Canard (aeronautics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)

Canard (aeronautics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In aeronautics, a canard (French for "duck") is a fixed-wing

aircraft configuration in which a small horizontal surface,
also named the canard or foreplane, is positioned forward of
the main wing in contrast to the conventional position at the
tail.[1][2][3] Because of this it is sometimes described as
"tail-first".[4]

The term "canard" arose in France. The appearance of the

Santos-Dumont 14-bis of 1906 reminded the French public
of a flying duck (Fr. canard).,[5] and later the Fabre
Hydravion of 1910 was named "Le Canard".[6] Thereafter
all aeroplanes with a foreplane were known as canards [7]
Canards (lateral surfaces in blue) on the Saab Viggen

Contents
1 History
1.1 Pioneer years
1.2 1914 to 1945
1.3 The canard revival
1.4 Modern canards
2 Design principles
2.1 Lift
2.2 Control
2.3 Stability
2.3.1 Wright Flyer stability
2.4 Close coupling
2.5 Stealth
2.6 Variable geometry
2.7 Ride control
3 List of canard aircraft
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links

History
Pioneer years

The Wright Brothers began experimenting with the foreplane configuration around 1900. Their first kite
included a front surface for pitch control and they adopted this configuration for their first Flyer. They were
aware that Otto Lilienthal had been killed in a glider with an aft tail, due to a lack of pitch control. They

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expected a foreplane to be a better control surface, in addition to being visible to the pilot in flight.

Many pioneers initially followed the Wrights' lead. For example the Santos-Dumont 14-bis aeroplane of 1906
had no tail but small control surfaces in the front. The Fabre Hydravion of 1910 was the first floatplane to fly
and had a foreplane. It was named "Le Canard".

But canard behaviour was not properly understood and other European pioneers were establishing the tailplane
as the "conventional" design. Some – including the Wrights – experimented with both fore and aft planes on the
same aircraft, now known as the three surface configuration.

1914 to 1945

After 1910, few canard types would be produced for many decades. None appeared during the First World War.

During the 1920s, the Focke-Wulf F 19 "Ente" (duck) was a rare example of a canard experiment.

Later, some experimental canard fighters were flown, including the Ambrosini SS.4, Curtiss-Wright XP-55
Ascender and Ky sh J7W1 Shinden, but no production aircraft were completed. The Shinden was ordered into
production "off the drawing board" but hostilities ceased before any other than prototypes had flown.

Just after the end of World War II in Europe, what could have been the first canard designed and flown in the
Soviet Union appeared as a test aircraft, the lightweight Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8 Utka.

The canard revival

From the 1950s, American designers and especially North American experimented with supersonic canard delta
designs, with some such as the North American XB-70 Valkyrie and the Soviet equivalent Sukhoi T-4 flying in
prototype form. But it was not until 1967 that the Swedish Saab 37 Viggen became the first canard aircraft to
enter production. This spurred many designers, and canard surfaces sprouted on a number of designs derived
from the popular Dassault Mirage delta-winged jet fighter. These included variants of the French Dassault
Mirage III, Israeli IAI Kfir and South African Atlas Cheetah. The canard delta remains a popular configuration
for combat aircraft.

The Viggen also inspired Burt Rutan to create a two seater homebuilt canard design, accordingly named
VariViggen (1972). Rutan'ns next two canard designs, the VariEze and Long-EZ had longer-span swept wings.
These designs were radically different from anything seen before [8] and were also very successful with many
examples built.[9] The 1980s saw the spreading of Rutan's ideas to other designers, including executive canards
such as the OMAC Laser 300, Avtek 400 and Beech Starship.

The development of fly-by-wire and artificial stability produced a new generation of military canard designs.
The Saab JAS 39 Gripen multirpole fighter flew in 1988 and was adopted by a number of national air forces.
Others followed. Types which would follow it into operational service included the Eurofighter Typhoon in 1994
and the Chinese Chengdu J-10 in 1998.

Modern canards

Static canard designs can have issues with stability and behaviour in the stall. Modern computerized controls
began to turn the complex interactions in airflow between the canard and the main wing from stability concerns
into maneuverability advantages.[10] Some canard aircraft designs have trim advantages that allow them to
better adjust for center of mass changes due to load changes or fuel use, and for aerodynamic center changes

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when shifting between subsonic and supersonic flight.

Design principles
A canard foreplane may be used for various reasons such as lift, (in)stability, trim, flight control, or to modify
airflow over the main wing. Design analysis has been divided into into two main classes, for the lifting-canard
and the control-canard.[11] These classes may follow the close-coupled type or not, and a given design may
provide either or both of lift and control.

Lift

In the lifting-canard configuration, the weight of the aircraft is shared

between the wing and the canard. It has been described as an extreme
conventional configuration but with a small highly-loaded wing and an
enormous lifting tail which enables the centre of mass to be very far aft
relative to the front surface.[12]

A lifting canard generates an upload, in contrast to a conventional aft-tail

Rutan Long-EZ, with high aspect ratio
which generates negative lift that must be counteracted by extra lift on
lifting-canard
the main wing. As the canard lift appears to increase the overall lift
capability of the aircraft, this may appear to favor the canard layout. In
particular, at takeoff the wing is most heavily loaded and where a conventional tail exerts a downforce
worsening the load, a canard exerts an upward force relieving the load. This allows a smaller main wing.

However, the foreplane downwash effect on the wing lift distribution is unfavorable for the canard concept, so
the difference in overall induced drag is actually not obvious, and depends on the details of the configuration.
[10][12][13]
Also, pitch stability requirements dictate that the canard must stall before the wing, so the wing can
never reach its maximum lift capability. Hence, the wing must then be larger than on the conventional
configuration, which increases its area, weight and profile drag.[10][13]

A danger associated with an insufficiently-loaded canard—i.e. when the center of gravity too far aft—is that
when approaching stall, the main wing may stall first. This causes the rear of the craft to drop, deepening the
stall and sometimes preventing recovery.[14]

With a lifting-canard type, the main wing must be located further aft of the center of gravity than a conventional
wing, and this increases the downward pitching moment caused by the deflection of trailing-edge flaps. Small,
highly-loaded canards do not have sufficient extra lift available to balance this moment, so lifting-canard aircraft
cannot readily be designed with powerful trailing-edge flaps.[11]

Control

In a control-canard design, most of the weight of the aircraft is carried by the wing and the canard is used
primarily for longitudinal control during maneuvering. Thus, a control-canard mostly operates only as a control
surface and is usually at zero angle of attack, carrying no aircraft weight in normal flight. Modern combat
aircraft of canard configuration typically have a control-canard. In modern combat aircraft, the canard is usually
driven by a computerized flight control system.[11]

One benefit obtainable from a control-canard is the avoidance of pitch-up. An all-moving canard capable of a

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significant nose-down deflection will protect against pitch-up. As a

result, the aspect ratio and wing-sweep of the wing can be optimized
without having to guard against pitch-up.[11]

They are used to intentionally destabilize some combat aircraft in order

to make them more manoeuvrable. In this case, electronic flight control
systems use the pitch control function of the canard foreplane to create
artificial static and dynamic stability.[10][13]
A deflected control canard on an RAF
Stability Typhoon F2

Canard foreplanes, being placed ahead of the center of gravity, act to

reduce Longitudinal static stability (stability in pitch). Nevertheless, a canard stabilizer may be added to an
otherwise unstable design to obtain overall stability. To achieve static pitch stability, the change in canard lift
coefficient with angle of attack (lift coefficient slope) should be less than that for the main plane.[15] A number
of factors affect this characteristic.[11]

For most airfoils, lift slope decreases at high lift coefficients. Therefore, the most common way in which pitch
stability can be achieved is to increase the lift coefficient (so the wing loading) of the canard. This tends to
increase the lift-induced drag of the foreplane, which may be given a high aspect ratio in order to limit drag.[15]
A canard airfoil has commonly a greater airfoil camber than the wing.

Another possibility is to decrease the aspect ratio of the canard,[16] with again more lift-induced drag and
possibly a higher stall angle than the wing.

A design approach used by Burt Rutan is a high aspect ratio canard with higher lift coefficient (the wing loading
of the canard is between 1.6 to 2 times the wing one) and a canard airfoil whose lift slope is non-linear (nearly
flat) between 14° and 24°.[17]

Another stabilisation parameter is the power effect. In case of canard pusher propeller: "the power-induced flow
clean up of the wing trailing edge" [17] increases the wing lift slope. Conversely, a propeller located ahead of the
canard (increasing the lift slope of the canard) has a strong destabilising effect.[18]

Wright Flyer stability

The first powered airplane to fly, the Wright Flyer, a lifting-canard (although conceived as a control-canard),[19]
was "highly unstable" and barely controllable.[20] Following the first flight, the Wright Flyers had some ballast
added to the nose to move the center of gravity forward and reduce pitch instability. However the basics of
pitch stability of the canard configuration were not understood by the Wright Brothers. F.E.C. Culick stated,
"The backward state of the general theory and understanding of flight mechanics hindered them ... Indeed, the
most serious gap in their knowledge was probably the basic reason for their unwitting mistake in selecting their
canard configuration".[21]

Close coupling

In the close-coupled canard, the foreplane is located just above and forward of the wing. At high angles of
attack (and therefore typically at low speeds) the canard surface directs airflow downward over the wing,
reducing turbulence which results in reduced drag and increased lift.[22] Typically the foreplane creates a vortex

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which attaches to the upper surface of the wing, stabilising and

re-energising the airflow over the wing and delaying or preventing the
stall.

The canard foreplane may be fixed as on the IAI Kfir, have landing flaps
as on the Saab Viggen, or be moveable and also act as a control-canard
during normal flight as on the Dassault Rafale.
Saab 37 Viggen of the Swedish Air
A close-coupled canard has been shown to benefit a supersonic delta Force
wing design which gains lift in both transonic flight (such as for
supercruise) and also in low speed flight (such as take offs and
landings).[23]

Stealth

Canard aircraft are sometimes said to have poor stealth characteristics because they present large, angular
surfaces that tend to reflect radar signals forwards.[10][24] Canards have nevertheless been incorporated on
several proposed stealth aircraft. Northrop's proposal for the Naval Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF), termed
NATF-23, incorporated canard on a stealthy airframe.[25][26] Lockheed Martin employed canards on a stealth
airframe in the Joint Advanced Strike Technology (JAST) program.[27][28] McDonnell Douglas and NASA's
stealthy X-36 featured the use of canards.[29] The Eurofighter Typhoon uses software control of its canards in
order to reduce its effective radar cross section.[30][31]

Variable geometry

A moustache is a small, high aspect ratio foreplane which is deployed only for low-speed flight in order to
improve handling at high angles of attack such as during takeoff and landing. It is retractable at high speed in
order to avoid the Wave drag penalty of a canard design. First seen on the Dassault Milan, and later on the
Tupolev Tu-144. NASA has investigated the use of a one-piece slewed equivalent called the conformably
stowable canard, where as the surface is stowed one side sweeps backwards and the other forwards.[32]

The Beechcraft Starship had a variable sweep canard surface. The sweep is varied to trim out the pitching effect
cause by the wing flaps when deployed.[33]

Ride control

The Rockwell B-1 Lancer shows small front fin surfaces as part of an
active vibration damping system that reduces significant aerodynamic
buffeting during high-speed, low altitude flight. This buffeting is a
leading cause of crew fatigue and reduced airframe life. As placed in
front of the plane, these surfaces are described as "canard vanes" [34] or
"canard fins".[35]

List of canard aircraft B-1B Lancer front small fin surfaces

See also: Category:Canard aircraft

Some canard aircraft and designs are listed below. The order of listing is broadly chronological (earliest first).

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Date given is for year of first flight.

Pioneer years (1900-1914)

Wright Glider, 1902

Wright Flyer, 1903
Voisin glider 1904
Santos-Dumont 14-bis, 1906
AEA June Bug, 1908
Fabre Hydravion "Le canard", 1910, world's first airworthy Wright Flyer was a canard biplane
seaplane of any type
Voisin Canard, 1911

No canard designs were produced during the First World War

1919-1945

Focke-Wulf F 19, 1927 research aircraft

Focke-Wulf Fw 42, 1932 twin-engined bomber project[36]
Curtiss XP-55 Ascender
Beltrame Colibri,[37] 1938
Ambrosini SS.4, 1939 pusher configuration fighter prototype
Lockheed L-133, 1942 jet fighter project
Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender, 1943 pusher configuration fighter
prototype
Messerschmitt P.1110 Ente, 1945 jet interceptor project for the
Emergency Fighter Program[38]
Ky sh J7W1 Shinden, 1945 pusher configuration fighter
MiG-8 Utka, 1945 research aircraft

Postwar - military jets The Beechcraft Starship executive

transport
North American X-10, 1953
North American SM-64 Navaho, 1957 cruise missile
Avro 730 1957 Mach 3 bomber project
North American XB-70 Valkyrie, 1964 Mach 3 bomber prototype
Saab 37 Viggen, 1967
Sukhoi T-4, 1972 Mach 3 bomber prototype
IAI Kfir C2, 1974
Chengdu J-9, 1975
Dassault Mirage III, 1981 variant with a small close-coupled
canard
Dassault Rafale, 1986 Dassault Rafale
Atlas Cheetah, 1986
IAI Lavi, 1986
Saab JAS 39 Gripen, 1988
Rockwell-MBB X-31, 1990 joint American/German research aircraft
Novi Avion, 1991 Yugoslavian multi-role combat aircraft project
Eurofighter Typhoon, 1994
Chengdu J-10, 1998
Chengdu J-20, 2011 [39]
Qaher-313, 2013 Iranian fighter project

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Postwar - general aviation and homebuilt

Rutan VariViggen, 1972

Rutan VariEze, 1975
Rutan Long-EZ, 1979
Rutan Defiant, 1978
Gyroflug Speed Canard, 1980
Rutan Amsoil Racer, 1981
Rutan Solitaire, 1982
Chudzik CC-1, 1987[40]
Junqua Ibis, 1991
Cozy MK IV
Velocity SE
Canards visible on a JAS 39 Gripen
Velocity XL
Berkut 360
Steve Wright Stagger-Ez
Freedom Aviation Phoenix

Postwar - commercial

OMAC Laser 300, 1981 executive pusher configuration

Avtek 400, 1984 executive pusher configuration
Beech Starship, 1986 executive pusher configuration
AASI Jetcruzer, 1991 executive pusher configuration prototypes
Tupolev Tu-144 1968 supersonic jet airliner with a canard
"moustache" XB-70 Valkyrie experimental bomber
aircraft
Postwar - ultralight/microlight

Aviafiber Canard 2FL, 1977

Pterodactyl Ascender 1980 variant with a control canard,
Eipper Lotus Microlight, 1982[41]
E-Go project, 2007

Postwar - miscellaneous

MacCready Gossamer Condor, 1977 man powered pusher

configuration Pterodactyl Ascender II+2
MacCready Gossamer Albatross, 1979 man powered configuration
Rutan Voyager, 1986 round-the-world special
Scaled Composites ARES, 1990

See also
Canard Rotor/Wing
Wing configuration
Tandem wing
Three surface aircraft

References

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rearward CG position, a high AoA trim (deep stall)

1. ^ Crane, Dale: Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, condition may occur from which revovery may be
third edition, page 86. Aviation Supplies & impossible"
Academics, 1997. ISBN 1-56027-287-2 15. ^ a b Sherwin, Keith: Man powered flight, revised
2. ^ Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, From the Ground reprint, page 131. Model & Allied Publications,
Up, page 10 (27th revised edition) ISBN 1975. ISBN 0852424361
0-9690054-9-0 16. ^ Hoerner, Fluid Dynamic Lift, page 11-30, Aspect
3. ^ Federal Aviation Administration (August 2008). ratio
"Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART
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1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS"
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(http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&
18. ^ Tandem aircraft PAT-1, Nasa TM 88354
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19. ^ Culick AIAA-2001-3385 "Consistently with
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ignoring the condition of zero net (pitch) moment, the
idno=14). Retrieved 2008-08-05.
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4. ^ Green, W. and Swanborough, G.; The complete
carried no load and served only as a control device."
book of fighters, Salamander (1994), p. 517
20. ^ Nasa TM 88354, A look at handling qualities of
5. ^ Villard, Henry Serrano (2002). Contact! : the story
canard configurations, Wright Flyer, p. 8, "... the
of the early aviators (http://books.google.com
Flyer was highly unstable... The lateral/directional
/books?id=tDmR7DhM_uEC&lpg=PA40&
stability and control of the Flyer were marginal".
pg=PA40#v=onepage&f=false). Mineola, N.Y.:
21. ^ F.E.C. Culick (2001), Wright Brothers: First
Dover Publications. pp. 39–53.
Aeronautical Engineers and Test Pilots
ISBN 0-486-42327-1.
(http://www.wrightflyer.org/wp-content/uploads
6. ^ Gabriel Voisin, in Mes 10.000 cerfs-volants (My
/2012/10/The-First-Aeronautical-Engineers-and-Test-
10,000 kites), talking about his 1904 glider :"en une
Pilots.pdf) (pdf), p. 4, "The backward state of the
heure, j'avais transformé mon planeur, qui, chargé sur
general theory and understanding of flight mechanics
l'avant, devenait ce qu'on allait appeler en 1910 un
hindered them."
"canard. Formule découverte par H. Fabre" (in one
22. ^ Sage Action (2009). "Jet Aircraft - Effect of a
hour, I had modified my glider, wich, nose loaded,
close-coupled canard on a swept wing - Abstarct
became what will be called in 1910 a "canard").
From SAI Research Report - 7501"
Term discovered by H. Fabre".
(http://www.sageaction.com
7. ^ BRA Burns, Air International, dec. 1983
/aircraft_testing1.htm#JetAircraft). Retrieved
8. ^ Daroll Stinton, The design of the aeroplane,
2009-08-25.
"Rutan canards wrought a change in thinking which
23. ^ Anderson, Seth B. "NASA-TM-88354, A Look at
might have a profound influence in future"
Handling Qualities of Canard Configurations."
9. ^ Rutan canards: more than 400 VariEze, more than
(http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov
1100 Long-EZ
/19870013196_1987013196.pdf), page 16, NASA, 1
10. ^ a b c d e Evan Neblett Mike Metheny and Leifur September 1986. "Incorporating roll control on the
Thor Leifsson (17 March 2003), "Canards" canard is basically less efficient because of an
(http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f adverse downwash influence on the main wing
/canardsS03.pdf) (PDF), AOE 4124 Class notes opposing the canard rolling-moment input."
(Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering 24. ^ Sweetman, Bill. "Top Gun."
Virginia Tech) (http://books.google.com
11. ^ a b c d e Daniel P. Raymer, Aircraft Design: A /books?id=eeWcitAiSBUC&pg=PA104) Popular
Conceptual Approach, Section 4.5 - Tail geometry Science June 1997, page 104.
and arrangement 25. ^ "F-23A & NATF-23" (http://www.yf-23.net
12. ^ a b Canard description according to Mark Drela, /F-23A.html) www.yf-23.net 15 January 2013
Aero-astro professor, MIT 26. ^ "NATF-23 diagram in hi-rez"
(http://www.rcuniverse.com/forum/m_3441894 (http://www.aerospaceprojectsreview.com
/mpage_2/printable.htm) /blog/?p=360) Aerospace Project Review 15 January
13. ^ a b c Desktop Aero - A Summary of Canard 2013
Advantages and Disadvantages 27. ^ Sweetman, Bill. "From JAST To J-20"
(http://www.desktopaero.com/appliedaero (http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense
/configuration/canardprocon.html) /index.jsp?plckController=Blog&
14. ^ Nasa TM 88354, A look at handling qualities of plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest&
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plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0- 32. ^ "Conformably Stowable Canard."

bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3A5c50cb01-bdd0-41cc- (http://www.techbriefs.com
b216-fdc89354eb19) Aviation Week, 14 January /index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=/Briefs
2011. /Feb01/ARC14122.html)Ames Research Center.
28. ^ Sweetman, Bill (2005). Lockheed Stealth 33. ^ Roskam, J.; Airplane Design: Preliminary
(http://books.google.ca/books?id=q06Jw1lgcF8C& Configuration Design and Integration of the
pg=PA124&lpg=PA124& Propulsion System, Design Analysis & Research,
dq=Eurofighter+stealth+canard&source=bl& 1989, ISBN-10 1884885438, ISBN-13
ots=8e9DH8JkN7& 978-1884885433, page 82.
sig=XSZbZtv6COi1uSAKdenrHmePOaI&hl=en& 34. ^ Jones, inU.S. Bombers, Aero, 1974, calls them
redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=stealthy%20canard& "canard vanes".
f=false). Zenith Press. pp. 122–124 [124]. 35. ^ Flight, "B-1 Roll-out", in 1974 refers to them as
ISBN 0760319405. Retrieved 14 January 2013. "canard fins for ride control".
29. ^ "Agility+Stealth = X-36: formula for an advanced 36. ^ Focke-Wulf Fw 42 - Luft'46
fighter " (http://www.designnews.com (http://www.luft46.com/fw/fw42.html)
/document.asp?doc_id=220162& 37. ^ "Beltrame Colibri" (http://www.aviastar.org
dfpPParams=ind_182,industry_aero,aid_220162& /air/italy/beltrame_colibri.php). Aviastar.org.
dfpLayout=article) Design News 14 January 2013 2010-08-13. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
30. ^ "Faq Eurofighter (translation)." 38. ^ Me P.1110 Ente - Luft'46 (http://www.luft46.com
(http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http /mess/meente.html)
%3A%2F%2Feurofighter.airpower.at%2Ffaq.htm& 39. ^ Trimble, Stephen. "J-20: China's ultimate aircraft
langpair=de%7Cen&hl=de&ie=UTF-8) Retrieved: 29 carrier-killer?" (http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs
November 2009. /the-dewline/2011/02/j-20-chinas-ultimate-
31. ^ "Austrian Eurofighter committee of inquiry: aircraft.html) Flightglobal.com, 9 February 2012.
(http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http 40. ^ "Chudzik CC-1" (http://1000aircraftphotos.com
%3A%2F /Contributions/VanTilborg/7775.htm).
%2Fwww.airpower.at%2Fforum%2Fviewtopic.php% 1000aircraftphotos.com. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
3Ft%3D2629&langpair=de%7Cen&hl=de& 41. ^ "STARGAZER - A unique database on Burt Rutan
ie=UTF-8) Brigadier Dipl.Ing.Knoll about and his projects!" (http://stargazer2006.online.fr
Eurofighter and Stealth, pp. 76–77. (English /aircraft/microlight.htm). Stargazer2006.online.fr.
translation)" google.com. Retrieved: 28 November Retrieved 2013-04-20.
2009.

Further reading
J Gambu & J Perard: Saab 37 Viggen, Aviation Magazine International,602, Jan 1973, pp 29–40
Andy Lennon, Canard : a revolution in flight, aviation Publishers, 1984
B.R.A. Burns : Were the Wrights Right ?, Air International, december 1983
B.R.A. Burns : "Canards: Design with Care" (http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985
/1985%20-%200561.html). Flight International, 23 February 1985, pp 19–21
Daniel P. Raymer (1989). Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach. American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, Inc., Washington, DC. ISBN 0-930403-51-7.
R Wilkinson (2001). Aircraft Structures and Systems (2nd edition ed.). MechAero Publishing.
Vera Foster Rollo, Burt Rutan Reinventing the Airplane, Maryland Historical Press, 1991
Abzug - Larrabee, Airplane Stability and Control, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Neblett, Metheny and Leifsson; Canards (http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/canardsS03.pdf),
Virginia Tech, (2003)

External links
Desktop Aero - A Summary of Canard Advantages and Disadvantages (http://www.desktopaero.com
/appliedaero/configuration/canardprocon.html)

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