittlement flash welding 19
austenitic manganese steel 102 laser beam welding 2 1
steel 344 oxyacetylene welding 18
Hydrogen induced cracking 4-9 porosity in 14
avoidance of 7 projection welding 1 9
carbon steels 11 resistance welding 68-69
chromium-molybdenum steels 59 seam welding 68-69
contributing conditions 4 spot welding 19
heat-treatable low alloy steels 51 tin, electroplated 115
hydrogen sources 4-6 weld metal soundness 14
martensitic stainless steels 250
microstructure, effect of 4
mild steel 14
underbead cracking 6
weld metal cracking 7
Malleable cast iron 446. See also Cast irons.
welding process, effects of 7
annealing 446
applications 475
chemical composition 446
ferritic iron 446
graphite form 446
Impact, hardfacing for 395 mechanical properties 446
Impact resistance 427 pearlitic iron 446
Intergranular cracking 10 production of 446
Iridium 574 temper carbon 446
weldability 446
Maraging steels 84-92
aging 85
cleanness for welding 89-90
cold cracking 87
Lamellar tearing in steel 9-10 compositions 85, 88-89
Laser beam brazing cracking 87-88
molybdenum and tungsten 566 electron beam welding 92
Laser beam welding filler cleanliness 89
austenitic stainless steels 295 gas metal arc welding 92

~
S T D * A W S W H B - 4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1998 m 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 051Ob32 b y 1 m
INDEX 609
gas tungsten arc welding 90-92 weld cracking 251

general description 84 weld metal toughness 250
heat input 86, 89 weldability 249-250
heat treatment 85-86 welding filler metals 250
heat-affected zone 86-87 welding precautions 2.5 1-252
heat-affected zone hardness 86 welding process, other 252
hot cracking 87-88, 89 Medium carbon steels 15-1 6
hydrogen embrittlement 87 carbon equivalent i 5
impact properties 92 cold cracking 15
joint designs 90,92 dilution control i 5
material properties 88-89 filler metal selection 15
metallurgy 85-88 heat input 15
physical properties 88 preheating 15
process selection 90-92 stress relief, postweld 15
shielded metal arc welding 92 weldability 15
solution annealing 85 Mild steel 14-15
submerged arc weld properties 92 carbon content 14
submerged arc welding 92 filler metal dilution 15
sulfur embrittlement 87 heat treated 15
weld metal 87 hydrogen induced cracking 14
weld microstructure 86-87 mechanical properties 14, 15
welding considerations 89-92 microstructure 14
welding filler metal 89 oxyacetylene welding 18
welding procedures 90 preheating 14
Martensitic stainless steels 246-252 resistance welding 19
annealing 25 1 underbead cracking 14
arc welding 250-25 1 welding procedures 14
austenitic stainless steel filler metal 249,250, 251 Molybdenum and tungsten 561-566
brazing 3 15 alloys 562
carbon, effect of 248 alloys with rhenium 562
chemical composition 246 arc welding 563
chromium, effect of 248 braze joint clearance 565
cold cracking 252 brazing 565-566
compositions 246-247 brazing atmospheres 565
covered electrodes for 250 brazing filler metals for 565, 566
filler metals 250 brazing flux 565
flash welding 252 brazing processes and equipment 565
free-machining grades 251 brazing techniques 566
heat treatment, effect of 251 diffusion welding 565
heat treatment after brazing 322 ductile-to-brittle transition range 562
heat-affected zone hardness 249, 250, 251,252 electron beam welding 563
hydrogen induced cracking 250 friction welding 563
interruption of heating 250 gas tungsten arc welding 563
metallurgical characteristics 247-249 interstitial impurities 562
nickel alloy filler metals 250 physical properties 562
postweld heat treatment 250, 250-251 properties 561-562
preheating 250,251 soldering 566
resistance welding 252 stress relieving 562, 563
spot welding 252 supplementary reading list 579
stress corrosion cracking 250 surface preparation 563
toughness 248 transition temperatures 562
TTT diagram, Type 410 248 weld joint ductility 562

welding 563-565 Osmium 574
welding precautions 562 Oxyacetylene welding 18-19, 432
aluminized steel 161
austenitic stainless steels 286
carbon steel 18
cast irons 463,471
Nickel-cobalt alloy steels 77-84 low carbon steel 18-19
cleanliness requirements 84 mild steel 18-1 9
general description 77 stainless steels 237
heat input 83, 84 torch tips 153
heat treatment 79, 81, 82, 84 Oxyfuel gas cutting
material properties 79 carbon steels 25
metallurgy 77-79 cast irons 474
multiple pass welding 77 high-strength low alloy steels 36
preweld cleanliness 84 quenched and tempered steels 48
properties 84 stainless steels 324-325
safe practices 106 titanium and titanium alloys 529
welding AF1410 alloy steel 79 Oxyfuel gas surfacing 416-419
welding considerations 83-84 applications, typical 41 7, 4 18
welding filler metals 79, 84 general description 417-41 8
welding HP9-4-20 alloy steel 82 manual surfacing with powdered metal 41 8
welding processes used for 79 preheating 417
Niobium 557-561. See also Niobium alloys. special preparation 417
characteristics 557-559 Oxyfuel gas welding
corrosion resistance 558 galvanized steel 144, 153
mechanical properties 558 gold 570
oxidation of 558 hardfacing 393
physical properties 558 joint design 450
supplementary reading list 578 platinum 573
Niobium alloys 558. See also Niobium. silver 572
aging response 558,559
annealing 559
brazing 561
brazing filler metals for 561
brazing to dissimilar metals 561
cleaning 559 Painted steel 177-1 82
gas tungsten arc welding 559 adhesive bonding 181-1 82
heat treatment 559 arc spot welding 178
heat treatment, inert atmosphere 559 base metal preparation 176
heat treatment, vacuum 559 capacitor discharge stud welding 178
mechanical properties 560 clinching 179-1 8 1
resistance welding 560 coating-to-coating welding 179, 182
spot welding electrode sticking 560 laser beam welding 179
tungsten contamination of weld metal 559 lockseaming 171-175, 179, 182
weldability 558, 559-561 mechanical joining and locking 179-1 8 1
welding conditions, gas tungsten arc 559 projection welding 178
reconditioning 176
repair procedures 176
resistance welding 178
tongue-in-slot 179
Oscillation, electrode 399-400 weld joint design 177

S T D - A W S WHE-4 PART 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1 9 9 8 m 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0510b3Li Lib4 m
INDEX 611
welding processes 177-1 79 Precipitation-hardening stainless steels 296-302
zinc metallizing 177 alloy modifications 300
zinc-rich paints 176 arc welding 300-302
Palladium 573-574 austenite conditioning 296
alloys 574 austenitic types 297, 299, 300
brazing 574 brazing 316
properties 573 compositions 296-297
welding 574 covered electrodes 300
Plasma arc cutting delta ferrite 297
carbon steels 25 electrode storage 300
high-strength low alloy steels 36 filler metals 300
quenched and tempered steels 48 flash welding 302
stainless steels 325 gas tungsten arc welding 301
Plasma arc surfacing 4 1 5 4 1 6 heat treatment 297,299
advantages of 415 heat treatment after welding 299-300
application 415 heat-affected zone 299, 300
hot wire 415 hot cracking 300
powder 415 martensitic types 297, 299
Plasma arc welding mechanical properties 299, 302
metal transfer mode 302
carbon steels 17
metallurgical properties 297-299
cobalt-nickel alloys 84
postweld heat treatment 302
gold 570
preweld heat treatment 300
platinum 573
properties 296-297
titanium and titanium alloys 517
resistance welding 299, 302
tool steels 212
Platinum 573 seam welding 302
brazing 573 semiaustenitic types 297, 300
properties 573 service temperature, maximum 299
soldering 573 shielded metal arc welding 300
stainless steel welding 573 shielding gases 301, 302
welding 573 spot welding 300
Polymeric composites submerged arc welding 302
fiber-reinforced composites 299 weldability 300
fusion bonding 299 welding conditions 302
hot-gas welding 299 welding filler metals 300
induction welding 299 welding process for 300
Precious metals and alloys 568-574 Projection welding
applications 568, 575 aluminized steel 160
applications, gold welding in microelectronics austenitic stainless steels 289
575-576 galvanized steel 143
coatings and film 568 low carbon steel 19
craftsmen, dental technicians 568 painted steels 178
craftsmen, industrial 568 silver 572
craftsmen, jewelers 568 welding schedules for 143
general description 542-543, 568 zinc-aluminum coated steel 167
other precious metals 574
palladium 573-574
platinum 573
silver 572-573
soldering 569
supplementary reading list 579 Quenched and tempered steels 36-48

STD.AWS WHB-4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1 9 9 8 H 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0510635 3 T O H
612 INDEX
brazing 48 zirconium 546-549

compositions 36-37 Reconditioned materials and methods 176
cooling rate 43 reconditioned welded joints 176
description 3, 36 repair sticks and zinc wire 176
electrode hydrogen limits, bare 45 zinc metallizing 177
end-quench hardenability bands 40 Refractory metals and alloys 555-567
fracture toughness 40 applications, tungsten wire welding for tempera-
hardenability 40 ture measurements 577
heat input 43-45 general description 542-543
heat input calculations 44 molybdenum and tungsten 56 1-566
heat input limitations 43 niobium 557-561
heat treatments 8 rhenium 566-567
heat-affected zone cracking 47 supplementary reading list 578-579
heat-affected zone toughness 47 tantalum 555-557
hydrogen induced cracking 45 Reheat cracking of steel 10,47
isothermal transformation 37 Resistance welding
isothermal transformation diagram 37 aluminized steel 159-160
joint design 40-42 austenitic stainless steels 286
moisture content in filler metais 45 beryllium 551
postweld heat treatment 3,47-48 carbon steels 19
preheat 42 ferritic stainless steels 257
preheat, effect on notch toughness 42 galvanized steel 137-139, 141-143
preheat, thermal cutting 48 gold 570
properties 36-37 high carbon steel 1 9
stress relief of weldments 47-48 low carbon steel 19
martensitic stainless steels 252
stress risers, effects of 40
medium carbon steels 1 9
submerged arc welding flux 47
mild steel 19
tempering cut surfaces 48
painted steels 177
tempering response 40
platinum 573
thermal cutting 48
precipitation-hardening stainless steels 302
typical uses 37
silver 572
weld fatigue life 40 stainless steels 237
weld joint design 40 titanium and titanium alloys 523-527
welding consumables 45-47 zirconium and zirconium alloys 548
welding filler metals 45-47 Rhenium 566-567
welding metallurgy 37-40 alloys 567
welding process for 43 annealing, stress relief 567
welding technique 45 corrosion resistance 566
diffusion welding 567
electron beam welding 567
gas tungsten arc welding 567
mechanical properties 566
physical properties 566
Reactive metals and alloys 546-554 powder metallurgy 566
applications, welding zirconium tubing to nuclear product forms 566
fuel rods 576-577 properties 566-567
beryllium 550-553 resistance spot welding 566, 567
general description 542-543 supplementary reading list 579
hafnium 549-550 transition temperature, ductile-to-brittle 566,567
supplementary reading list 578 weldability 567
uranium 553-554 Rhodium 574

S T D B A W S W H B - 4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1998 m 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 051Ob3b 237 m
INDEX 613
Ruthenium 574 zinc-rich painted steel 173-174
Shielding gas moisture content 4 7
Short circuiting transfer 410
Silver 572-573
brazing 572
Safe practices brazing filler metal 366, 375, 572
beryllium 553 brazing fluxes 573
carbon and low alloy steels 1O cold welding 572
cast irons 474 furnace brazing 573
coated steels 185 fusion welding 572
cobalt alloys 106 oxyfuel gas welding 572
dissimilar metals 382-383 porosity in 572
high-alloy steels 106 properties 572
nickel alloys 106 resistance welding 572
soldering 573
stainless steels 326
solid state welding 572
titanium and titanium alloys 530
sulfur attack 572
tool and die steels 223
welding filler metal 572
uranium 554
welding flux 572
zirconium 549
Soldering
Schaeffler constitution diagram 353,357,398
Seam welding
beryllium 553
cast irons 472
galvanized steel 153-1 54
dissimilar metals 351
gold 571
ferritic stainless steels 257
molybdenum and tungsten 566
galvanized steel 141-143
platinum 573
low carbon steel 19 precious metals and alloys 569
precipitation-hardening stainless steels 302 silver 573
terneplate 113 stainless steels 315-324
tin electroplate 116 terneplate 113
welding schedules 141, 143 tin-plated steel 116-1 18
zinc-aluminum coated steel 167 uranium 554
Shielded metal arc welding 405-407 zinc-aluminum coated steel 169
aluminized steel 160 Solid-state welding
austenitic stainless steels 279-281 gold 570
braze welding 136, 153 platinum 573
carbon steel 14, 16 silver 572
cast irons 450,463-465 Spot welding
cladding 392 aluminized steel 159-160
copper-iron alloys 351, 363 aluminum alloy to copper 367
ductile cast iron 445 austenitic stainless steels 288-289
ferritic stainless steels 255 dissimilar metals 351
galvanized steel 122-127, 146, 153 electrodes for 138, 139
heat-treatable low alloy steels 55 ferritic stainless steels 257
high carbon steel 68 galvanized steel 137-139
maraging steels 92 heat treatable low alloy steels 56
plug welds 382 low carbon steel 19
precipitation-hardening stainless steels 300 martensitic stainless steels 252
quenched and tempered steels 43 medium carbon steels 19
sprayed zinc coating 170-171 nickel alloys 160
underwater welding 168 niobium alloys 560

S T D - A W S WHB-q PART 2 INDEX-ENGL 1778 E 078Li2b5 05LOb37 173 I
614 INDEX
painted steel 178 cleaning, postbrazing 322

precipitation-hardening stainless steels 302 cleaning, postsoldering 324
rhenium 567 cleaning, postweld 237-238
series welding 139-141 cleaning, preweld 237-238
terneplate 113 covered electrodes 238,239
titanium and titanium alloys 367, 525 covered electrode storage 239
weld zone characteristics 138-139 definition 234
welding schedules 139, 322 electrodes, bare 238
zinc pick-up on electrode stick 137 filler metal specifications 238-239
zinc-aluminum coated steel 166 flux cored electrodes 246, 325
zinc-rich coated steel 138 flux cored electrode shielding 246
Sprayed zinc coating 169-171 general description 234
carbon dioxide gas metal arc welding 170 grades, stainless steel 234
fillet welds in T-joints 170, 171 grades, stainless steel specialty 234
porosity in welds 170, 171 hot cracking 237, 325
shielded metal arc welding 170-1 71 magnetic properties 235
submerged arc welding 171 metallurgical characteristics 234
weld spatter 170 nickel plating for brazing 322
welding conditions 170, 171 nitriding, inadvertent 322
Stainless steel cladding, heat treatment of 402 oxidation, protection against 237
Stainless steels 234-332 oxyacetylene welding 237
acid pickling 238 oxyfuel gas cutting 324-325
air carbon arc cutting 325 physical properties 235
air carbon arc cutting, metallurgical effect of 325- postbrazing operations 322
326 postsoldering treatment 324
air carbon arc cutting, operation principles of 325 precleaning for brazing 322
ANSVAWS specifications 235,238,239 properties 235
applications 327-330 resistance welding 237
applications, gas expander inlet 235, 327 safe practices 326
applications, repair welding of pipe welds 327- soldering 315, 323-324
329 soldering flux 323
applications, steam turbine stationary vanes 327 soldering flux residue 323, 324
applications, turbine exhaust gas diffuser 330 solders for 323
brazed joints, embrittlement of 321 supplementary reading list 331-332
brazed joints, interface corrosion of 317 surface preparation 238
brazed joint designs 321 surface preparation for soldering 323
brazing 237,315-324 thermal cutting 324-326
brazing, interactions during 317-321 usability classification SMAW electrodes 239-
brazing atmosphere dew point 322 246
brazing atmosphere, vacuum 322 waster plate, cutting 324
brazing atmospheres 316,321, 322 weld joint efficiency 235-237
brazing equipment 321 weldability 235
brazing equipment, vacuum 321 welding filler metals 238-246
brazing filler metal 238,246, 3 16-3 17 welding flux 237
brazing flux 322 welding fume 326
brazing flux residue removal 322 welding process suitability 237
brazing heating methods 316,323 welding processes for 235,237
brazing processes 321,323-324 welding rods 238
brazing stop-off removal 322 welding slag 237
carbon contamination 238 wire feed cutting 324
classification of 235 Steel, infiltration of, by copper 363
cleaning for soldering 323 Stress-corrosion cracking

S T D - A W S WHB-q PART 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1778 D 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 05LOb38 O O T D
INDEX 615
austenitic stainless steels 275 intermetallic precipitation 308
titanium alloys 507 interpass temperatures 308
Stress-relief cracking of steel 47 Laves phase 306
Stress-rupture cracking of steel 47 metallurgical characteristics 306-308
Stresses in surfacing, thermal 403 molybdenum addition, avoidance of 306,308
Stud welding nickel content 306, 308
galvanized steel 130-133 nitrogen additions 306
painted steel 178 nitrogen content 306
Submerged arc welding 4 1 2 4 1 5 postweld cleaning 309
austenitic stainless steels 282-284 postweld heat treatment 308
carbon steel 14, 17-18 preheating, avoidance of 308
chromium-molybdenum steels 62 repair welding 309
clad steels 372 sigma phase 306
cladding 392 sigma phase, formation of (precipitation) 308
dissimilar metals 351 weldability 308-309
electrode-flux combinations, carbon steel 18 welding processes 308
electrode-flux combinations, chromium-molyb- Superferritic stainless steels 302-306
denum steels 62 annealing 305
electrode-flux combinations, low alloy steel 18 annealing, postweld 305
electrodes, carbon and low steel 1 7 chemical composition 303
electrodes, composite 412 chi phase 304, 305
electrodes, solid wire 412 composition 302-303
electrodes, tubular 412 corrosion resistance 303
ferritic stainless steels 268 ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT)
flux 17, 18,415 304,305
flux reconditioning 47 embrittlement 303-304
flux, granular 412 filler metals 305
galvanized steel 130 gas metal arc welding 305
heat treatable low alloy steels 55-56 gas shielding 304
maraging steels 92 gas tungsten arc welding 304, 305
precipitation-hardening stainless steels 302 grain growth 305
quenched and tempered steels 43 hot cracking 305
sprayed zinc coating 171 hydrogen embrittlement 305
stainless steels 237 intergranular corrosion 303
zinc-rich painted steel 174-175 metallurgical characteristics 303
Superaustenitic stainless steels 306-309 preparation for welding 304
acid cleaning 309 sigma phase 304,305
AIS1 300 series stainless steels 306 stress corossion cracking 303
alloy content depletion 308 tacks welds in 305
alloying additions 306, 309 weldability 304-306
applications 306 welding wire, cleanliness of 305
ASTM specifications 306, 308 Surfacing 392-436
brazing 309 applications 434-435
carbide precipitation 306 base metals 406,407,410,420
chemical composition 306 base metals, austenitic steels for 420
chi phase 306 base metals, nickel alloy 420
composition 306 centrifuge application 434
corrosion resistance 309 contamination of surfacing welds 401
cracking, centerline 308 definition 392
filler metal overmatching 308 general description 392
filler metals 308 hardfacing overlays 420
intergranular corrosion 306 hydrogen control 401

S T D - A W S WHB-4 PART 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1798 m 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 05LOb37 Tqb m
616 INDEX
materials 398, 407 semiautomatic welding, advantages of 405

metal forms 404 shielded metal arc welding 405-407
metallurgy of surfacing alloys 420,427 shielded metal arc welding, applications of 406
principles of operation 392-397 shielded metal arc welding, process variables 407
special considerations 398-403 shielded metal arc welding, welding conditions
supplementary reading list 435-436 407
surface finish 403 submerged arc welding 412-415
thermal stresses 403 submerged arc welding, applications 396
turbine runner blade application 435 submerged arc welding, dilution during 413
Surfacing metals 427-434 submerged arc welding, electrode forms 414
applications 429,430,433 submerged arc welding, equipment 414
austenitic molybdenum steel 429 submerged arc welding, materials, base 414
austenitic stainless steel 393, 429, 435 submerged arc welding, process variables 415
austenitic steels 429-430 submerged arc welding, process variations 41 3
chromium-manganese-cobalt alloy 435
classification of alloys 427-429
cobalt alloy 407, 432
copper alloy 433
desired characterisics 427, 433,434
general description 427 Tantalum 555-557. See also Tantalum alloys.
hardness, surfacing layer 427,434 characteristics 555
high carbon-high chromium irons 430
cleaning 556
irons 430
corrosion resistance 555
major ferrous classification 429-432
fixturing for welding 556
major non-ferrous classification 432-433
gas tungsten arc welding 556
martensite cracking tendency 429
mechanical properties 555
martensitic stainless steel 429
martensitic steel 429
mechanical properties 432 powder metallurgy products 555
modification of structure and properties 430 spot welding 556
nickel alloy 432-433 supplementary reading list 578
overlay checking 427 Tantalum alloys 555. See also Tantalum.
oxidation resistance 427 applications, brazing 557
preheating of 432 atmospheric contamination 556
selection of 433-434 brazing 557
semi-austenitic steels 429 brazing atmosphere 557
tungsten carbide composites 430-432 brazing filler metais 557
Surfacing processes 403-420 heat treatment of 555
arc welding 393,404-416, 430,433 high temperature brazing 557
automatic arc welding 405 intermetallic compounds, formation of 557
flux cored arc welding 402,412 low temperature brazing 557
flux cored arc welding, advantages of 412 weld transition temperature 555
flux cored arc welding, disadvantages of 412 weldability 556-557
gas metal arc welding 409-412, 433,435 Terneplate 112-1 13
gas metal arc welding variables 410 application 112
gas tungsten arc welding 407-408,433 arc welding 113
gas tungsten arc welding, procedures 408 ASTM specification 113
general description 403-404 oxyfuelgas welding 113
oxyacetylene welding 434 resistance seam welding 113
oxyfuel gas welding 403,430,431,432 resistance spot welding 113
plasma arc welding 415-416 soldering 113
semiautomatic arc welding 405 Thermal spraying surfacing 419-420

S T D - A W S WHB-4 PART 2 I N D E X - E N G L L q q 8 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0 5 L O b 4 0 7b8
INDEX 617
detonation spraying, high velocity 420 backing, gas shielding 511-512

flame spraying 433 base metal, brazing 527-528
general description 419 beta alloys 492,494, 500
major variations in 419 beta stabilizers 492
plasma arc spraying 419 beta stabilizing elements 492
surfacing materials 420 beta substitutional elements 492
Thermit welding cast irons 472 brazed joint, copper interlayered 522
Tin-plated steel 115-1 18 brazing 527-529
ASTM specifications 116 brazing atmospheres 528, 529
base material 115 brazing effects on 527
electroplated tin 115 brazing filler metal selection 528
other welding methods 116 brazing filler metal, aluminum 528
resistance seam welding 116 brazing filler metal, mechanical properties 528
soldering 116 brazing filler metal, silver 528
soldering procedure 1i 8 brazing filler metals for 528-529
Titanium 488-538. See also Titanium alloys. brazing flux 529
allotropic transformation 494 brazing process for 528
alloying and phase stabilization 489 brazing temperature 522
beta transus 489,492,527 brazing, vacuum atmosphere 529
carbon in 503 brittle intermetallics 528
characteristics 488 chemical cleaning 489, 507, 522, 523
commercially pure 118,493,496, 497, 501, 506 classification of 489
corrosion resistance 488 classifications, general alloy 493
crystallography of 489 cleaning 507, 523
general description 488 commercial titanium alloys 493-494, 4 9 5 4 9 6
hydrogen embrittlement 488 contact resistance 489, 523, 528
hydrogen in 118,490,503 contamination cracking 503, SO6
impurities in 496 cooling rate effects 500
interstitional elements in 4 8 9 4 9 0 corrosion resistance of welds 510
mechanical properties 488,493 defects in titanium welds 501
nitrogen in 503 diffusion brazing 5 19-523,529
oxidation of 488, 504 diffusion welding 5 19-523
oxygen in 503 ductility dip 506
physical metallurgy 489-498 electron beam weld mechanical properties 518
physical properties 488 electron beam weld microstructure 518
supplementary reading list 538 electron beam welding 5 18-5 19
welding filler metal 506-507 electron beam welding conditions 518
welding metallurgy 500-510 embrittlement of 501, SO8
Titanium alloys 488-538. See also Titanium. extra low interstitial 497
alloy categories 493 extra-low interstitial 493
alloying during brazing 528 filler metal cleanliness 507
alloying elements effect 489-492 flash weld joint design 527
alpha alloys 493,494,496, 503 flash welding 527
alpha substitutional elements 4 9 1 4 9 2 fracture toughness 519
alpha-beta alloys 489,490,493,494,495,497, friction weld joint efficiency 523
506,522 friction welding 523
annealing 496,527 furnace brazing 528
annealing, solution 496 gas metal arc transfer mode 515
applications 527,530-537 gas metal arc welding 510, 515-516
applications, aerospace industrial 530-535 gas metal arc welding equipment 516
applications, corrosion-resistant vessels 535-537 gas shielded arc welding 5 10-514
applications, cryogenic 498 gas shielding of 508, 519,527

618 INDEX
gas shielding, backing 516 protection during joining 508-510

gas shielding, secondary 5 1 1 , 5 1 6 protection, atmospheric 508
gas shielding, torch 511 quenching, effects of 490
gas shielding for resistance welding 524 quenching, water 495
gas trailing shield 511, 516, 524 rectifying tower, fabrication 535-536
gas tungsten arc welding 510, 514-515 repair of jet fan blades 532
hardness tests 501, 515 resistance welding 523-527
heat treatment of 494,495,495-496, 527 resistance welding electrodes 524
heat treatment, aging 494,496,497 safe practices 530
heat treatment, solution 496 seam welding 524, 525
heat-affected-zone 500, 519 shielding gas, weld 5 16
hydrogen cracking 505 shielding gas dew point 509
hydrogen embrittlement 504-505 shielding gas purity 508
hydrogen in 490 short-circuiting transfer 516
impurities, interstitial 498, 507 solid solution strengthening 490
induction brazing 528 solutioning and aging 495
inert gas atmosphere 529 spot welding 524, 525
inertia welding rotor spools 532-534 spray transfer mode 516
intermetallic formation 492, 528 stress relieving 496
joint cleanliness 518, 521 stress relieving temperature 507
laser beam welding 5 19 stress-corrosion cracking 507, 528, 529
liquid metal embrittlement 528 substitutional alloying 489, 515
malic acid reactor 537 surface preparation 523
martensite in 495 surface preparation for brazing 521, 522, 529
martensite, tempering of 501 tensile strength-hardness relationship 501
mechanical properties 4 9 7 4 9 8 , 507, 518, 521, thermal cutting 529
527 thermal effects on 495
metal microstructures 496-497 titanium-aluminum alloy system 491-492
metallurgical considerations for brazing 528 torch brazing 528, 529
metallurgical effects of welding 500-501 transformation temperature 494
metastable beta alloys 489,493, 494,495,497, tungsten contamination 5 14
501 weld backing bars 511
micropores 505 weld bend testing 515
microsegregation 5 18 weld cleaning 507-508
microstructure evaluation 494-495,505, 519, weid contamination, interstitial element 489
52 1 weld cooling 500
near-alpha alloys 489,493,494,495 weld cracking 501
nozzle structure application 530-532 weid discontinuities 5 19
oxide scale removal 508 weld joint design 513
oxyfuel gas cutting 529 weld joint efficiency 506
oxygen Contamination 529 weld mechanical properties 501, 514-515
phase transformation 494-495, 500 weld metal corrosion 510
physical properties 525 weld metal structure 500-501
pickling 507, 523 weld metal toughness 501, 514
pipe and tubing, purging 531 weld properties 501
plasma arc welding 510, 517 weld stress relief 507
plasma arc welding of pressure vessels 535 weld surface contamination 509
porosity 501,505-506 weldability 506
postweld heat treatment 501 weldability rating of 506
preheat and interpass temperature 513 welding conditions 514, 516, 525-527
primary gas shielding 5 11 welding consuma bles 5 16
processes for joining 510-529 welding dissimilar alloys 368

S T D - A U S WHB-4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L I4778 m 07811265 0510642 530 m
INDEX 619
welding in a chamber 512-513 filler metal selection for composite fabrication
welding in the open 5 10-5 12 218
welding filler metal 506-507 filler metal, low-alloy steel 227
welding filler metal transfer 516 filler metal, mechanical properties of 227
welding metallurgy 500-510 flame hardening 209
welding procedures 514 flash welding 22 1
welding wing section, B1 bomber 534-535 flood welding of forging dies 226
Tool and die steels 198-231 flux cored arc welding 212
air hardening 208 flux cored electrodes 213
air hardening steels 201,204,213 friction welding 221
AISI filler metals 213 gas metal arc welding 212
alloying elements 199,204,205, 221 gas tungsten arc welding 212,225
annealed tool steel, procedures for 210 general description 198
annealing, full 206 gouging, air carbon arc 226
applications 204,205,206,223-230 groove design for composite fabrication 21 8-219
applications, repair of AISI tooling 228-230 groups, major tool steel 201
applications, repair of casting dies 223-226 hardenability 199,206
applications, repair of forging dies 226-227 hardened tool steels, procedures for 210-212
arc welding 209-220 heat checking 223
arc welding applications 225-226,227,228 heat treatment 204,206-209
arc welding process selection 212 high carbon, high chromium steel 204
ASTM specifications 201 high silicon content steel 204
austenitizing 208 high-speed 205,221
austenitizing temperature 222 hot-work 204-205
base metal for composite tools or dies 218 interpass temperature 215,225
base metal identification 212 local hardening 209
base metal, brazing 221 low-alloy steel filler metal 213
braze joint design 22 1 machinability rating 204
brazing 221-222 maraging steel 223
brazing alloy tool steels 222 medium-carbon-low-alloy steel 226
brazing atmosphere 222 metallurgy 199-200
brazing carbon tool steels 222 mold steels 205
brazing equipment 221 molybdenum type steels 205
brazing filler metals 221, 222 normalizing 208
brazing flux 222 oil hardening types 204
brazing fluxes and atmospheres 222 peening of weld metal 217,229
brazing high-speed tool steels 222 plasma arc welding 212
brazing technique 222 postheating 229
carbon content 204 postweld heat treatment 217,220
chemical compositions 201-203,226 preheating 215,219,226,228
chromium type steels 205 preheating methods 215
classification of 201-206 preparation for welding 213-214,228
cold work 204 procedures for forging die reclamation 226-227
composite fabrication 21 8-220 properties 204,205
cooling 229 quenching (hardening) 208,222
covered electrodes for 213 quenching, water 204
crack avoidance 215 red hardness 199,204
decarburization of 208,222 repair procedures 210-218,223-226
die steels 225 safe practices 223
filler metal categories 213 shielded metal arc welding 212
filler metal forms 213 shielding gases 227
filler metal selection 212-213, 215 shock-resisting 204

~
~
-
STD AWS WNB-'I l ' A R T 2 INDE:f.-EMGL 1196
620 INDEX
slow cooling 21 8 handling 554

spark testing 212 impurities in 553
special purpose 205 oxidation of 553
special purpose filler metals 213 physical properties 553
stress relieving 208 properties 553
supplementary reading list 231 safe practices 554
surface preparation for brazing 222 soldering 554
tempering 209, 218,230 supplementary reading list 578
tungsten-type steels 205 surface preparation 553
underbead cracking 218 welding 553-554
undercutting and surface preparation 213-215 welding position 553
water-hardening 204,208
wear resistance 199,204
weld bead formation 2 15
weld distortion control 217
weld groove design 21 8 Vacuum-purge welding chamber 512,513,547,
weld metal hardness 212 550
weldability 206
welding filler metals 212-213
welding hardened tools 210
welding procedures for composite fabrication 219
welding processes 228 White cast iron 441
welding techniques 215-217 WRC-1992 constitution diagram 398
workpiece positioning 215
Tungsten carbide 4 3 0 4 3 2
welding rods and electrodes 404
Zinc-aluminum coated steel 165-169

Galfan0 alloy 165, 167,169. Galfan is registered
trademark of the International Lead Zinc Re-
Ultrahigh strength steels 77-95 search organization.
characteristics 77 Galvalume0 alloy 165, 167, 169. Galvalume is
design guidelines 84 registered trademark of BEIC International,
Ultrasonic welding Inc.
gold 570 gas metal arc welding 169
Underbead cracking in steel 6 gas tungsten arc welding 168
Unified numbering system, SAE-ASTM 201, 235, projection resistance welding 167
493 resistance seam welding 167
Upset welding resistance spot welding 166
aluminized steel 160 resistance welding electrodes 166
austenitic stainless steels 293 resistance welding schedules 166
chromium-molybdenum steels 64 shielded metal arc welding 168
Uranium 553-554 soldering 169
alloys 553 Zinc-rich painted steel 171-175
cold cracking 553 excessive coating thickness 173
delayed cracking 553 gas metal arc welding 173
depleted 553 porosity in welds 173, 174
electron beam welding 554 shielded metal arc welding 173
fire hazard 554 submerged arc welding 174-175
gas metal arc welding 554 welding conditions 173, 174
gas tungsten arc welding 553 Zirconium 546-549

S T D - A W S WHB-Li PART 2 INDEX-ENGL 1798 07842b5 I15LObY4 303
INDEX 621
alloying and phase stabilization 546-547 commercial 547
characteristics 546 contact resistance 548
cleaning 547 diffusion brazing 549
contamination 546 dissimilar metals 549
corrosion resistance 546 gas tungsten arc welding 547 .
mechanical properties 547 gettering effect 548
oxidation of 546
heat treatment 547
hot isostatic gas pressure welding 549
safe practices 549
supplementary reading list 578 intermetallic compounds in 547
unalloyed zirconium metal 546 mechanical properties 547
Zirconium alloys 547 nuclear grades 547
alpha stabilizers 546 porosity 547
annealing 547 resistance welding 548
beta stabilizers 547 stress relieving 547
brazing 548-549 weldability 547-548
brazing filler metals for 549 welding filler metals 547


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S T D - A W S W H B - 4 P A R T 2 I N D E X - E N G L 1198 R 07842b5 0 5 L O L O 5 bb3 II

COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.

Capacitor discharge stud welding 2 9

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Covered electrodes 3 134

. Definitions, terms and 1 APP-A

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Fatigue properties of welded joints 1 12

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Gases, physical properties 1 2

Impact, hardfacing for 4 7

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Lamellar tearing in steel 1

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Nondestructive examination (testing) 1 15

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Safe practices, brazing

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Submerged arc welding 2 6

Ultrahigh strength steels 2

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Vacuum-purge welding chamber 4 9, 10

Weld discontinuities, significance of 1 11

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Laser beam cutting 2 16

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Abrasion, types of 395 Applications

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applications 96, 107 chromium equivalent 266,269

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atmospheres 24 weldability 2, 3-9

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shielded metal arc welding block sequence 464 joint design 60

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AWS filler metal specifications 392 DeLong constitution diagram 266

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brass, zinc content limitation 365 mechanical alloys, composition of 368

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heat-treatable low alloy steels 56 preheat 254,255

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zinc-rich painted steel 173 resistance brazing 571

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S T D - A W S WHB-4 PART 2 INDEX-ENGL 1 9 9 8 W 0 7 8 q 2 b 5 0510b30 A L 7

cobalt alloys 3 9 7 , 4 2 5 4 2 6 High alloy steels 76-1 1O

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welding process for 31-32 dissimilar metals 35 1

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gas tungsten arc welding 90-92 weld cracking 251

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brazing 48 zirconium 546-549

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