Nanomedicine Lecture 2007
Nanomedicine Lecture 2007
Nanomedicine Lecture 2007
Marc Baumann
Protein Chemistry/Proteomics Unit
and the Neuroscience Program
Biomedicum Helsinki
E-Mail: [email protected]
(http://research.med.helsinki.fi/corefacilities/proteinchem)
Nanoscience IV
Nanomedicine
Five lectures:
- Nanomedicine prospectives
Contact:
Our dream!
1999
(J. Lertola)
Nanomedicine…
K.E. Drexler Engines of Creation (1950’s): The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, Anchor
Press/Doubleday, New York, 1986.
Medical microchips' massive potential
2mm
Bio-nanomaterial science Materials which are in direct contact with biological fluids
or living tissue, with minimal adverse reaction or rejection by the body.
Biomaterials
Bone
Teeth
Cells
Cartilage
Immune system
Viral and bacterial attack
Drug delivery
Diagnostics
Bionanomaterials
1) orthopedic prostheses such as total knee and hip joint replacements, spinal implants, bone
fixators, and tendon and ligament prostheses;
2) cardiovascular implants such as artificial heart valves, vascular grafts and stents, pacemakers,
and implantable defibrillators;
3) neural implants (e.g., cochlear implants) and cerebrospinal fluid drainage systems (e.g.,
hydrocephalus shunts);
5) dental implants to replace teeth/root systems and bony tissue in the oral cavity;
9) general surgical systems such as sutures, staples, adhesives, and blood substitutes.
Stent and Catheter Developments
• Biodegradeable, Drug-Eluting Stents (DES)
• BioMEMS sensor stents and catheters
Two types of materials (hard man-made and soft bioprosthetic) are commonly used
for artificial heart valves, though a third type – polymer valves – were also being
Investigated (Graphite/diamond coated with pyrolytic carbon, 2.1 billion cycles,
52 years; denatured Porcine aortic valves, 5-15 years; bovine or autologous pericardium,
human homografts).
>> The principal problems with mechanical heart valves are thrombosis or
Hemorrhaging (life long antithrombosis treatment required), and with biomaterials
their short lifespan.
Bioactive materials
>> Are not inert but get a fiborous tissue capsule around them
Here we will see the nanofibres come up!! (Star Inc. Electrospun nanofibers;
eSpin Tech. Nanofibers of organic and biological polymers)(150nm fibers).
The goals is to alter the surface material by changing the atomic structure and chemistry
e.g. Ceramic is not very bioactive but when treated with Ion beam surface modification
it become bioactive.
Cells align themselves to nano-scale features on a titanium surface, and the size and
shape of features can control the behavior of different cells.
For instance, fibroblasts (responsible for new collagen fiber deposition during wound
healing) migrate along the nano-sized grooves, while macrophages (white blood
cells responsible for digesting foreign matter) can become trapped within these
features. Biomaterial scientists can exploit such topographical controls to provide
new ways to guide regeneration and healing.
Orthopedic biomaterials
Artificial joints consist of a plastic cup made of ultrahigh molecular weight
polyethylene, placed in the joint socket, and a metal (titanium or cobalt chromium
alloy) or ceramic (aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide) ball affixed to a metal stem.
Billion of tiny polymer particles are shed into the surrounding synovial fluid and
tissues during the life time of the AJ (8-12 Years).
European Technology
Platform on NanoMedicine Nanomedicine
Nanotechnology for Health NanotechnologyforHealth
Vision Paper
and Basis for a Strategic Research Agenda
for NanoMedicine
September 2005
November 2006
EUROPEAN COMISSION
European Technology
Platform on NanoMedicine
Nanotechnology for Health
Vision Paper
and Basis for a Strategic Research Agenda
for NanoMedicine
September 2005
European Technology
Platform on NanoMedicine
Nanotechnology for Health
Vision Paper
and Basis for a Strategic Research Agenda
for NanoMedicine
September 2005
Analytical Tools
• Nanoimaging November 2006
What do we have
Today
Future
The first step in any treatment process is the examination of the patient,
including the individual's medical history, personal functional and
structural baseline, and current complaints.
In the 21st century, new tools for nanomedical testing and observation
will include clinical in vivo cytography; real-time whole-body
microbiotic surveys; immediate access to laboratory-quality data on
the patient.
An Example
A patient presents in the clinic with mild fever, nasal congestion,
discomfort, and cough. A swab of his throat is taken.
What do we do now?
The physician faces the patient and pulls from his pocket a lightweight
handheld device resembling a pocket calculator…
Cellular
Analysis
Cell lysing nSERS
Nanogap
1mm Junction
Cell sorting
by
Lab Automation: Sample Prep, SMM, & SMD
adhesion
Microfluidic Pumps Microfluidic interface protein
Protein Microarray Chip structures
Cells B DE
Bacteria
Viruses
Hydrophobic
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Inlet channel A 1 Hydrophilic H Outlet channel
Hydrophilic trap
C FG
The physician faces the patient and pulls from his pocket a
lightweight handheld device resembling a pocket calculator…
Self-sterilizing cordless pencil-sized probe
Acoustic echolocation transceivers
• Enabling Technologies
• Integration
– MEMS transducer and
electronics in the same • Benefits
miniature circuit • Portable applications
• Miniaturization • Flexible sheet-like “probe”
– Highest density, performance • Low-cost manufacturing
interconnect & packaging
The diagnosis is completed in a few seconds, the infectious agent is
Promptly Exterminated and a resurvey with the probe several minutes
afterwards reveals no evidence of the pathogen.
Key words:
- Diagnostic
- Treatment
Quantum Dot Applications in Cancer Management
99mTc
NanoColloid
Quantum Dot
Nanoparticle
Fluorescence
Nanomedicine will offer in the doctors office…
Biochip-IMB, Ltd.
A Dermal Display
A set of thousands of Mass
Spectrometers in one chip
Nanotechnology and Biosensors
• Nanotechnology will contribute to a wide range of
diagnostic applications through the development
of:
– Implantable Diagnostic Devices
– Internal Diagnostics
– Intracellular Diagnostics
– Pathogen Detection
Bio-Sensors & Actuators
In-vivo Sensor
–Organic sensor
–With telemetry
–100 microns
–Biocompatible
–Biodegradable
New Applications of Biosensors
• Stent Monitor
– Restenosis
– Pressure gradients
– Plaque build-up
– Artery thickening
• Smart Catheter
– Fibrillation Detection
• Drug Delivery
• Radiation Therapy
– Dynamic Dose Control,
– Micro-Targeting
– Reconstruction Aid (angular uncertainty)
Technology drivers for remote sensing
• MEMS devices
• Sensors and electronic circuitry on same chip
• Low power wireless transmitting devices(100 μWatt)
• Millimetre scale batteries
• Micro-sensor networks using 2.5mm3 motes
• Transmitter range 20m between motes
• Wireless portable display devices
• Hardware encryption
• Local decision support software
Nano BioSensors in the ER
Nanowires
GE Global Research (2002)
100 nm
Device 3x5mm
Toumaz Technology
Systems Integration is Key to Success
Point of Decision Application
• In Vitro Analysis
• Protein targeting fluorescent
nanoparticles, Microfluidics
Lab on a Chip,Nanowire &
Nanocantilever sensors
• Medical Imaging
• MEMS, Nano Systems
• Communication Satellites
• 3D, Thin, Low Power
Packaging
• Mobile Communications
• Miniature, High Performance MEMS based pocket ultrasound
Systems system replacing stethoscope
Future Developments of Nanotechnology
in Healthcare
• AFM as a nano-scalpel to dissect DNA from regions of a
chromosome
• Nanoscale devices on catheter tips
• Single cell diagnosis
• Insertion of molecules into single cell using MEMS
devices
• Drug delivery and monitoring devices
• Biomedical lab testing at the point of care
• Synthetic organs