MCQ in Radiation and Wave Propagation PDF
MCQ in Radiation and Wave Propagation PDF
MCQ in Radiation and Wave Propagation PDF
a. receive voltage
b. magnetic induction
c. field strength
d. power density
2. An electro magnetic wave consists of ___________.
a. F1
b. F2
c. E
d. D
4. Who propounded electro magnetic radiation theory?
a. band
b. bandwidth
c. channel
d. group
7. What is the relation in degrees of the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic
wave?
a. 180 degrees
b. 90 degrees
c. 270 degrees
d. 45 degrees
8. A changing electric field gives rise to ________.
a. a magnetic field
b. sound field
c. electromagnetic waves
d. near and far fields
1. field strength
3. D
6. band
7. 90 degrees
8. a magnetic field
9. Frequencies in the UHF range propagate by means of
a. ground waves
b. sky waves
c. surface waves
d. space waves
10. In electromagnetic waves, polarization __________.
a. is caused by reflection
b. is due to the transverse nature of the waves
c. results from the longitudinal nature of the waves
d. is always vertical in an isotropic medium
11. Electromagnetic Waves are refracted when they ___________.
a. ionosphere
b. stratosphere
c. troposphere
d. ozone layer
13. What is the thickest layer of the ionosphere?
a. F2
b. F1
c. D
d. E
14. Effective Earth radius to true earth radius ratio.
a. index of refraction
b. K factor
c. Fresnel zone
d. path profile
15. Fading due to interference between direct and reflected rays.
a. atmospheric-multipath
b. Fresnel zone
c. reflection-multipath
d. Rayleigh fading
16. The layer that reflects very low frequency waves and absorbs medium frequency waves.
a. D Layer
b. E Layer
c. F1 Layer
d. F2 Layer
9. space waves
12. ionosphere
13. F2
14. K factor
15. reflection-multipath
16. D Layer
17. What layer is used for high-frequency day time propagation?
a. D Layer
b. E Layer
c. F1 Layer
d. F2 Layer
18. What is the highest frequency that can be sent straight upward and be returned to
earth?
a. MUF
b. skip frequency
c. critical frequency
d. gyro frequency
19. High frequency range is from?
a. 0.3 to 3MHz
b. 3 to 30MHz
c. 30 to 300MHz
d. 3to 30MHz
20. Medium frequency range is from
a. scatter angle
b. take-off angle
c. antenna size
d. the troposphere
22. If the transmitter power remains constant, an increase in the frequency of the sky wave
will
19. 3 to 30MHz
a. polarization
b. directivity
c. radiation
d. ERP
26. An TEM wave whose polarization rotates.
a. vertically polarized
b. omnidirectional
c. horizontally polarized
d. circularly polarized
27. velocity of light in free space
a. 300×106 m/s
b. 300×106 km/s
c. 186,000 km/s
d. 186,000 m/s
28. What is the effective radiated power of a repeater with 200W transmitter power output,
4dB feed line loss, 4dB duplexer and circulator loss, and 10dB feed line antenna gain?
a. 2000 W
b. 126 W
c. 317 W
d. 260 W
29. Radio wave that is far from its sources is called
a. Plane wave
b. isotropic wave
c. vertical wave
d. horizontal wave
30. Light goes from medium A to medium B at angle of incidence of 40 degrees. The angle
of refraction is 30 degrees. The speed of light in B
28. 317 W
a. 1 W
b. 10 W
c. 25 W
d. 50 W
35. Most of the effects an electro magnetic wave produces when it interacts with matter are
due to its
a. magnetic field
b. speed
c. frequency
d. electric field
36. A mobile receiver experiences “dead” areas of reception as a result of
a. atmospheric absorption
b. tropospheric scatter
c. sporadic E
d. shading of the RF signal by hills and trees
37. When the electric field is perpendicular in the surface of the earth, what is the
polarization of the TEM wave?
a. elliptical
b. vertical
c. horizontal
d. circular
38. When the magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface of the earth, what is the
polarization of the TEM wave?
a. circular
b. horizontal
c. vertical
d. elliptical
39. When the magnetic field is parallel to the surface of the earth, what is the polarization
of the TEM wave?
a. elliptical
b. horizontal
c. vertical
d. circular
40. What are the two interrelated fields considered to make up an electromagnetic wave
37. vertical
38. horizontal
39. vertical
a. sound field
b. magnetic field
c. electric field
d. nothing in particular
44. When a space-wave signal passes over a mountain ridge, a small part of the signal is
diffracted down the far side of the mountain. This phenomenon is called
a. discontinuity scattering
b. troposheric ducting
c. knife-edge diffraction
d. space-wave refraction
45. The index of refraction of a material medium
a. is greater than 1
b. is less than 1
c. is equal to 1
d. maybe any of the above
46. At what speed do electromagnetic waves travel in free space?
a. 6370 km
b.7270 km
c.7950 km
d. 8500 km
48. If N = 250, what is the earth radius K-factor?
a. 1.23
b. 1.29
c. 1.33
d. 1.32
49. Electric field that lies in a plane perpendicular to the earths surface
a. vertical polarization
b. horizontal polarization
c. circular polarization
d. elliptical polarization
50. Electric field that lies in a plane parallel to the earth’s surface
a. vertical polarization
b. horizontal polarization
c. circular polarization
d. elliptical polarization
47. 8500 km
48. 1.23
a. SIDs
b. fading
c. atmospheric storms
d. faraday rotation
52. VLF waves are used for some types of services because
a. 20 KHz
b. 15 MHz
c. 900 MHz
d. 12 GHz
54. High-frequency waves are
a. to avoid tilting
b. to prevent sky-wave and upper ray interference
c. to avoid the faraday effect
d. so as not to exceed the critical frequency
56. A ship-to-ship communications system is plague by fading. The best solution seems to
be the use of
a. window
b. critical frequency
c. gyro frequency range
d. resonance in the atmosphere
58. frequencies in the UHF range normally propagate by means of
a. ground waves.
b. sky waves
c. surface waves
d. space waves
51. fading
53. 12 GHz
57. window
a. HF
b. VHF
c. UHF
d. VLF
60. The ground wave eventually disappears as one moves away from the transmitter
because of
a. absorption
b. attenuation
c. refraction
d. reflection
63. the absorption of a radio waves by the atmosphere depends on
a. their frequency
b. their distance from the transmitter
c. the polarization of the waves
d. the polarization of the atmosphere
64. diffraction of electromagnetic waves
a. X-rays
b. Radio waves
c. Ultraviolet rays
d. Radar waves
59. UHF
60. tilting
62. attenuation
65. Perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the wave direction
66. X-rays
67. Electromagnetic waves transport
a. Wavelength
b. Charge
c. Frequency
d. Energy
68. The ionosphere is a region of ionized gas in the upper atmosphere. The ionosphere is
responsible for
a. Red
b. Yellow
c. Blue
d. Green
70. The quality in sound that corresponds to color in light is
a. Amplitude
b. Resonance
c. Waveform
d. Pitch
71. All real images
a. Are erect
b. Can appear on screen
c. Are inverted
d. Cannot appear on a screen
72. When a beam of light enters one medium from another, a quality that never changes is
its
a. Direction
b. Frequency
c. Speed
d. Wavelength
73. Relative to the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction
a. Is smaller
b. Is larger
c. Is the same
d. Either A or B above
74. A light ray enters one medium from another along the normal. The angle of refraction is
a. 0
b. 90 degrees
c. Equal to the critical angle
d. Dependent on the indexes of refraction of the two media
67. Energy
69. Blue
70. Pitch
72. Frequency
a. E layer
b. D layer
c. F1 layer
d. F2 layer
76. Dispersion is the term used to describe
a. 0
b. 90 degrees
c. 45 degrees
d. Equal to the angle of incidence
80. The brightness of light source is called its luminous intensity , whose unit is
a. Candela
b. Lux
c. Lumen
d. Footcandle
81. Luminous efficiency is least for a
a. 8000 cd
b. 8000 lx
c. 8000 lm
d. 800 W
75. E layer
76. The splitting of white light into its component colors in refraction
79. 90 degrees
80. Candela
82. 8000 lx
83. Light enters a glass plate whose index of refraction is 1.6 at an angle of incidence of 30
degrees . the angle of refraction is
a. 18 degrees
b. 48 degrees
c. 19 degrees
d. 53 degrees
84. Light leaves a slab of transparent material whose index of refraction is 2 at an angle of
refraction of 0 degrees. The angle of incidence is
a. 0 degrees
b. 45 degrees
c. 30 degrees
d. 90 degrees
85. Light enters a glass plate at an angle of incidence of 40 degrees and is refracted at an
angle refraction of 25 degrees. The index refraction of the glass is
a. 0.625
b. 1.52
c. 0.66
d. 1.6
86. An underwater swimmer shines a flash light beam upward at an angle of incidence of 40
degrees. The angle of refraction is 60 degrees. The index of refraction of water is
a. 0.67
b. 1.3
c. 0.74
d. 1.5
87. The critical angle of incidence for light going from crown glass (n=1.5) to ice (n=1.3) is
a. 12 degrees
b. 50 degrees
c. 42 degrees
d. 60 degrees
88. The solid angle subtended by a hemisphere about its center is
a. π/2 sr
b. 2 π sr
c. π sr
d. depends on the radius of the hemisphere
89. the luminous flux emitted by a 60-cd isotropic light source is concentrated on an area of
0.5m2. the illumination of the area is
a. 9.6 lx
b. 377 lx
c. 120 lx
d. 1508 lx
90. Microwave signals propagate by way of the
a. Direct wave
b. Sky wave
c. Surface wave
d. Standing wave
83. 18 degrees
84. 0 degrees
85. 1.52
86. 1.3
87. 60 degrees
88. 2 π sr
89. 1508 lx
a. Diffused
b. Absorbed
c. Refracted
d. Reflected
92. Ground wave communications is most effective in what frequency range?
a. Ground wave
b. Direct wave
c. Surface wave
d. Sky wave
95. Line of sight communications is not a factor in which frequency range?
a. VHF
b. UHF
c. HF
d. Microwave
96. A microwave-transmitting antenna is 550ft high. The receiving antenna is 200ft high.
The minimum transmission distance is
a. 20 mi
b. 33.2 mi
c. 38.7 mi
d. 53.2 mi
97. To increase the transmission distance of UHF signal, which of the following should be
done?
a. Principle of reciprocity
b. Inverse square law
c. Huygen’s Princple
d. Faraday’s law
99. gets in contact with the ionosphere and reflected by it.
a. Space wave
b. Sky wave
c. Surface wave
d. Satellite wave
100. Highest layer in the ionosphere
a. F1
b. D
c. F2
d. E
91. Refracted
93. 3 to 30 MHz
95. HF
96. 53.2 mi
100. F2
101. Next lowest layer in the ionosphere.
a. D
b. E
c. F1
d. F2
102. What is the primary cause of ionization in the atmosphere?
a. Sun spot
b. Cosmic rays
c. Galactic disturbance
d. Ultraviolet radiation
103. Which layer does not disappear at night?
a. D
b. E
c. F1
d. F2
104. Which of the following uses surface wave propagation?
a. ELF
b. VLF
c. MF
d. All of these
105. The ability of the ionosphere to reflect a radio wave back to the earth is determined by
a. Operating frequency
b. Ion density
c. Angle of incidence
d. All of these
106. Highest frequency that can be used for sky wave propagation between two given
points on earth.
a. Critical frequency
b. MUF
c. Cut –off frequency
d. UHF
107. The shortest distance measured along the earth’s surface that a sky wave is returned
to earth.
a. MUF
b. Quarter-wavelength
c. Skip distance
d. Skip zone
108. Fluctuation in the signal strength at the receiver.
a. Interference
b. Fading
c. Tracking
d. Variable frequency
101. E
103. F2
106. MUF
108. Fading
109. Two or more antennas are used separated by several wavelengths
a. Space diversity
b. Frequency diversity
c. Hybrid diversity
d. Polarization diversity
110. Two or more receivers are used using a single antenna.
a. Space diversity
b. Frequency diversity
c. Hybrid diversity
d. Polarization diversity
111. One of the following is not a cause of fading.
a. Solar flares
b. SIDs
c. Kennely-Heaviside
d. Sun spots
113. Sudden ionospheric disturbance
a. Solar flares
b. SIDs
c. Sun spots
d. Intertropical convergence
114. A means beyond the line of sight propagation of UHF signals.
a. Microwave propagation
b. Space wave propagation
c. Troposcatter propagation
d. Surface wave propagation
115. Two directional antennas are pointed so that their beams intersect in the troposphere.
a. Skywave
b. Surface wave
c. Microwave
d. Troposcatter
116. Super refraction.
a. Ducting
b. Trposcatter
c. Skywave
d. Space wave
117. A layer of warm air trapped above cooler air
a. Troposphere
b. SID
c. Duct
d. Huygen’s principle
111. Diversity
113. SIDs
115. Troposcatter
116. Ducting
117. Duct
118. Corresponds to voltage
a. Electric field
b. Magnetic field
c. Gyro
d. Direction of propagation
119. Absence of reception
a. Skip distance
b. Maximum usable
c. Shadow zone
d. Twilight zone
120. Each point in a spherical waveform maybe a source of a secondary spherical
wavefront.
a. Senll’s law
b. Huygen’s principle
c. Rayleigh’s principle
d. De Morgan’s theorem
121. Ducting occurs in which region of the atmosphere?
a. Stratosphere
b. Troposphere
c. Ionosphere
d. Ozone layer
122. When is the E region most ionized?
a. At midday
b. At midnight
c. At duck
d. At dawn
123. Transequatorial propagation is best during
a. Night time
b. Afternoon or early evening
c. Noontime
d. Morning
124. Which of the following is most affected by knife-edge refraction?
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. F1 layer
d. F2 layer
118. Electric field
121. Troposphere
122. At midday
125. F2 layer
126. A range of frequency little attenuated by the atmosphere is called
a. slide
b. door
c. window
d. frame
127. It is defined as either of two acute angles formed by the intersection of the two
portions of the tropospheric scatter beam tangent to the earth’s surface.
a. critical angle
b. scatter angle
c. backscatter angle
d. sidescatter angle
128. It is a device that permits two different transmitters to operate with a single antenna.
a. duplexer
b. diplexer
c. isolator
d. circulator
129. It is a gradual shift in polarization of the signal in the medium.
a. fading
b. faraday effect
c. ghosting
d. multipath fading
130. A diversity scheme wherein the receiver receives two fading signals from two different
directions.
a. frequency diversity
b. time diversity
c. angle diversity
d. space diversity
131. The radio wavelength known as _________ falls within the medium frequency range.
a. centimetric wave
b. decametric wave
c. hectometric wave
d. myriametric wave
132. The most dense of all ionized layer of the ionosphere
a. E
b. F1
c. F2
d. D
133. The frequency band used as sub-carriers, or signals which carry the baseband
modulating information but in turn modulate another higher-frequency carrier is
_________.
a. LF
b. MF
c. VLF
d. VH
126. window
128. diplexer
132. F2
133. LF
134. The range of frequency band termed as super high frequency (SHF) is within
_________.
a. 30 – 300 GHz
b. 30 – 300 MHz
c. 3 – 30 GHz
d. 300 – 3000 MHz
135. Electric field that lies in a plane perpendicular to the earth’s surface.
a. circular polarization
b. vertical polarization
c. horizontal polarization
d. elliptical polarization
136. The magnetic field of an antenna is perpendicular to the earth. The antenna’s
polarization
a. is vertical
b. is horizontal
c. is circular
d. cannot be determined from the information given
137. The surface wave is effective only at frequencies below about _________ MHz.
a. 30
b. 3
c. 300
d. 0.3
138. What wave propagation are attenuated within a few miles?
a. space
b. sky
c. ground
d. direct
139. What happens to wave velocity as it passes from air to ionosphere?
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remain the same
d. not a factor
140. What wavelength radiations tend to be transmitted entirely between ionosphere and
earth?
a. long
b. short
c. medium
d. millimeter
141. What effect do sunspots have on the ionosphere?
136. is horizontal
137. 3
138. ground
139. increases
140. long
a. phase difference
b. topographic variation
c. climate
d. ionosphere variation
144. Where is the skip zone?
a. sky
b. space
c. direct
d. ground
146. Why do HF communications system shift frequencies at different times of day?
a. desert
b. water
c. forest
d. mountain
149. Polarization named for _________ component of the wave?
a. static
b. magnetic
c. direction
d. propagation
150. What polarization is employed in an AM broadcasting?
a. horizontal
b. parallel
c. transverse
d. vertical
145. ground
148. water
149. static
150. vertical
151. What propagation condition is usually indicated when a VHF signal is received from a
station 500 miles away?
a. D-layer absorption
b. Faraday rotation
c. Tropospheric ducting
d. Moonbounce
152. How does the bandwidth of the transmitted signal affect selective fading?
a. -6
b. -3
c. 6
d. 3
155. What is transequatorial propagation
a. Propagation between two points at approximately the same distance north and south
of the magnetic equator
b. Propagation between two points on the magnetic equator
c. Propagation between two continent by way of ducts along the magnetic equator
d. Propagation between any two station at the same latitude
156. Knife edge diffraction:
a. 5 miles
b. 15 miles
c. 30 miles
d. 100 miles
158. A 500 kHz radiates 500 W of power. The same antenna produces a field strength equal
10 1.5 mV/, If the power delivered by the antenna is increased to 1 kW, what would be the
expected field intensity?
a. 3 mV/m
b. 1.732 mV/m
c. 2.12 mV/m
d. 1.456 mV/m
154. -6
155. Propagation between two points at approximately the same distance north and south
of the magnetic equator
157. 30 miles
a. F1 layer
b. E layer
c. F2 layer
d. D layer
160. What happens to a radio wave as it travels in space and collides with other particles
a. 163.9 ohms
b. 377 ohms
c. 243 ohms
d. 250 ohms
162. What is the maximum range for signals using transequatorial propagation
a. 190 mV/m
b. 95.49 uV/m
c. 0.189 W/m
d. 13.416 V/m
164. What is the index of refraction of a certain substance if light travels through the
substance at 100 meters at a time it is 140 meter to air?
a. 1.183
b. 1.4
c. 0.714
d. 0.845
165. What s selective fading?
a. A fading effect caused by small changes in beam heading at the receiving station
b. A fading caused by phase difference between radio wave components of the same
transmission as experienced at the receiving station
c. A fading caused by large changes in the height of the ionosphere as experienced at
the receiving station
d. A fading effect caused by the time difference between the receiving and transmitting
stations
159. E layer
164. 1.4
165. A fading caused by phase difference between radio wave components of the same
transmission as experienced at the receiving station
166. To what distance is VHF propagation ordinarily limited?
a. E-layer skip
b. D-layer skip
c. Auroral skip
d. Radio waves may be bent
168. Determine the effective radiated power of 20kW TV broadcast transmitter whose
antenna has a field gain of 2.
a. 40 kW
b. 80 kW
c. 20 kW
d. 10 kW
169. What is the major cause of selective fading?
a. 4936.8 kHz
b. 5775 kHz
c. 4044 kHz
d. 4908.75 kHz
171. What is the propagation effect called when phase difference between radio wave
components of the same transmission are experiences at the recovery station?
a. Faraday’s rotation
b. Diversity reception
c. Selective fading
d. Phase shift
172. What is the best time for transequatorial propagation?
a. Morning
b. Noon
c. Afternoon or early evening
d. Transequatorial propagation only works at night
173. The dielectric strength of a certain medium is about 2.85 MV/m. what is the maximum
power density of an electromagnetic wave in this medium?
168. 80 kW
169. Phase differences between the radio waves components of the same transmission as
experienced in the receiving station
a. Allows normally line-of-sight signals to bend around sharp edges, mountain ridges,
building and other obstruction
b. Arching in sharp bends of conductors
c. Phase angle image rejection
d. Line-of-sight causing distortion to other signals
175. The total power delivered to the radiator of an isotropic antenna is 200, 000 W.
determine the power density at a distance of 100 meters
a. 1.59 W/sq m
b. 24.49 W/sq m
c. 3.18 W/sq m
d. 244.95 W/sq m
176. The bending of radio waves passing over the top of a mountain range disperse a weak
portion of the signal behind the mountain is
a. 7 degrees
b. 29 degrees
c. 10.3 degrees
d. 72.79 degrees
178. A dipole antenna requires to be feed with 20 kW of power to produce a given signal
strength available with an input power of 11 kW. What is the dB gain obtained by the use of
the reflector? (gain referred to this particular dipole)
a. -2.6 dB
b. 2.6 dB
c. 5.19 dB
d. -5.19 dB
179. What is a wavefront?
174. Allows normally line-of-sight signals to bend around sharp edges, mountain ridges,
building and other obstruction
177. 7 degrees
178. 2.6 dB
181. 7.5 ms
182. When the electric field is parallel to the surface of the earth, what is the polarization of
the electromagnetic wave?
a. Vertical
b. Horizontal
c. Circular
d. Elliptical
183. At what speed do electromagnetic waves travel in space?
a. 51.355 MHz
b. 17.118 MHz
c. 34.237 MHz
d. 5.706 MHz
185. What are electromagnetic waves?
a. Circular
b. Vertical
c. Horizontal
d. Elliptical
187. Determine the refractive index of an ionospheric layer with 1.567×10^6 free electrons
per cu m. The frequency of the radio wave is 32 kHz.
a. 0.999
b. 0.936
c. 0.956
d. 0.987
188. What is meant by electromagnetic waves as horizontally polarized?
182. Horizontal
185. A wave consisting of an electric field and a magnetic field at right angles to each other
186. Vertical
187. 0.936
a. 404 nW
b. 2.04 nW
c. 960 nW
d. 680 nW
191. What is the frequency to use for skywave propagation if the critical frequency is 15
MHZ and the angle of radiation is 60 degrees?
a. 17.32 MHz
b. 30 MHz
c. 25.5 MHz
d. 14.722 MHz
192. When the magnetic field is parallel tot eh surface of the earth, what is the polarization
of the electromagnetic field?
a. Circular
b. Horizontal
c. Elliptical
d. Vertical
193. What is the index of refraction of a certain medium if the velocity of propagation of a
radio wave in this medium is 1.527×10^8 m/s?
a. 0.509
b. 0.631
c. 0.713
d. 1.965
194. When the magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface of the earth, what is the
polarization of the electromagnetic field?
a. Circular
b. Horizontal
c. Elliptical
d. Vertical
195. Frequencies most affected by knife-edge refraction are
a. Diffused
b. Absorbed
c. Refracted
d. Reflected
190. 680 nW
192. Vertical
193. 0.509
194. Horizontal
196. Refracted
197. To increase the transmission distance of a UHF signal, which of the following should be
done?
a. Transceiver
b. Remitter
c. Repeater
d. Amplifier
199. A taxi company uses a central dispatcher with an antenna at the top of a 25 m tower,
to communicate with the taxicabs. The taxi antennas are on the roofs of the cars,
approximately 1.5 m above the ground. Calculate the maximum communication distance
between the dispatcher and a taxi.
a. 25.7 km
b. 8.8 km
c. 21 km
d. 10.1
200. Microwave propagate by means of
a. Direct wave
b. Sky wave
c. Surface wave
d. Standing wave
199. 25.7 km
a. Space wave
b. Ground wave
c. Sky wave
d. Direct waves
202. The D layer of the ionosphere reflects _________ waves.
a. MF and HF
b. VLF and MF
c. MF and VHF
d. VLF and LF
203. A diversity scheme wherein the same radio signal is repeated or transmitted more than
once.
a. polarization diversity
b. field component diversity
c. time diversity
d. frequency diversity
204. The disadvantage of ground wave propagation is
a. window
b. critical frequency
c. gyro frequency range
d. resonance in the atmosphere
206. It is simply the orientation of the electric field vector in respect to the surface of the
Earth
a. Polarization
b. Wavefront
c. Rays
d. Power density
207. For an isotropic antenna radiating 100W of power, what is power density 1000m from
the source?
a. 1.99 µW/m^2
b. 7.96 µW/m^2
c. 3.22 µW/m^2
d. 9.17 µW/m^2
208. The ground wave eventually disappears, as moves away from the transmitter, because
of
a. interference from the sky wave
b. loss of line-of-sight conditions
c. maximum single hop distance limitations
d. tilting
205. window
206. Polarization
208. tilting
209. If the electric field is propagating parallel to the surface of the Earth, the polarization is
_________.
a. Circular
b. Vertical
c. Horizontal
d. Elliptical
210. A taxi company uses a central dispatcher, with an antenna at the top of a 15m tower,
to communicate with taxi cabs. The taxi antennas are on the roofs of the cars,
approximately 1.5m above the ground. What is the maximum communication distance
between the dispatcher and a taxi?
a. 21 km
b. 30 km
c. 25 km
d. 33 km
211. The E layer of the ionosphere aid _________ propagation and reflects _________
waves
a. MF, HF
b. HF, MF
c. LF, MF
d. MF, LF
212. When microwave signals follows the curvature of the earth, it is known as
a. Vertically polarized
b. Horizontally polarized
c. Circularly polarized
d. Elliptically polarized
214. _________ travels essentially in a straight line between the transmit and the receive
antennas
a. Direct waves
b. Sky waves
c. Space waves
d. Surface waves
215. Variations brought about the revolution of the earth around the sun
a. weather variation
b. cyclical variation
c. diurnal variation
d. seasonal variation
209. Horizontal
210. 21 km
211. MF, HF
212. ducting
a. 40 GW/m^2
b. 15.5 GW/m^2
c. 23.9 GW/m^2
d. 18.9 GW/m^2
217. It is a single location from which rays propagate equally in all directions
a. point source
b. omnidirectional source
c. ideal polarization
d. isotropic polarized
218. Diffraction of electromagnetic waves
a. 34 MHz
b. 45 MHz
c. 40 MHz
d. 15.5 MHz
220. The rate at which energy passes through a given surface area in free space is called
_________.
a. capture power
b. capture area
c. captured power density
d. power density
221. A radio wave moves from air (relative permittivity is 1) to glass (relative permittivity is
7.8). Its angle of incidence is 30 degrees. What is the angle of refraction?
a. 10.3 degrees
b. 11.2 degrees
c. 20.4 degrees
d. 0.179 degrees
222. It is the intensity of the electric and the magnetic fields of the electromagnetic wave
propagating in free space
a. field intensity
b. field density
c. power intensity
d. power intensity
216. 23.9 GW/m^2
219. 34 MHz
a. Heinrich R. Hertz
b. Guglielmo Marconi
c. James Clerk Maxwell
d. Alexander Graham Bell
224. Tropospheric scatter is used with frequencies in the following range
a. HF
b. VHF
c. UHF
d. VLF
225. A point source that radiates power at a constant rate uniformly in all directions.
a. isotropic source
b. isotropic radiator
c. point source
d. any of these
226. The transmitting distance with direct waves is limited to short distances and strictly a
function of the _________ of the transmitting and receiving antenna.
a. frequency
b. phase
c. power
d. height
227. One nautical mile is equal to _________ statute miles.
a. 2.12
b. 1.15
c. 2.54
d. 1.90
228. It is the deflection or bending of electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, light or
even sound when the waves cross the boundary line between two mediums with different
characteristics.
a. reflection
b. diffraction
c. refraction
d. dispersion
229. The reduction of power density with distance is equivalent to a power loss.
a. absorption
b. attenuation
c. distance loss
d. power dissipation
230. The signal refracted back from the ionosphere strikes the earth and is reflected back
up to the ionosphere again to be bent and sent back to earth.
a. skip transmission
b. multi-hop transmission
c. multi transmission
d. hop transmission
224. UHF
226. height
227. 1.15
228. refraction
229. attenuation
a. absorption
b. attenuation
c. power dissipation
d. distance loss
233. _________ is the signal that is radiated by the antenna into the atmosphere where it
is bent or reflected back to earth.
a. Selective fading
b. Polarization fading
c. Interference fading
d. Absorption fading
235. It is defined as the modulation or redistribution of energy within a wave front as it
passes near the edge of an opaque object.
a. refraction
b. scattering
c. reflection
d. diffraction
236. What type of modulation is primarily used in ground wave propagation?
a. Frequency modulation
b. Amplitude modulation
c. Phase modulation
d. Pulse modulation
237. It states that every point on a given spherical wavefront can be considered as a
secondary point source of electromagnetic waves from which other secondary waves or
wavelets are radiated outward.
a. Hertzian principle
b. Maxwell’s principle
c. Huygen’s principle
d. Marconi’s principle
238. Calculate the electric field intensity, in volts per meter, 20 km from a 1-kW source.
a. 3.44 mW/m
b. 7.65 mW/m
c. 8.66 mW/m
d. 1.45 mW/m
232. absorption
235. diffraction
a. their frequency
b. their distance from the transmitter
c. the polarization of waves
d. is always vertical in an isotropic medium
240. Calculate the radio horizon for a 500-ft transmitting antenna and receiving antenna of
20 ft.
a. 23.1 mi
b. 31.2 mi
c. 14.8 mi
d. 37.9 mi
241. Calculate the power received from a 20-W transmitter, 22,000 miles from earth, if the
receiving antenna has an effective area of 1600m^2
a. 4.06 x 10^-12 W
b. 2.03 x 10^-12 W
c. 1.02 x 10^-12 W
d. 0.91 x 10^-12 W
242. As electromagnetic waves travel in free space, only one of the following can happen to
them
a. absorption
b. attenuation
c. refraction
d. reflection
243. Electromagnetic waves travelling within Earth’s atmosphere is called
a. Space wave
b. Surface wave
c. Terrestrial wave
d. Sky-wave
244. Calculate the power density in watts per square meter (on earth) from a 10-W satellite
source that is 22,000 miles from earth.
a. skipping
b. attenuation
c. absorption
d. fading
246. The constant temperature stratosphere is called _________.
a. E-layer
b. S-layer
c. isothermal region
d. ionosthermal region
240. 37.9 mi
242. attenuation
245. fading
a. solar intensity
b. sunspot
c. solar flare
d. solar flux
248. In electromagnetic waves, polarization
a. is caused by reflection
b. is due to the transverse nature of the waves
c. results from the longitudinal nature of waves
d. is always vertical in an isotropic medium
249. It is an earth-guided electromagnetic wave that travels over the surface of the Earth
a. Surface waves
b. Sky waves
c. Direct waves
d. Space waves
250. Frequencies in the UHF range normally propagate by means of
a. Ground waves
b. Sky waves
c. Surface waves
d. Space waves
247. sunspot
a. Optical horizon
b. Radio horizon
c. Horizontal horizon
d. Vertical horizon
252. Electromagnetic waves that are directed above the horizon level is called _________.
a. direct waves
b. sky waves
c. space waves
d. surface waves
253. The refracting and reflecting action of the ionosphere and the ground is called
a. sliding
b. skipping
c. hopping
d. boosting
254. An electrical energy that is escaped in free space
a. Electrical signal
b. Electromagnetic waves
c. Magnetic waves
d. Electromagnetism
255. The layer of the ionosphere which farthest from the sun
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. F1 layer
d. F2 layer
256. A condition which manifest itself in the form of double-image distortion
a. running
b. fading
c. ghosting
d. snowing
257. The D layer of the ionosphere absorbs _________ waves.
a. LF and MF
b. MF and HF
c. HF and VHF
d. VHF and UHF
258. The E layer of the ionosphere is sometimes called _________
a. Kennely-Heavisides
b. Sporadic-E layer
c. E-densed layer
d. Kennely layer
259. It is defined as the higher frequency that can be propagated directly upward and still
be returned to earth by the ionosphere
a. critical angle
b. maximum usable frequency
c. critical frequency
d. virtual height
253. skipping
255. D layer
256. ghosting
257. MF and HF
258. Kennely-Heavisides
a. numerical aperture
b. incident angle
c. critical angle
d. refracted angle
261. It is defined as the plane joining all points of equal phase
a. rays
b. electromagnetic wave
c. wavefront
d. isotropic source
262. It is the height above Earth’s surface from which a reflected wave appears to have
been reflected.
a. virtual height
b. maximum height
c. vertical height
d. horizontal height
263. It is the highest frequency that can be used for sky wave propagation between two
specific points on Earth’s surface
a. E field
b. H field
c. propagation
d. both E and H field
265. 85 percent of the maximum usable frequency (MUF) is called _________.
a. skip distance
b. skip zone
c. skip frequency distance
d. skip zone frequency
267. At distance greater than the skip distance, two rays can take different paths and still
be returned to the same point on Earth. The two rays are called lower rays and _________.
a. Pedersen ray
b. Light ray
c. Huygen’s ray
d. Miller’s ray
261. wavefront
264. E field
a. ESD
b. EMI
c. RFI
d. ESI
269. The area between where the surface waves are completely dissipated and the point
where the first sky wave returns to earth is called _________.
a. skip distance
b. skip distance zone
c. optical horizon
d. quiet zone
270. The undesired radiated energy that may cause interference with other electronic
equipment in the vicinity.
a. ESD
b. EMI
c. RFI
d. ESI
271. It is defined as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it propagates in a
straight line through a vacuum with no absorption or reflection of energy from nearby
objects.
a. 132 dB
b. 123 dB
c. 142 dB
d. 152 dB
274. A microwave-transmitting antenna is 550 ft. high. The receiving antenna is 200 ft.
high. The maximum transmission distance is
a. 20 mi
b. 33.2 mi
c. 38.7 mi
d. 53.2 mi
268. EMI
270. RFI
273. 142 dB
274. 53.2 mi
275. Indicate which one of the following term applies to troposcatter propagation
a. SIDs
b. Fading
c. Atmospheric storms
d. Faraday’s rotation
276. Line-of-sight communications is not a factor in which frequency range?
a. VHF
b. UHF
c. HF
d. Microwave
277. VLF waves are used for some types of services because
a. direct wave
b. sky wave
c. surface wave
d. standing wave
279. Indicate which of the following frequencies cannot be used for reliable beyond-the-
horizon terrestrial communications without repeaters:
a. 20 kHz
b. 15 MHz
c. 900 MHz
d. 12 GHz
280. The type of radio wave responsible for long-distance communications by multiple skips
is the
a. ground wave
b. direct wave
c. surface waves
d. sky wave
281. High-frequency waves are
276. HF
279. 12 GHz
282. 3 to 30 MHz
283. Distances near the skip distance should be used for sky-wave propagation
a. to avoid tilting
b. to prevent sky-wave and upper ray interference
c. to avoid Faraday effect
d. so as not to exceed the critical frequency
284. Ground-wave communications is most effective in what frequency range?
a. diffused
b. absorbed
c. refracted
d. reflected
286. Helical antenna are often used for satellite tracking at VHF because of
a. troposcatter
b. superrefraction
c. ionospheric refraction
d. the Faraday effect
287. A ship-to-ship communication system is plagued by fading. The best solution seem to
use of
a. refractive index
b. numerical aperture
c. reflection coefficient
d. absorption coefficient
289. It is the measure of energy received per unit time, per unit area, per unit frequency
interval.
a. solar intensity
b. sunspot
c. solar flare
d. solar flux
290. A long period with lack of any solar activity
a. El Niño
b. La Niña
c. Maunder period
d. Sunspots
283. to prevent sky-wave and upper ray interference
285. refracted
a. absorption
b. tilting
c. refraction
d. diffraction
292. It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere where all weather disturbances takes place
a. D layer
b. Stratosphere
c. Ionosphere
d. Troposphere
293. It is the lower limit of the range of frequencies that provide useful communication
between two given points by the way of the ionosphere.
a. MUF
b. LUF
c. OWF
d. MMF
294. It is the area that lies between the outer limit of the ground-wave range and the inner
edge of energy return from the ionosphere
a. skip distance
b. skip zone
c. virtual height
d. optical horizon
295. Variations brought about by the rotation of the earth around its axis.
a. cyclical rotation
b. seasonal variation
c. diurnal variation
d. weather variation
296. Ionospheric irregularity caused by solar flares, which are gigantic emissions of
hydrogen from the sun.
a. interference fading
b. absorption fading
c. selective fading
d. polarization fading
298. Radio horizon is _________ greater than the optical horizon.
a. one-third
b. four-third
c. two-third
d. twice
299. An increase in temperature with height which gives rise to superrefraction or ducting is
known as _________.
a. height inversion
b. depth inversion
c. temperature inversion
d. ionospheric inversion
300. A region in which superrefraction occurs which is formed in the troposphere when the
layer of cool air becomes trapped underneath a layer of warmer air.
a. duct
b. dielectric area
c. gateway
d. window
291. tilting
292. Troposphere
293. LUF
298. one-third
300. duct
301. Whether or not polarization of an antenna is linear depends on changes in direction in
which:
a. Mark-Space Layers
b. Davidson-Miller Layers
c. Kenelly Heaviside Layers
d. Maxwell Layer
303. ________ refers to the ratio of an electric field component to a magnetic field
component at the same point of the wave.
a. Characteristics impedance
b. Load impedance
c. Intrinsic impedance
d. Wave impedance
304. The field strength of a radio signal varies according to the output or transmitted power
and the distance of the receiver from the transmitter. This wave behavior is described by
a. Poynting Theorem
b. Snell’s Law
c. Huygen’s Principle
d. Law of Reciprocity
306. The frequency band where electromagnetic waves travel in straight path or in a direct
line of sight between the transmitter and receiver antenna is
a. ELF
b. HF
c. VLF
d. VHF and above
307. This mode of electromagnetic wave propagation uses the earth’s surface or curvature
as a guide to transmit vertically polarized waves
a. Sky wave
b. Tropospheric wave
c. Transionospheric wave
d. Ground wave
308. Frequencies in the UHF range propagate by means of
a. Ground waves
b. surface waves
c. sky waves
d. space waves
a. tilting
b. reflection
c. refraction
d. diffraction
310. as electromagnetic waves travel in free space, only one of the following can happen
a. absorption
b. attenuation
c. refraction
d. reflection
311. In polarization diversity, two signals are
a. Negatively
b. Vertically
c. Positively
d. Horizontally
313. The property of a material that determines how much change electrostatic energy can
be stored per unit volume when voltage is applied
a. Miller effect
b. Permeability
c. Capacitance
d. Permitivity
314. According to this law or principle, a wavefront may be considered to consist of an
infinite number of isotropic radiators, each one sending out wavelets, always away from the
source.
a. Snell’s Law
b. Maxwell’s Law
c. Huygen’s Principle
d. Archimedes Principle
315. A number, which when multiplied by the speed of light in free space gives the speed of
light in the medium in question is
a. Fibonacci number
b. Fermat’s number
c. Velocity factor
d. K-factor
309. diffraction
310. attenuation
312. Horizontally
313. Permitivity
a. Diffraction
b. Reflection
c. Refraction
d. Attenuation
317. A space wave is
a. Sky wave
b. Radio wave
c. Surface wave
d. Line of sight propagation wave
318. It is a diagram indicating the intensity in volts/meter, in all directions, of the radiated
filed of an antenna as it would occur under actual operating conditions.
a. Constellation diagram
b. Argand diagram
c. Funicular diagram
d. Radiation pattern
319. Equivalent to capacitance in electrical circuits
a. Inductance
b. Permittivity
c. Permeability
d. Power density
320. All of these cause attenuation except
a. Tilting
b. Ground absorption
c. Atmospheric absorption
d. Surface wave propagation
321. The transmission of radio waves far beyond line of sight distances by using high power
and large transmitting antennas to beam the signal upward into the atmosphere and a
similar large receiving antenna to pick up a small portion of the signal scattered by the
atmosphere is called
a. Optimum height
b. Virtual height
c. Complex height
d. Critical height
316. Diffraction
319. Permittivity
321. Either a or b
a. Apex frequency
b. Critical frequency
c. Carrier frequency
d. Baseband frequency
324. The distant at which sky-wave signals are reflected back to earth depend on
a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Diffraction
d. Absorption
327. An incident, traveling obliquely from one medium to another, will undergo a change in
direction if the velocity of the wave in one medium is different from that in the other and
the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is the
same ratio of respectively wave velocities in these media. This law is called
a. Snell’s Law
b. Fisher’s Law
c. Hooke’s Law
d. Newton’s Law
328. The lowest layer of the ionosphere which exists between 50 to 90 km from the earth’s
surface and reflects VLF and LF waves while absorbing MF and HF waves during daytime is
the
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. F layer
d. Vantress layer
329. This phenomenon occurs when the thicker air is on top instead of being at the bottom
when the temperature of water vapor gradient is lesser or greater than the standard rate.
a. Thermal inversion
b. Horizontal ducting
c. Elevated ducting
d. Sporadic E
326. Refraction
328. D layer
a. D-layer
b. E-layer
c. F layer
d. Vantress layer
331. Atmospheric condition is controlled by
a. Pressure
b. Temperature
c. Humidity
d. All of these
332. This ionospheric layer forms at night at about 300 km from the earth’s surface and is
responsible for long distance HF wave propagation due to reflection and refraction. It splits
during daytime due to the ionizing energy from ultraviolet rays of the sun.
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. F layer
d. Vantress layer
333. When the transmitting and receiving antennas are line-of-sight of each other, the
mode of propagation is _____ wave.
a. Space or direct
b. Sky
c. surface
d. ground
334. Power density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source or
transmitter to the destination or receiver. This law is called:
a. Coulomb’s law
b. Law of Universal Gravitation
c. Inverse Square Law
d. Lenz’s Law
335. A one-hop, full duplex, microwave system is in a space diversity arrangement.
Determine how many receivers in all are used?
a. 6
b. 2
c. 8
d. 4
336. ________ is the extra ionization of the E-layer resulting to irregular and intermittent
reflection of frequencies of up to 80 MHz in temperate and lower latitudes of frequencies of
up to 80 MHz in temperate and lower latitudes. It is variable in time of occurrence, height.
Geographical distribution, penetration frequency and ionization density.
a. Sporadic E
b. Dillinger Effect
c. Faraday rotation
d. Scintillations
330. E-layer
332. F layer
335. 2
336. Sporadic E
337. The decrease in signal strength as a result of absorption or scattering of energy along
a transmission path is called:
a. Attenuation
b. Microbending
c. Dispersion
d. Multipath fading
338. The transfer of electromagnetic waves or acoustical energy from one place to another
through a suitable transmission medium is
a. Wave propagation
b. RF induction
c. Radio Frequency Interference
d. Forward Scatter
339. The upper limit of frequencies that can be used at a specified time for radio
transmission between two points and involving propagation by reflection from regular
ionized layers of the ionosphere is
a. Huygen’s waves
b. Transverse waves
c. Longitudinal waves
d. Fraunhoffer waves
341. Indicate which one of the following terms applies to troposcatter propagation:
a. SIDs
b. Fading
c. Atmospheric storms
d. Faraday rotation
342. VLF waves are used for some types of services because
a. To avoid tilting
b. To prevent sky-wave and upper ray interference
c. To avoid the faraday effect
d. So as not to exceed the critical frequency
337. Attenuation
341. Fading
a. Is caused by reflection
b. Is due to the transverse nature of the waves
c. Results from the longitudinal nature of the waves
d. Is always vertical in an isotropic medium
347. Radio fading resulting from obstruction losses.
a. Their frequency
b. Their distance from the transmitter
c. The polarization of the waves
d. The polarization of the atmosphere
349. Electromagnetic waves are refracted when they
a. RF propagation
b. Radio propagation
c. Wave propagation
d. All of these
352. Electromagnetic waves are
a. Consist of electric and magnetic component that are parallel to each other
b. Oscillations that propagate through free space
c. Irregular oscillations
d. Oscillations that are produced by an oscillating circuit
353. The region around an electrically charged body in which other charged bodies are
acted by an attracting or repelling force.
a. Electric field
b. Radiation field
c. Magnetic field
d. Electromagnetic field
354. What are the two components of electromagnetic field?
a. Ray
b. Wavefront
c. Point source
d. Isotropic source
356. It is a line drawn along the direction of propagation of an electromagnetic wave used
to show the relative direction of electromagnetic wave propagation.
a. Ray
b. Wavefront
c. Point source
d. Isotropic source
357. Refers to the rate at which energy passes through a given surface area in free space
a. Field intensity
b. Power density
c. Refractive index
d. Absorption coefficient
358. It it’s the intensity of the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave
propagating in free space
a. Field intensity
b. Power density
c. Refractive index
d. Absorption coefficient
355. Wavefront
356. Ray
a. Resistance
b. Field intensity
c. Characteristic impedance
d. A or C is correct
360. Electromagnetic wave measures all except
a. Inductance
b. Power density
c. Magnetic field intensity
d. Permittivity of the medium
361. A reduction in power density due to the inverse square law presumes free-space
propagation is called
a. Absorption
b. Wave attenuation
c. Space attenuation of the wave
d. B or C is correct
362. Which of the following are optical effects of radio waves?
a. Is the change in direction of a ray as it passes obliquely from one medium to another
with different velocities or propagation
b. Refers to the modulation or redistribution of energy within a wavefront when it
passes near the edge of an opaque object
c. Is the phenomenon that allows light or radio waves to travel (peek) around corners
of an obstacle.
d. A or C is right
364. A rare refracting medium has
a. The ratio of velocity of light in free space to the velocity of light in a given material
b. The ratio of the light in free space towards the light in a given medium
c. The ratio of the angle of refraction
d. The amount of bending or refraction that occurs at the interface of two material of
different densities
359. A or C is correct
360. Inductance
361. B or C is correct
362. A and B
363. A or C is right
365. The ratio of velocity of light in free space to the velocity of light in a given material
366. Why is it that rays traveling near the top of the medium travel faster than those at the
bottom?
a. When an incident wave strikes a boundary of two media, and some of the incident
power does not enter the second material
b. When the reflective surface is irregular or rough
c. When two or more electromagnetic waves combine in such a way that the system
performance is degraded.
d. A and B
368. What is meant by specular reflection?
a. Rayleigh criterion
b. Huygen’s principle
c. Linear superposition
d. Reflection coefficient
370. Energy that has neither been radiated into space nor completely transmitted
a. Modulated waves
b. Captured waves
c. Standing waves
d. Incident waves
371. What property of radio waves occurs whenever two or more waves simultaneously
occupy the same point in space?
a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Diffraction
d. Interference
372. Pertains to a source which radiates equally in all directions
a. Isobaric source
b. Isotropic source
c. Isentropic source
d. Isothermal source
366. A and B are incorporated
367. A and B
371. Interference
a. 300,000 km/sec
b. 200 km/sec
c. 400,000 km/sec
d. 100,000 km/sec
374. Any space or region wherein a magnetic force is exerted on moving electric charges
a. Electric field
b. Radiation field
c. Magnetic field
d. Electromagnetic field
375. Which of the following is a characteristic of electromagnetic wave?
a. Ground-wave propagation
b. Space wave propagation
c. Sky-wave propagation
d. All of these
378. At frequencies below 1.5 MHz, what propagation provides the best coverage?
a. Ground wave
b. Space wave
c. Sky wave
d. All of these
379. Which of these causes the wavefront to tilt progressively forward?
a. Gradient density
b. Electric field intensity
c. Absorption coefficient
d. Magnetic field intensity
380. Which of following of must be taken into consideration to ensure proper ground-wave
propagation?
a. Power
b. Terrain
c. Frequency
d. B and C
373. 300,000 km/sec
375. Measures power density, magnetic field intensity, and electric field intensity
380. B and C
381. What are the applications of ground–wave propagation?
a. Standard atmosphere
b. Optical horizon
c. Radio horizon
d. All of these
383. Refraction is caused by what factors?
a. Duct propagation
b. Sky wave propagation
c. Space wave propagation
d. Ground wave propagation
386. The vibrating electrons at the ionosphere decrease current which is equivalent to
reducing the dielectric constant, which in turn, will also cause the velocity of propagation
to______.
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Remain constant
d. Decrease by a factor of 2
387. Increasing the velocity of propagation causes a/an _____ of the electromagnetic
waves.
a. Increasing refraction
b. Decreasing reflection
c. Increasing diffraction
d. Decreasing interference
388. What layer has its maximum density at approximately 70 mi a noon, when the sun is
at its highest point?
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. Kennelly-Heaviside layer
d. B or C
386. Increase
388. B or C
389. The sporadic E layer is a thin layer with a very high ionization density. It is considered
separately from the other layers and when it appears, gives an unexpected improvement in
long distance radio transmissions. What cause(s) its unpredictable appearance?
a. Sunspot activity
b. Sunspot cycle
c. Solar flares
d. A and C
390. The region in the ionosphere with a very high ionization density at roughly 55 to 90
miles and is used for frequencies up to about 20 MHz. It is gone completely at midnight.
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. F layer
d. G layer
391. A layer in the ionosphere which is the most important reflecting medium fir HF radio
waves. It has 2 sublayers, at 90 to 250 mi height
a. A layer
b. D layer
c. E layer
d. F layer
392. The apparent height of the ionized layer and is always greater than the actual height
a. Critical height
b. Virtual height
c. Maximum height
d. Imaginary height
393. Refers to the shortest distance in which a sky-wave signal will be returned to the
earth. It includes the maximum ground-wave range and the width of the skip zone.
a. Hop
b. Skip distance
c. Actual distance
d. Critical distance
394. Concerns to the highest frequency that is able to return to earth when beamed at a
certain angle of incidence
a. Relative frequency
b. Optimum frequency
c. Resonant frequency
d. Maximum usable frequency, MUF
395. In ________, the distant of each succeeding hop from earth to ionosphere and back is
also the skip distance.
a. Hop transmission
b. Single transmission
c. Unihop transmission
d. Multihop transmission
389. A and C
390. E layer
391. F layer
a. Jog
b. Hop
c. Skip
d. Fading
397. The fluctuation of signal strength at the receiver that are caused by changes in the
transmission medium
a. Fading
b. Hopping
c. Skipping
d. Diversity
398. Gradual variation in the field strength of a radio signal is compensated by
a. Fading techniques
b. Diversity techniques
c. Transverse techniques
d. Transmission techniques
399. A modulation of two different RF carrier frequencies with the same IF intelligence, then
transmitting both RF signals to a given destination.
a. Diversity
b. Space diversity
c. Frequency diversity
d. Polarization diversity
400. To increase the availability of the system, a method in which the output of a
transmitter is fed to two or more antennas that are physically separated by an appreciable
number of wavelengths.
a. Space diversity
b. Frequency diversity
c. Polarization diversity
d. Space wave propagation
396. Hop
397. Fading