Presentation 1
Presentation 1
Presentation 1
Lecturer : Eng.Juhaniya.A.I.S,BSc.Eng,Pg.Dip(EE),AMIESL
Dept.Electrical & Telecom.Eng.
SEUSL
Course contents
• Plant Modelling, Response and Feedback Control [8 h]
• Open loop and closed loop systems,Feedback control, Transfer function, Characteristic
equation, Poles and zeros
Disadvantages :
a. Not accurate and reliable.
b. Inaccurate results are occurred because of parameter variations.
c. Recalibration of the controller is required from time to time.
Closed-Loop systems
• If controlling action of a system are somehow dependent on output or changes in
output ,system is called closed-loop system.
• Permits comparison of output with input.
• So that appropriate controlling action can be taken is called the feedback of the
system.
Practical Examples of Closed Loop Control
System
1. Automatic Electric Iron – Heating elements are controlled by output temperature
of the iron.
2. Servo Voltage Stabilizer – Voltage controller operates depending upon
output voltage of the system.
3. Water Level Controller – Input water is controlled by water level of the reservoir.
4. Missile Launched and Auto Tracked by Radar – The direction of missile is
controlled by comparing the target and position of the missile.
5. An Air Conditioner – An air conditioner functions depending upon the
temperature of the room.
6. Cooling System in Car – It operates depending upon the temperature which it
controls.
Closed-Loop systems
Advantages :
• More accurate even in the presence of non-linearity.
• Bandwidth range is large.
• The sensitivity of system may be made small to make system more stable.
• This system is less affected by noise.
Disadvantages :
• They are costlier.
• They are complicated to design.
• Required more maintenance.
• Feedback leads to oscillatory response.
• Overall gain is reduced due to presence of feedback.
Comparison of Closed Loop And Open Loop
Control System
Open-Loop Control System Closed-Loop Control System
feedback affects the gain G of a non feedback system by a factor of (1 +GH). The
system of is said to have negative feedback, because a minus sign is assigned to the
feedback signal.
The quantity GH may itself include a minus sign, so the general effect of feedback is
that it may increase or decrease the gain G.
In a practical control system, G and H are functions of frequency, so the magnitude
of 1 + GH may be greater than 1 in one frequency range but less than 1 in another.
Therefore Feedback could increase the gain of systen1 in one frequency range but
decrease it in another
• Effect of Feedback on Stability
The overall system can be stable by properly selecting the outer-loop feedback
gain F.
Feedback can improve stability or be harmful to stability if it is not properly
applied.
• The sensitivity of the gain of the overall system M to the variation in G is defined as
• Effect of Feedback on External Disturbance or Noise
The effect of feedback on noise and disturbance depends greatly on where these
extraneous signals occur in the system.
No general conclusions can be reached, but in many situations, feedback can
reduce the effect of noise and disturbance on system performance
Example :
Find sensitivity of the over all transfer function of the system shown by the
figure below with respect to forward path transfer function.
Transfer Function
• A transfer function represents the relationship between the output signal of a control
system and the input signal, for all possible input values.
• A block diagram is a visualization of the control system which uses blocks to represent
the transfer function, and arrows which represent the various input and output signals.
• Thus the cause and effect relationship between the output and input is related to each
other through a transfer function.
• In a Laplace transform, if the input is represented by R(s) and the output is represented
by C(s), then the transfer function will be:
Example :
Determine the transfer function of the circuit given below where Vi(t) is the
input to the system and Vo(t) is the output of the system.
Poles and Zeros of Transfer Function
• Transfer function of a control system can also be represented as