THE 19TH CENTURY

LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

SUBMITTED BY: JOY PASCO

3EDFIL6A
THE 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES

Social Structure

- The Philippine society was predominantly feudalistic.

- This was the result of the Spanish land holding improved upon the country with the

arrival of the conquistadores.

- The indios (natives) were exploited by the elite class

- They were drafted for manual labour.

- The Spaniards exacted all forms of taxes and tributes.

 friars, Spanish officials

 Insulares- favored natives, mestizos, creollos

Political System

The Philippines was governed by Spain through the Ministro de Ultramar based in

Madrid.

- Central Government

 Governador- General - King of Spain’s representative in governmental

affairs.

 Vice – Royal patron over religious affairs.

 Chief executive- issued orders and proclamations

 Ex-officio – president of the Royal Audiencia

 Commander-in-chief of the colonial armed forces

- Provincial Government – ALCADIA

 Alcalde Mayor or Civil Governor (head)

- City Government- CABILDO or AYUNTAMIENTO (head)

 Two alcaldes en- ordinario

- Local Government Unit – PUEBLO or TOWN

 Gobernador Cillo or Town Mayor (head)

- Chief executive

- chief judge

- Smallest Government Unit – BARANGAY or BARRIO

 Cabeza se barangay (head)

- to collect taxes and tributes from the constituents

- received 2% of the tax collection aside from the 4 % of the Sanctorum (3

events collected each year intended for All Saint’s Day, Holy Thursday and

Corpus Christi.)

- Guardia Civil

 Organized in 1867
 Corps of native police led by Spanish officers.
 In 1880’s feared instrument of summary arrest of any persons denounced by

friars as filibusteros.

- Royal Audiencia

 Highest court of the colony

 Headed the judicial system
 Auditor of the government finances

High council to which government affairs were reffered.

Frailocracia/ Frailocracy

- Means “rule of the friars”

Reasons:

1. Political instability in mother country.

2. Friars were found in each town, thus, they became rulers of that political unit.

 Supervisor of local election

 Administrators of schools
 Chairman of the board of taxation, of health and of charity.
 Responsible for census taking through the parish registrar.
 Certifies personal Identification Card (ID)

Sources of Weaknesses and Abuses of the Government

- Appointment of officials with inferior qualifications

- Without dedication to duty

- Without moral strength to resist corruption for material advancement.

- The lower positions were either filled by

- Provincial Government – most corrupt government unit

 Indulto de Comercio – license to engage in trade

  Buying people’s products at lowest prices.
 Exacting more taxes and tributes.

Educational System

- Friars occupied a dominant position.

- Emphasis on fear of God and obedience to the friars.

- Indios were constantly reminded that they had inferior intelligence.

- Friars decided what to teach to the children.

- College of San Juan de Letran- the only official Secondary School for BOYS.

- Seven Provinces had private colleges and Latin schools for general studies.

- Secondary Education for Girls in Manila:

 Santa Isabel
 La Concordia
 Santa Rosa
 Asilo de Lookan
 Santa Catalina

- UST- The only University level in Manila.

- Theological seminaries were established:

 Manila

 Cebu

 Jaro (Iloilo)

 Nueva Caceres (Naga)

 Nueva Segovia (Vigan)

- Educational Decree 1863

 Each major town in the colony was to established at least one elementary

school for boys and another one for girls.

- Books and other materials has to pass rigid censorship by the Church and Civil

Authorities.

- Most serious criticisms against the Spanish educational system.

 Overemphasis on religion

 Limited and irrelevant curriculum

 Obsolete classroom facilities

 Inadequate teaching materials

 Absence of academic freedom.

- The implementation of the Moret Decree of 1870 (secularization of

higher education in the Philippines) was opposed by the friars.

DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

1. Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce

1834 – Spain officially opened Manila to World Commerce

More ports were opened ( Sual, Iloilo, Zamboanga, Legaspi)

Brought prosperity to some Filipinos

Modern methods of agriculture and improved means of transportation and

communication.

Emergence of Filipino middle class.

2. Influx of Liberal Ideas

 1869 – opening of Suez Canal (Europe) – shortened the distant of travel

from another place.

 More liberals from Spain and other European nations came to the country

via Suez Canal.

 Foreigners brought books, newspapers and magazines.

 Filipinos were able to read enlightened ideas

 Natives learned also about the American and French revolution which

provided inspiration to them.

3. The Secularization Movement

 Council of Trent (1545-1563) – decided that parishes were to be

administered by Secular (local) priest.

 Gradually, the secularization movement became racial and national

conflict among friars curates and the seculars.

4. The Liberal Administration of Carlos Maria dela Torre (1869-1871)

  Well-loved Spanish Governor-general

- Avoided extravagance and lived a simple life

- Abolished flogging

- Allowed Filipinos to form Comite de Reformadores

- Implemented the Moret Decree of 1870

5. The Cavite Mutiny

 Rafael Izquierdo (1871-1873) replaced dela Torre

- “with the crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other.”

- Repealed the exemption from rendering the POLO and the payment of

tribute.

 January 20, 1872

- About 200 Filipino soldiers and workers in the Cavite Arsenal revolted.

- Led by Seregeant Fernando La Madrid.

- Through the punitive force ordered by Izquierdo La Madrid was killed.

6. The Execution of GOMBURZA

- Izquierdo magnified the mutiny as a full of blown conspiracy against the

Spanish rule allegedly instigated by fathers:

 Mariano Gomez
 Jose Burgos
 Jacinto Zamora

- Found guilty in a “mock-trial”

- Sentence to die by garrote.

 February 17, 1872

- The three priest were executed in Bagumbayan

The vast crown present removed their hats and knelt down in prayer.

- Fr. Meliton Martinez, the liberal archbishop of Manila

 refused to defrock the three priests

 ordered the continuous tolling of bells during the execution

 Result

- GOMBURZA- password of Katipunan.

- “remember GomBurZa”- slogan of the propaganda.

7. The Propaganda Movement

 Three major factors for the peaceful campaign for reforms

- Emergence of Filipino middle class.

- Liberal administration of Carlos Maria dela Torre

- Execution of GOMBURZA.

 Propagandists- simply reformers

- No intention of achieving social changes through armed struggle or

revolution.

 Objectives of the Movement

- Assimilation of the colony as a regular province of Spain.

- Secularization of parishes

- Restoration of the Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortés.

- Fundamental freedom of speech of the press, assembly and religion.

 Known Member of the Propaganda Movement

 Jose Rizal

 Conscience of the movement

 Marcelo H. Del Pilar

 Greatest political analyst

 Founded the Diariong Tagalog

 Graciano Lopez Jaena

 Prince of Filipino Orators

 Contributed the satirical novel, Fray Botod

 Founded the newspaper, La Solidaridad

 Pedro Paterno

 Doctor of Law

 Wrote “Ninay”

 Published Sampaguitas
  Gregorio Sanciangco

 Lawyer and economist

 Produced the book, El progreso de Filipinas

8. Masonry and Counter Propaganda

Masonry

- Popular organization for the Filipino exiles

- Championed the rights and liberal reforms for all.

Masonic Lodges Founded

 Revolucion

- By Jaena at Barcelona

 Solidaridad

- Be Del Pilar and Julio Liprente

 Nilad

- Serrano Laktaw

Counter Propagandists

 Pablo Feced (Quioquiap)

- A journalist whose writings express hatred and contempt for the

reformists.

- Published Filipinas: Ezbozos Y Pinceladas

 Wenceslao Retana (Desenganos)

- A rabid defender of Frailocracy.

 Fr. Jose Rodriguez (OSA)

- Concentrated his tirades against Jose Rizal

- Wrote “Caiingat Cayo” a searing attack on the Noli Me Tangere

9. La Liga Filipina

Jose Basa helped in drafting the constitution.

July 3, 1892- formal organization at Rajah Matanda in Tondo

President- Ambrosio Salvadro

Fiscal- Agustin Dela Rosa
 Treasurer- Bonifacio Arevalo
Secretary- Deodato Arellano

Governing Body

- Supreme Council

- Provincial Council

- Popular Council

0 centavos – monthly due of each member

Liga- short-lived (3 days only)

- Three days after founding, Jose Rizal was arrested and deported to

Dapitan on orders to Governor General Eulogio Despujol.

10. Failure of the Reform Movement

 Canovite System

- The compromise between the Spanish liberals and the conservatives to

rotate between themselves the control of the government.

 Problems encountered by the Propagandists

- Inadequacy of Finances

- Funds from the Philippines stopped.

 La Solidaridad ceased its publication (November 15, 1895)

- Funds from subscription also stopped.

 Personal and health Problems

- Homesickness

- Differences and conflicts opinions.

 Del PIlar and Jaena were compelled to change their political platform from

assimilation to separation on revolt.

- Two months after La Solidaridad folded up, Jaena died.

- Del Pilar died on July 4, 1896

11. The Philippine Revolution of 1896

 Andres Bonifacio- a radical member of the Liga initiated of the Katipunan

or KKK.
 Primary Objectives of Katipunan

- To unite Filipinos and struggle for the separation from spain through

armed conflict.

 August 22,1896

- Katipunan had conference in Balintawak.

- Philippine Revolution begun with tearing of their CEDULAS.