Engineering analysis and design software

1
Software Information

LUSAS Concrete Material Model

(Model 94)
 LUSAS Concrete Material Model
• Plastic-Damage-Contact Model constitutive model based on
– Directional damage
– Continuum plasticity
– Rough contact theories
• Developed at Cardiff University in collaboration with FEA Ltd.
– Still undergoing more advanced development
• Has undergone extensive validations
– Using experimental test data
• Implemented into LUSAS

LUSAS concrete material model 3

 Plastic-Damage-Contact Model
sr , ur
• Local stress-strain relationship ss , us
st , ut
based upon a band of damaged wc
Local strains
material e=u/wc

1 / E 0 0 
s = (1 − ω) D L e + additional component when CL =  0 1/ G 0 
material comes into contact  
 0 0 1 / G 
E 0 0 
DL = 0 G 0 
 
 0 0 G 

LUSAS concrete material model 4

 Plastic-Damage-Contact Model
 T 
σ = D el  ε − ε p − ∑ N e a j 
 n 

s = Niσ Stress transformation

−1
  ωj  
σ = I + D el ∑ N j 
T C N
1 − ω j  L j 
(
D el ε − ε p )
 n   

Plastic component with triaxial yield surface and work hardening

LUSAS concrete material model 5

 Plastic-Damage-Contact Model
s = D L ((1 − ω) + ωH f (e1 )Φ(e) )e
Contact component
{ }
e f = [(1 − ω) + ωH f Φ]−1 − I C L s
{ }
e f = M x −1 − I C L s
−1
 
σ = I + D el ∑ N jT (M x −1 − I )C L N j  (
D el ε − ε p )
 n 

LUSAS concrete material model 6

 Key Features of the Concrete Model
Similar form to a traditional non-orthogonal crack model … But
• It rigorously satisfies local and overall stress-strain relationships, stress
transformations with a function that fully couples all Planes of Damage
(PODs)
References
• Shown to be thermodynamically valid • A D Jefferson (2003a).
Int. J of Solids and
• Developed within a plastic-damage framework Structures, 40(22)
5973-5999
• A D Jefferson (2003b).
• Models cracking and crushing in the same model Int. J of Solids and
Structures, 40(22),
6001-6022
• Includes shear contact (aggregate interlock and crack closure) • A D Jefferson, B I Barr,
T Bennett & S C Hee
(2004) Computers and
• Implemented in LUSAS with an implicit consistent algorithm Concrete 1(3)

LUSAS concrete material model 7

 Plastic-Damage-Contact Model
Uniaxial and biaxial compressive response.
Comparison with tests from Kupfer, Hilsdorf and Rusch
Stress ratio 1/0 Stress ratio 1/1
1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2

1 1

Stress (s)/fc
Stress (s)/fc

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 Exp. s1,e1 0.4 Exp. s1,e1

Exp s1,e2 Exp. s1, e3
0.2 Num s1,e1 0.2 Num s1 e1
Num s1,e2 Num s1,e3
0 0
-10 0 10 20 30 -4 -2 0 2 4
Strain (e) * 1000 Strain (e) *1000

LUSAS concrete material model 8

 Plastic-Damage-Contact Model
Triaxial response. Comparison with tests of Kotsovos and Newman

Tensile response. Comparison with test from Reinhardt

4 4
Experimental Series1
3 3
2 2
Stress N/mm2

Stress N/mm2
1 1
0 0
-25 -1 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 -25 -1 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
Displacement µm Displacement µm

LUSAS concrete material model 9

 Verification testing
• Normal-shear tests by Hassanzadeh, 1991
• Single edge notched beam, by Arrea and Ingraffea
• 3D Torsion tests by Barr and Brokenshire
• 2D analysis of reinforced concrete beam tested by Bresler and
Scordelis
• 2D analysis of hexagonal tests by Bennett and Jefferson

LUSAS concrete material model 10

 Normal-Shear Tests (Hassanzadah 1991)

70mm x 70mm x 60mm block with a 40mm x 40mm central section

LUSAS concrete material model 11

 Normal-Shear Tests : Results

• α=60o. Purple line=latest numerical results

4 3.0
Exper. data
Dual surf. model
3
2.5 Single surf. model
Normal stress (N/mm )

Shear stress (N/mm 2 )

2

2
2.0
1
1.5
0
1.0
-1

-2 0.5

-3 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Normal displacement (mm) Shear displacement (mm)

LUSAS concrete material model 12

Previous Plastic-Damage-Contact Model
• α=45o . Purple line=latest numerical results
4
8
Exper. data
2 7 Dual surf. model
Single surf. model
Normal stress (N/mm 2)

Shear stress (N/mm 2 )

0

5
-2
4
-4
3
-6
2
-8
1

-10 0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
Normal displacement (mm) Shear displacement (mm)

LUSAS concrete material model 13

 Previous Plastic-Damage-Contact Model

• α=30o Purple line=latest numerical results

4 3.0
Exper. data
Dual surf. model
3
2.5 Single surf. model
Normal stress (N/mm )

Shear stress (N/mm )

2

2
2.0
1
1.5
0
1.0
-1

-2 0.5

-3 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Normal displacement (mm) Shear displacement (mm)

LUSAS concrete material model 14

 Arrea and Ingraffea Single Edge Notched beam
0.13F F

224

82

Thickness
397 61 61 397 156mm

ν ε ε ψ
E fc ft c o Gf bc Z0 mg mful
kN/mm2 N/mm
24.5 0.18 35 2.9 0.0022 - 0.10 1.15 0.6 -0.1 0.5 3

• 6 & 8-Noded elements, Force and displacement. Tolerance 10-4 , 40 Increments ,

• Automatic step selection with arc-length constraint (5 step reductions) average 4
iterations per increment
LUSAS concrete material model 15
 Arrea and Ingraffea Notched Beam Results
160
Numerical
140
Experimental Upper
120 Experimental lower
100
F (kN)

80
60
40
20
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
CMSD (mm)

LUSAS concrete material model 16

Torsion tests by Barr and Brokenshire (1996)

LUSAS concrete material model 17

Torsion tests by Barr and Brokenshire (1996)

LUSAS concrete material model 18

 Torsion tests by Barr and Brokenshire (1996)
• Experimental and numerical response
1.600 1.200
Exp. 1
1.400 Exp. 1 1.000 Exp. 2
1.200 Exp. 2 Model 94
Model 94 0.800

Load (kN)
1.000
Load (kN)

0.600
0.800
0.600 0.400
0.400
0.200
0.200
0.000
0.000
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400
0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000
CMOD (mm)
CMOD (mm)
1.600 1.600

1.400 1.400
1.200 1.200
Exp 2 Exp 2
1.000 1.000
Load (kN)

Load (kN)
Model 94 Model 94
0.800 0.800
0.600 0.600

0.400 0.400
0.200 0.200

0.000 0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350
CMSD (mm) CMSD (mm)

Square section Cylindrical section

LUSAS concrete material model 19
 Bresler Scordelis Beam
2 #9 bars each layer.
(#9 = 28.7mm diam.)
230 Load P 230
1829 1829

350
Total applied load P (kN)

300
250
200
150
100 Expe rim e ntal
Num e rical
50
Num e rical D.O.
0
0 2 4 6 8
Ce ntral de fle ction (m m )

LUSAS concrete material model 20

 Bresler Scordelis Beam

• Numerical solution at final load step • Numerical damage only

with new concrete model
LUSAS concrete material model 21
 Bresler Scordelis Beam
• Two-dimensional plane stress analysis of a reinforced concrete beam
(E14N170)
2 #9 bars each layer.
(#9 = 28.7mm diam.)
230 Load P 230
1829 1829 350

300

250
Elevation on beam

Total applied load (kN)

310
200

556
63.5
150
63.5
Cross-Section
Centreline 100
P/2
Experimental
50
LUSAS model 84
LUSAS model 94
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Elastic elements to Central Defelection (m m )

simulate distribution
effect of plates

LUSAS concrete material model 22

 Hexagonal tests
• Hexagonal specimen tests
undertaken at Cardiff 2004-
05
– 60mm thick
– 100mm across flats
– PTFE sheet between jack
and test piece
• Debonded 2mm copper
coated mild steel bars to
support transducers
• Specimen shown after failure
on a ‘straight push’

LUSAS concrete material model 23

 Hexagonal tests LOAD CASE = 120
Increment 120 Load Factor = 0.163E+01
RESULTS FILE =
STRAIN
CONTOURS OF EMax
0

0
0.333333E-3
0.666667E-3
1E-3
1.33333E-3
1.66667E-3
2E-3

• Major principal strains near the peak load

2.33333E-3
2.66667E-3
3E-3
3.33333E-3
3.66667E-3
4E-3

(174kN) [upper image]

4.33333E-3
4.66667E-3
5E-3
Max 0.4124E-02 at Node 299
Min -0.1299E-03 at Node 3

• Post peak (140kN) [middle]

Y

Z X

– Major principal strains at failure, where the red is LOAD CASE = 600
Increment 600 Load Factor = 0.155E+01
RESULTS FILE =
STRAIN
0

consistent with a heavily cracked regions. This is in

CONTOURS OF EMax

0
0.333333E-3

reasonable agreement with the crack plot.

0.666667E-3
1E-3
1.33333E-3
1.66667E-3
2E-3
2.33333E-3

– Because the model was being developed using the

2.66667E-3
3E-3
3.33333E-3
3.66667E-3

LUSAS Material Model Interface when this test was

4E-3
4.33333E-3
4.66667E-3
5E-3

run, no crack plotting was available.

Max 0.9749E-01 at Node 336
Min -0.1037E-03 at Node 206

• Deformed mesh at 140kN, post-peak [lower] Z X

– Shows left edge moving out due to cracking

Z X

LUSAS concrete material model 24

 Hexagonal tests
200 200
experimental 1 experimental 1
180 180
experimental 2 experimental 2
160 160
Numerical Numerical
140 140

Load (kN)
Load (kN)

120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-1.0 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.00 0.10
Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)

Diagonal relative displacement Vertical relative displacement

LUSAS concrete material model 25

 LUSAS QA testcases
• Run in addition to validation test cases
• Used to verify its usage against both experimental and
theoretical results
• Only a few are shown here
– Direct tension fracture test
– 2D and 3D nonlinear analysis of a reinforced concrete
beam
– Collapse of a concrete slab

LUSAS concrete material model 26

 3D direct tension analysis
• Direct tension fracture test

Displacement control
Experimental
loading 3.5

50 LUSAS model 84

Average stress at neck N/sq.mm

3 LUSAS model 94
10 Symmetry mesh
2.5

30
1.5

10 0.5

Thickness = 30 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
mm Total dis placem ent (m m )

LUSAS concrete material model 27

 2D nonlinear analysis of RC Beam
Showing crack planes and crushing zones

LUSAS concrete material model 28

 3D nonlinear analysis of RC Beam
Showing crack planes and crushing zones

LUSAS concrete material model 29

 Collapse of a concrete slab
Transverse corner
Symmetry support
supports

Symmetry supports

Transverse load applied at this node

LUSAS concrete material model 30

 Key Features of the Concrete Model
• Rigorously satisfies local and overall stress-strain relationships, stress
transformations
– with a function that fully couples all Planes of Damage (PODs)
• It has been shown to be thermodynamically valid
• It was developed within a plastic-damage framework
• It models cracking and crushing in the same model
• It includes shear contact (aggregate interlock and crack closure)
• It is implemented in LUSAS with an implicit consistent algorithm

LUSAS concrete material model 31

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engineering

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engineering Find out more at
www.lusas.com