HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL

In the winter of 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (United States), William G.

Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game
called Mintonette, a name derived from the game of badminton, as a pastime to
be played (preferably) indoors and by any number of players. The game took
some of its characteristics from other sports such as tennis and handball. Another
indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just
ten miles (sixteen kilometres) away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only
four years before. Mintonette was designed to be an indoor sport, less rough than
basketball, for older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic
effort.

From basketball, William G. Morgan took the ball. From tennis the net. The
use of hands and the ability to play off the walls and over hangs, he borrowed
from handball. And, from baseball, he took the concept of innings. The game of
volleyball was quite a bit different from what we're used to. It was played on a
smaller 25'x50' court, with an unlimited number of players hitting the ball an
unlimited number of times, on either side of a 6'6" high net. Things tended to get
a little crowded. Each game was broken up into nine innings, each inning made up
of three outs, or "serves". These serves could be helped over the net by a second
player, if the server didn't quite reach the net.

The basketball originally used proved to be a little too heavy, and the
subsequent use of a basketball bladder, too soft. Morgan remedied this by
contacting A.G. Spalding, a local sporting goods manufacturer who designed a
special ball - a rubber bladder, encased in leather, 25" or so in circumference. The
"volleyball".

The first rules, written down by William G Morgan, called for a net 6 ft 6 in
(1.98 m) high, a 25 ft × 50 ft (7.6 m × 15.2 m) court, and any number of players. A
match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each
inning, and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending
the ball to the opponents' court. In case of a serving error, a second try was
allowed. Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point
or a side-out)—except in the case of the first-try serve.
After an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the
game at its first exhibition match in 1896, played at the International YMCA
Training School (now called Springfield College), the game quickly became known
as volleyball (it was originally spelled as two words: "volley ball").
The first official ball used in volleyball is Spalding created the first official
ball in 1896.The rules evolved over time: in 1916, in the Philippines, the skill and
power of the set and spike had been introduced, and four years later a "three
hits" rule and a rule against hitting from the back row were established. In 1917,
the game was changed from requiring 21 points to win to a smaller 15 points to
win.

The court dimensions

A volleyball court is 9 m × 18 m (29.5 ft × 59.1 ft), divided into equal square

halves by a net with a width of one meter (39.4 in).The top of the net is 2.43 m
(7 ft 11 11⁄16 in) above the center of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 m
(7 ft 4 3⁄16 in) for women's competition, varied for veterans and junior
competitions.
The minimum height clearance for indoor volleyball courts is 7 m (23.0 ft),
although a clearance of 8 m (26.2 ft) is recommended.
A line 3 m (9.8 ft) from and parallel to the net is considered the "attack
line". This "3 meter" (or "10-foot") line divides the court into "back row" and
"front row" areas (also back court and front court).These are in turn divided into 3
areas each: these are numbered as follows, starting from area "1", which is the
position of the serving player.

The Ball

FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical, made of leather or
synthetic leather, regulated with circumferences between 25.6”-26.4”| 65-67 cm,
weights of 9.2-9.9 oz | 260-280 g, and must maintain an internal pressure of
0.30–0.325 kg/cm2. The diameter of a volleyball is between 8.15”-8.4” | 20.7-21.3
cm.

The Net

Volleyball nets run the entire width of the court (29’6” | 9 m) and are held rigid by
outer poles typically set 3’ | .91 m from the court. The center height of a
volleyball net differs for men’s and women’s play with men’s nets regulated at a
height of 7’ 11.69” | 2.43 m and women’s at 7’ 4.35” | 2.24 m. The dimensions of
the playing court are identified by two antenna extending 32” | 80 cm above the
net. Volleyball nets are 39” | 1 m from top to bottom and are constructed with a
polypropylene or nylon netting with a mesh size of 3.9” | 10 cm and are capped
with stiff headbands along the perimeters. Volleyball nets are typically made with
black netting with white headbands.

Scoring
A point is scored when the ball contacts the floor within the court
boundaries or when an error is made: when the ball strikes one team's side of the
court, the other team gains a point; and when an error is made, the team that did
not make the error is awarded a point, in either case paying no regard to whether
they served the ball or not. If any part of the ball hits the line, the ball is counted
as in the court. The team that won the point serves for the next point. If the team
that won the point served in the previous point, the same player serves again. If
the team that won the point did not serve the previous point, the players of the
team acquiring the serve rotate their position on the court in a clockwise manner.
The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points by a two-point margin
awarded the set. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set, if necessary, is
usually played to 15 points. (Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments, and
levels; high schools sometimes play best-of-three to 25; in the NCAA matches are
played best-of-five to 25 as of the 2008 season).
Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve (side-
out scoring) and all sets went up to only 15 points. The FIVB changed the rules in
1999 (with the changes being compulsory in 2000) to use the current scoring
system (formerly known as rally point system), primarily to make the length of the
match more predictable and to make the game more spectator- and television-
friendly.
The final year of side-out scoring at the NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball
Championship was 2000. Rally point scoring debuted in 2001,[21] and games were
played to 30 points through 2007. For the 2008 season, games were renamed
"sets" and reduced to 25 points to win. Most high schools in the U.S. changed to
rally scoring in 2003 and several states implemented it the previous year on an
experimental basis

Libero
The libero player was introduced internationally in 1998, and made its
debut for NCAA competition in 2002. The libero is a player specialized in
defensive skills: the libero must wear a contrasting jersey color from their
teammates and cannot block or attack the ball when it is entirely above net
height. When the ball is not in play, the libero can replace any back-row player,
without prior notice to the officials. This replacement does not count against the
substitution limit each team is allowed per set, although the libero may be
replaced only by the player whom he or she replaced. Most U.S. high schools
added the libero position from 2003 to 2005.
The modern-day libero often takes on the role of a second setter. When the
setter digs the ball, the libero is typically responsible for the second ball and sets
to the front row attacker. The libero may function as a setter only under certain
restrictions. To make an overhand set, the libero must be standing behind (and
not stepping on) the 3-meter line; otherwise, the ball cannot be attacked above
the net in front of the 3-meter line. An underhand pass is allowed from any part
of the court.
The libero is, generally, the most skilled defensive player on the team.
There is also a libero tracking sheet, where the referees or officiating team must
keep track of whom the libero subs in and out for. Under FIVB rules, two liberos
are designated at the beginning of the play, only one of whom can be on the court
at any time.
Furthermore, a libero is not allowed to serve, according to international rules.
NCAA rules for both men and women differ on this point; a 2004 rule change
allows the libero to serve, but only in a specific rotation. That is, the libero can
only serve for one person, not for all of the people for whom he or she goes in.

RECENT RULES CHANGES

Other rule changes enacted in 2000 include allowing serves in which the
ball touches the net, as long as it goes over the net into the opponents' court.
Also, the service area was expanded to allow players to serve from anywhere
behind the end line but still within the theoretical extension of the sidelines.
Other changes were made to lighten up calls on faults for carries and double-
touches, such as allowing multiple contacts by a single player ("double-hits") on a
team's first contact provided that they are a part of a single play on the ball.
In 2008, the NCAA changed the minimum number of points needed to win
any of the first four sets from 30 to 25 for women's volleyball (men's volleyball
remained at 30 for another 3 years, switching to 25 in 2011.) If a fifth (deciding)
set is reached, the minimum required score remains at 15. In addition, the word
"game" is now referred to as "set".

SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL
Serve

A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in an attempt to drive
it into the opponent's court. The main objective is to make it land inside the
court; it is also desirable to set the ball's direction, speed and acceleration so that
it becomes difficult for the receiver to handle it properly. A serve is called an
"ace" when the ball lands directly onto the court or travels outside the court after
being touched by an opponent; when the only player on the server's team to
touch the ball is the server.
Pass
Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle
the opponent's serve or any form of attack. Proper handling includes not only
preventing the ball from touching the court but also making it reach the position
where the setter is standing quickly and precisely.

The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques:

underarm pass, or bump, where the ball touches the inside part of the joined
forearms or platform, at waistline; and overhand pass, where it is handled with
the fingertips, like a set, above the head

Set
The set is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball. The
main goal of setting is to put the ball in the air in such a way that it can be driven
by an attack into the opponent's court. The setter coordinates the offensive
movements of a team, and is the player who ultimately decides which player will
actually attack the ball.

Attack
The attack, also known as the spike, is usually the third contact a team
makes with the ball.The object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on
the opponent's court and cannot be defended. A player makes a series of steps
(the "approach"), jumps, and swings at the ball.

Block
Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or
alter an opponent's attack. A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack,
thus making the ball remain in the opponent's court, is called offensive. A well-
executed offensive block is performed by jumping and reaching to penetrate with
one's arms and hands over the net and into the opponent's area. It requires
anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack takes place. It may also
require calculating the best footwork to executing the "perfect" block.
Dig
Digging is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one's court after a
spike or attack, particularly a ball that is nearly touching the ground.
Player specialization

 Setters have the task for orchestrating the offence of the team. They aim for
the second touch and their main responsibility is to place the ball in the air
where the attackers can place the ball into the opponents' court for a point.
 Liberos are defensive players who are responsible for receiving the attack or
serve. They are usually the players on the court with the quickest reaction
time and best passing skills.
 Middle blockers or Middle hitters are players that can perform very fast
attacks that usually take place near the setter. They are specialized in blocking
since they must attempt to stop equally fast plays from their opponents and
then quickly set up a double block at the sides of the court.
 Outside hitters or Left side hitters attack from near the left antenna. The
outside hitter is usually the most consistent hitter on the team and gets the
most sets. Inaccurate first passes usually result in a set to the outside hitter
rather than middle or opposite.
 Opposite hitters or Right-side hitters carry the defensive workload for a
volleyball team in the front row. Their primary responsibilities are to put up a
well-formed block against the opponents' Outside Hitters and serve as a
backup setter. Sets to the opposite usually go to the right side of the
antennae.
At some levels where substitutions are unlimited, teams will make use of
a Defensive Specialist in place of or in addition to a Libero. This position does not
have unique rules like the libero position, instead, these players are used to
substitute out a poor back row defender using regular substitution rules. A
defensive specialist is often used if you have a particularly poor back court
defender in right side or left side, but your team is already using a libero to take
out your middles.

MAJOR CHANGES OF RULES

1897
* First Volleyball rules published by William G. Morgan.

1917
* Game changes from 21 points to 15 points per set.

1918
* Number of players per team set at six.

1920
* The ball can be played with any other part of the body above the waist. Three
hits per side rule also adopted.
1922
* Back-row players not permitted to spike. Double hit rule introduced. If score is
14 -14, two-point advantage is needed to win. Two timeouts per set for each
team introduced.

1926
* Team reduced to less than six players forfeits match.

1932
* Timeouts limited to one minute.

1935
* Touching the net considered as fault. Forbidden for spikers to step off the court,
as long as ball is in play on spiker’s side.

1937
* Multiple contacts permitted in defence, against violent spikes in particular.

1942
* Ball can be played by any part of the body from knees up.

1949
* Three-player attack introduced and back-court setter moving into front court
permitted.

1951
* Hands can pass over net only after making blocking action in blocker's court.

1957
* Timeout duration limited to 1 minute, 30 seconds.

1959
* Screening on serve forbidden and "invasion" at net on to opponent's court with
whole foot or feet considered as fault.

1964
* Reaching beyond net to block permitted and multiple block contacts allowed.

1968
* Use of antennae to limit court air space introduced.

1976
* Three ball system introduced and three hits after the block introduced to speed
up game.
1982
* Ball pressure is fixed (from 3.0 to 3.25kg/cm2).

1988
* To reduce duration of match, tie-break rally point system introduced for fifth set
and final score per set limited to 17 points with one point difference.

1989
* Players to go to bench during timeout to facilitate mopping system.

1991
* Members on bench can stand up and cheer a spectacular play from their team.

1992
* To encourage spectacular action, a player, beyond the free zone, can jump on
the bench to retrieve ball.
* At 16-16, in the tie-break system, play continues until one team has a two-point
advantage to win the set.

1993
* Quick moppers introduced.

1994
* Service zone extended to nine metres to facilitate server to serve from any
position of the service zone.
* Ball can touch any part of the body including feet, helping to improve defensive
play.
* During first hit, double contact is permitted in order to have continuity in the
game.

1997
* Introduction of "penetration of hand" rule, in addition to feet rule, helping to
improve defensive play at the net.
* "Contact with the net is a fault, except when a player not attempting to play the
ball accidentally touches the net." This minimizes whistling for net contact faults.
* Retrieving the ball sent outside, the crossing space to the opponent's free-zone
permitted to retrieve back from the same side of the crossing space back to their
own court in order to send the ball within the crossing space to the opponent
court, enabling teams to save negative receptions.

1998
* Coloured balls introduced to help players focus on ball and help television
viewers locate and follow ball.
* The "libero," a specialized defensive player, introduced to improve the "first
pass" and defensive "dig pass." Also helps in replacing back-zone players
(principal attackers) generally weak in defence.
* Coach can stand/move during rally and give instructions without taking timeout.
* Introduction of 25-point rally point system to sets one to four: Gives more
emphasis for perfection on various skills of the game, otherwise a point is lost and
service is given to opponents. The system helps in scheduling the day’s matches,
with the duration of a five-set match generally limited to 90-110 minutes.
* Change of chest number size at the back to 20 cm x 2 cm, helps not only the
scorer to check the next server on rotation, but also helps media and television to
capture the player number for statistical analysis.
* Removal of service attempt helps in reducing the duration of match as every
player invariably delays the service taking undue advantage of "service-attempt,"
which involved in total 5+3 seconds.

1999
* Service duration is increased to 8 seconds.

2000
* Libero can neither be team captain nor game captain.
* Service ball can touch the top of the net and cross the net giving continuity to
the game.

2001
* "Exceptional substitution" introduced in order to help those players seriously
injured who cannot play the rest of the match. Not counted as regular
substitution.

2005
* Centre line width considered to belong to both courts equally.
* Assistant scorer is introduced as rule number 26. Mainly keeps control over
libero replacements.

2006
* Coach restriction line is introduced to limit coaches’ movements beyond playing
court.

2007
* Rule 9.1.2.3 revised as follows: "If simultaneous hits by opponents over the net
leads to extended contact of the ball, play continues." Helps continuity of the play
instead of double fault.

2008
* New ball introduced for the first time at the Olympic Games with complete new
design, two colours and a complete new panel design. New ball has only 8 panels.
* For FIVB and world events for senior teams there is the possibility introduced,
within the Specific Sports Regulations, of up to 14 players being nominated for
the final team roster. Where a team chooses to register more than 12 players, it is
mandatory to register two liberos: the coach may for any reason exchange the
original libero with the reserve libero – but only once in the match.
* Quick substitutions system implemented.
* Net fault: only hitting the top band of the net or taking support from the net
classed as interfering with play. Contact with the opponent’s court with any part
of the body above the feet also permitted, in conjunction with the net rule. This
extends current centre line rule. But if the contact interferes with an opponent
physically, or with the opponent’s ability to play the ball, then it would be
considered a fault.
HAND SIGNALS
 SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Narrciso Street, Surigao City

HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL

AB-EL/2A

Submitted by:
Butao, Cristalyn Dal, Vanessa
Arcaya, Adolf Jones Vallente, Edbert
Goriding, Gladdy Faith Magabili, Angelica
Jardenil, Diego Concilles, Harold
Durero, Ann Lecciones, Dianarose
Mediana, Janeth Ocampo, Erica
Lumbres, Pamela Cagata, Jezelle
Nasayao, Moneera Bee Sangalla, Femae Lou
Arena, Roleth Forcadilla, Marnie
Azon, Cherry Mae Estubo, May Jane Rose

Submitted to:
Mr. Randel B. Ruaya
Instructor