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    Chapter 9 Heat Form 2 KSSM

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    Nadhirah Kamarudin
    Heat is a form of energy that flows from hotter to colder objects. Temperature measures the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. Heat can be transferred through three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation. In conduction, heat transfers through direct contact between objects. In convection, heat transfers through the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation transfers heat through empty space without a medium. Materials expand when heated and contract when cooled due to the increased or decreased vibration and movement of their particles. The expansion and contraction of materials have many applications in daily life like thermometers and thermostats. The ability of an object to absorb and emit heat depends on its surface properties like color, with dark colors

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    Chapter 9 Heat Form 2 KSSM

    Uploaded by

    Nadhirah Kamarudin
    7K views7 pages
    Heat is a form of energy that flows from hotter to colder objects. Temperature measures the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. Heat can be transferred through three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation. In conduction, heat transfers through direct contact between objects. In convection, heat transfers through the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation transfers heat through empty space without a medium. Materials expand when heated and contract when cooled due to the increased or decreased vibration and movement of their particles. The expansion and contraction of materials have many applications in daily life like thermometers and thermostats. The ability of an object to absorb and emit heat depends on its surface properties like color, with dark colors

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    Heat is a form of energy that flows from hotter to colder objects. Temperature measures the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. Heat can be transferred through three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation. In conduction, heat transfers through direct contact between objects. In convection, heat transfers through the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation transfers heat through empty space without a medium. Materials expand when heated and contract when cooled due to the increased or decreased vibration and movement of their particles. The expansion and contraction of materials have many applications in daily life like thermometers and thermostats. The ability of an object to absorb and emit heat depends on its surface properties like color, with dark colors

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    7K views7 pages

    Chapter 9 Heat Form 2 KSSM

    Uploaded by

    Nadhirah Kamarudin
    Heat is a form of energy that flows from hotter to colder objects. Temperature measures the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. Heat can be transferred through three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation. In conduction, heat transfers through direct contact between objects. In convection, heat transfers through the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation transfers heat through empty space without a medium. Materials expand when heated and contract when cooled due to the increased or decreased vibration and movement of their particles. The expansion and contraction of materials have many applications in daily life like thermometers and thermostats. The ability of an object to absorb and emit heat depends on its surface properties like color, with dark colors

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 7

    CHAPTER 9: HEAT

    9.1 Relationship between Temperature and Heat


    1. Heat is a form of energy obtained from various sources such as the Sun and fossil
    fuels
    2. Heat flows from hotter region to colder region
    3. Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object
    4. Temperature increases in a hot environment and decreases in a cold environment
    5. Temperature is measured using a thermometer

    6. The differences between heat and temperature

    Heat Temperature
    A form of energy The degree of hotness and coldness of
    an object
    Measured in Joule (J) Measured in degrees Celcius ( ͦC) or
    Kelvin (K) [ 0 ͦ C = 273.15 K]
    The amount of heat depends on the Temperature depends on the degree of
    type of material, quantity of material movement of the particles in a matter
    and temperature

    9.2 Heat Flow and Thermal Equilibrium


    1. Heat flows from a hot object to a cold object
    2. Heat flow happens in 3 different ways:
    (a) Conduction (b) Convection (c) Radiation

    3. Conduction
     The process of heat transfer from hotter regions to colder regions through a solid
    medium
     The particles that receive heat energy will vibrate and collide with one another
    more frequently and transfer the heat to the whole medium

    Explaination:
    i. When one end of a metal rod is heated by a Bunsen flame, the particles of
    the metal rod near the flame get extra heat energy from the flame.
    ii. The particles vibrate more vigorously, knocking into neighbours particles
    and transferring energy to them
    iii. The neighbouring particles, in turn, knock their neighbours and pass energy
    to them.

    NanadhirahKamarudin
    iv. Thumbtack K drops first followed by thumbtack L and thumbtack M.
    v. This shows that heat is carried along the Copper rod from hot end to the
    cold end.

    4. Convection
     The process of heat transferred by the movement of fluid (liquid and gas) from
    hotter regions to colder regions

    Explaination:

     The part of the fluid that receives heat will expand, become less dense and rise.
     The colder and more dense fluid moves downwards.
     The circulating stream that rises and falls continuously is known as convection
    current
     The purple particles of Potassium permanganate that receive heat will expand,
    become less dense and rise.

    5. Radiation
     The process of transferring heat without any medium
     Heat can propagate through an empty space or vacuum
     The types of surface, temperature and total surface area of an object will
    influence the rate of heat flow
     Example: warming of the Earth by the Sun

    Explaination:

     Air in the bell jar has been removed and the bell jar has become a vacuum
     Eventhough the bell jar has become a vacuum, heat can be felt when you
    touched the bell jar

    NanadhirahKamarudin
     This shows that heat can be transferred through vacuum.

    6. The differences between Conduction, Convection and Radiation

    7. Heat flow in Natural Phenomena

    A. SEA BREEZE

    1. Sea breeze blow during the day


    2. During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea
    3. As a result, the air on land becomes less dense and rises
    4. The cooler air over the sea which is denser (cooler) flows in to take lace of
    the warm air, causing what is known as sea breeze

    B. LAND BREEZE

    1. Land breeze blows during the night from land to sea


    2. During night time, the land cools faster than the sea

    NanadhirahKamarudin
    3. The warmer air above the sea becomes less dense and rises
    4. Cool air from the land moves in to take its place
    5. The convection current that forms is known as land breeze

    8. Heat conductors and Heat Insulators

    Heat conductors Heat Insulators


    Definition Heat conductors are materials Heat insulators are materials that
    that allow heat to flow through prevent heat to flow through
    them them

    Importanc  The base of iron is made of  Oven gloves are heat


    e metal that enable it to insulators that prevent your
    conduct heat so that clothes hands from getting burned
    can be ironed quickly  Cooking utensils made of
     Mercury in thermometers wood are capable of
    is a good conductor and preventing heat from
    can detect changes in flowing to the hand while
    temperature very quickly cooking

    9. Thermal equilibrium
    i) Two objects which are in thermal contact can transfer heat energy
    between them.
    ii) The heat energy is transferred from the object with higher temperature to
    the object with lower temperature
    iii) When there is no net transfer of heat energy between objects, the objects
    are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
    iv) Two objects that are in thermal equilibrium has the same temperature

    9.3 Principle of Expansion and Contraction of Matter

    1. Expansion of solid
     The particles in a solid vibrate at a fixed position.

    NanadhirahKamarudin
     When the solid is heated, the particles vibrate faster and move further
    apart from one another
     This causes the volume of the solid to increase because the solid
    expands

    2. Contraction of solid
     When solid is cooled, the particles vibrate slower and move closer to
    one another
     This causes the volume of solid to decrease because the solid
    contracts

    3. Expansion of liquid and gas


     Particles in liquid and gas move freely.
     When the liquid and gas are heated, the particles move faster and
    randomly.
     The distance between particles also increases
     This causes the volume of the liquid and gas to increase because liquid
    and gas expand

    4. Contraction of liquid and gas


     When the liquid and gas are cooled, the particles move slower and
    closer to one another
     This causes the volume of the liquid and the gas to decrease because the
    liquid and the gas contract

    The uses of expansion and Contraction in Daily Life


    1. Mercury in glass thermometer
     A mercury in glass thermometer works on the expansion and contraction of
    mercury in the bulb of the thermometer
     When the thermometer is used to measure the temperature of a hot object, the
    mercury in the bulb expands and forces the mercury in the glass tube to go up
     When the thermometer is used to measure the temperature of a cold object, the
    mercury in the bulb contracts and the mercury in the glass tube goes down

    2. Bimetallic Strip in Fire Alarm

    NanadhirahKamarudin
     A bimetallic strip is made of two different metal strip such as copper and iron
     Copper expands faster than iron when heated
     The forces that arise due to an equal expansion of the two metals cause the
    bimetallic strip to bend
     Bimetallic strips are used as automated switches in fire alarms and as
    thermostats in electrical appliances such as iron, air conditioner, rice cookers
    and refrigerators to keep the temperature in these appliances constant.

    3. Gaps in railway tracks


     Gaps are left between sections of rails to allow for the expansion of the rails
    during hot weather
     Concrete roads are built with expansion gaps
    to allow for the expansion of the concrete
    during hot weather

    4. Rollers in concrete and steel bridges


     Concrete bridges and steel bridges have rollers
    on one end to allow for expansion on hot days
    and cold days

    5. Opening a tight cap


     The cap can be removed easily by dipping it into hot water for a few minutes.
    This is because the cap expands when it is heated by the hot water and became
    loose.

    9.4 Relationship between types of surface of object, and heat absorption and emission

     The ability of an object to absorb and radiate heat depends on the type and
    colour of its surface.
     When an object absorbs heat, its temperature increase
     However, when object radiates heat, its temperature decreases

    1. Dark and dull objects:


    a) Absorbs heat better than white, shiny objects
    b) Give out (transmit) heat better that white shiny objects

    NanadhirahKamarudin
    2. White and shiny objects:
    a) Poor absorber and poor radiator of heat
    b) Reflects heat better than dark and dull object

    NanadhirahKamarudin

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